1

Agenda
Grammar Vocabulary
1a Present simple and present continuous 1d for, since, during, yet, etc.
1b Past simple, present perfect simple, 1e Suffixes (1)
present perfect continuous
1c Past continuous, past perfect simple,
past perfect continuous

Entry test
1 Choose the correct answer.
1 I stay / am staying at the Imperial Hotel until they get my flat ready.
2 The Amazon flows / is flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.
3 Buying a house becomes / is becoming more and more
expensive nowadays.
4 We haven’t decided yet but we think / are thinking of moving house.
5 Whether we play on Saturday depends / is depending on the weather. Score /5

Now look at 1a on pages 14–17.

2 Complete the sentences. Use the past simple, present perfect simple
or present perfect continuous of the verbs in the box.
already / win  discuss  not find  originate  try

6 Jazz in the US around 1900.

7 He’s a brilliant actor. At the age of thirty, he several awards.
8 Even when we were children, our parents our family problems
with us.
9 They to fix this pipe since this morning and it’s still leaking.
10 Scientists still a cure for cancer. Score /5

Now look at 1b on pages 18–20.

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entry test
1

3 Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.

11 About 100 people outside the theatre for tickets when we got there.
A queue B queued C were queuing D have queued
12 This time last week I to London.
A drove B was driving C have driven D have been driving
13 By the time the teacher arrived, the classroom was empty. The students .
A left B were leaving C have left D had left
14 The witness claimed he the man before.
A didn’t see B wasn’t seeing C hasn’t seen D hadn’t seen
15 I a shower when the phone rang.
A had B was having C have had D have been having Score /5

Now look at 1c on pages 21–22.

4 Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.

16 She’s changed a lot she left school.
A for B since C during D after
17 I’ve been waiting in the rain hours!
A for B since C during D from
18 I was coming home, I met my old English teacher.
A While B Since C During D Before
19 She was born in Yorkshire twenty-five years .
A over B since C ago D before
20 I’ve seen the film – I don’t want to see it again.
A still B already C yet D before Score /5

Now look at 1d on pages 23–25.

5 Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.

21 How long have you been looking for ?
A employ B employer C employee D employment
22 I need a tin to open this tin of peas.
A open B opening C opener D opened
23 You have to be a very good to get a job as a chef.
A cook B cooker C cookery D cooked
24 She’s doing an evening course in .
A photograph B photography C photographic D photographer
25 Passing the exam at such a young age was quite an .
A achieve B achiever C achievement D achievable Score /5

Now look at 1e on pages 26–27.

total Score
Score / 25

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Grammar
1a Present simple and present continuous

Present simple Present continuous

Form
Affirmative: They live in Cambridge. Affirmative: She’s waiting for Keith.
Question: Does he live in Brighton? Question: Are they having a good time?
Negative: I don’t live in London. Negative: I’m not talking to you!
Use
We use the present simple: We use the present continuous:
l for permanent situations. l for temporary situations:
I live in a flat. I’m staying with a friend at the moment.
She works for an insurance company. l for situations that are changing:
l for repeated actions or habits: The weather’s getting hotter and hotter.
I use my mobile phone every day. l for actions in progress at the moment of speaking:
We usually have dinner at eight. I’m using John’s mobile because I left mine at home.
l for general truths: You’re eating too fast!
The sun rises in the east. l for annoying habits, often with always:
Water boils at 100°C. You’re always borrowing money!
when we tell stories or summarise the plot of a film
l

or book:
Our hero goes off to search for the treasure, which he
eventually finds after many adventures.

l When we use always with the present simple, it attitude verbs: dislike, hate, like, love, need,
◆

means ‘all the time’ or ‘every time’: prefer, want, wish

I always complain if the service is bad in sense/perception verbs: hear, see, smell, taste
◆

restaurants. appearance, qualities: appear, look, resemble,

◆

l When we use always with the present seem, sound

continuous, it means ‘too often’. We use it to existence, being, possession: be, belong to,
◆

show that we find something annoying. come (from), exist, have, lack, own, possess
You’re always complaining that waiters are rude!
other verbs: consist of, contain, cost, depend, fit,
◆

include, matter, mean, need, owe, suit, weigh

State verbs We can use some state verbs with continuous
l

l We do not normally use certain verbs with the tenses but with a change in meaning.
present continuous, or other continuous tenses. Here are some examples:
These verbs describe a state, not an activity.
They are called state verbs and they include:
mental/thinking verbs: agree, believe, disagree,
◆

doubt, expect, forget, imagine, know, notice,

realise, remember, suppose, think, understand
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Present simple and present continuous 1

Present simple Present continuous

He is friendly. (= It’s one of his qualities/ He is being friendly. (= behaving in a particular way)
characteristics.)
She has (got) a car. (= owns) She’s having dinner. (= eating)
They think it’s too expensive. (= believe) They’re thinking of buying a car. (= considering)
She looks sad. (= seems) She’s looking at you. (= turned her eyes in a particular
direction)
He feels what we did was wrong. (= thinks) He’s feeling the baby’s forehead. (= touching)
Do you see what I mean? (= understand) I’m seeing Alex on Friday. (= meeting)
This juice tastes good. (= has a particular taste) He’s tasting the milk to see if it’s OK. (= putting it in
his mouth to check its quality)
It depends on the weather. (= The weather may change I’m depending on you. (= relying on)
the situation.)
She appears to be very upset. (= seems) The Blues Band is appearing at the Odeon on Saturday.
(= performing)

l We can use the verbs feel, look, ache and hurt in the simple or the present
continuous form, with no change in meaning:
I feel/’m feeling sick.
You look/’re looking tired.
My feet ache/are aching.
My leg hurts/is hurting.

Practice
1 Choose the correct answer.
0 We rarely see / ’re rarely seeing each other now. 6 You make / are making goulash with meat,
1 I sleep / ’m sleeping on Nick’s sofa until I find vegetables and paprika.
a place of my own. 7 I never do anything I feel / ’m feeling is
2 I only work / ’m only working there for a against my principles.
couple of months – I’m going abroad in the 8 He appears / ’s appearing to be very friendly
summer. but I don’t know him very well.
3 If you don’t listen / aren’t listening to the 9 There’s nobody at the door. You just
radio, why don’t you switch it off? hear / ’re just hearing things.
4 His only bad habit is that he talks / is talking 10 So, what do you think / are you thinking? Is it
too loudly. a good idea?
5 So, in the first scene, we see / are seeing him
getting up. Then he goes out / is going out and
meets / is meeting a strange woman.

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1 PrESENt SimPlE AND PrESENt CoNtiNUoUS

2 Complete the sentences. Use the present simple or present continuous of the
verbs in brackets.
0 Diane’s father owns (own) that restaurant over there.
1 My sister (wait) patiently for her exam results.
2 We (not travel) by train very often.
3 I (consider) accepting that job offer in Cambridge.
4 The film (end) with a dramatic car chase.
5 I’m sorry, I (feel) too tired to go out this evening.
6 We (have) a great time here in London.
7 (you / see) much of your brother these days?
8 We (rely on) you to bring the keys with you.
9 I’m really sorry; I (wish) I could help you.
10 Who (you / think) you are, speaking to me like that!

3 Complete the sentences. Use the present simple or present continuous of the
verbs in brackets.
0 We always visit (visit / always) my grandparents at weekends but Aunt Roberta
never comes (come / never) with us.
1 I (use / never) my mobile phone if I (drive).
2 I (get) lots of emails every day but I (seem / never) to have the time
to reply!
3 The heroine (prefer) to be with Paul because James (argue / always).
4 Maria (forget / always) what time the soap (start).
5 You (moan / always) about the state of the flat but you (help / never)
me tidy it up!
6 She (criticise / always) people! That’s why she (not have) any friends!
7 Whether he (go out) or not (depend / always) on how busy he is.
8 I (shop / never) here – they (be / always) so rude!
9 We (smell / always) food cooking when we (pass) her house.
10 He (borrow / always) money! And he (pay / never) me back!

Doctor, I’m not feeling People are

very well. Next, please!
always ignoring
What seems me.
to be the
problem?

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PrESENt SimPlE AND PrESENt CoNtiNUoUS 1

4 Complete the email. Use the present simple or present continuous of the verbs
in the box.
cost depend go have look love make stay still / study taste write

Hi Rosa,
I (0) ’m writing to you from an Internet café in the city centre. I (1)
in a cheap hotel near Plaza Catalunya. It (2) just forty euros a night – not bad!
Barcelona is a really exciting city and I (3) a wonderful time! This morning I visited
the Sagrada Familia – a famous Catholic church in Barcelona. It’s really weird – it (4)
like a wedding cake! Later today I might go to the beach – it (5) on the weather.
The food’s great. Crema Catalana is my favourite – I just (6) it! It’s a dessert they
(7)
here with cold custard and sugar on top. It (8) absolutely delicious!
So, everything (9) well here. What about you? Is everything OK back in rainy
Milan? (10)
(you) for your exam next week?
See you soon!
Paola

5 find and correct the mistakes in the sentences.

0 It’s usually getting very cold here in the winter.
It usually gets very cold here in the winter.
1 This week, the government holds a conference on nuclear energy.

2 Water is consisting of hydrogen and oxygen.

3 Things are get more and more expensive all the time. It really makes me angry!

4 I’ve got nowhere to live, so I stay with a friend for now.

5 Is this car belonging to you, sir?

6 You always moaning! Stop it!

7 In the novel, the story is taking place in Florence.

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1b Past simple, present perfect simple,
present perfect continuous

Past simple Present perfect simple

Form
Affirmative: They went out on Saturday. Affirmative: I’ve seen this film.
Question: Did you like the film? Question: Have you heard from Jim recently?
Negative: We didn’t see Terry last night. Negative: She hasn’t phoned yet.
Use
We use the past simple: We use the present perfect:
lfor past (finished) actions, often with time lfor actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past:
words like a year ago, last Sunday, in 2010, They have arrived in Spain.
yesterday, etc.: lfor past actions that have a result which is obvious or
The first modern Olympics took place in important in the present:
Athens more than a hundred years ago. They have polluted the river. (= And now the fish are dead.)
They arrived in Spain yesterday. You’ve spilt the coffee all over my trousers! (= And now they’re
lfor past habits or states: ruined.)
He always caught the same train. lfor recently completed actions, often with just:
Long ago, they built most houses out of wood. The film’s just started.
lfor past states, events or actions that lasted lto refer to a period of time that has not finished yet.
for a period of time in the past: We’ve built twenty schools this year. (= It is still this year.)
We were neighbours for twenty-five years.
lfor general experiences, often with before, ever and never.
Have you ever seen an elephant?
We’ve never been to Australia.
She’s never flown before.
lfor actions, events or situations that began in the past and
continue in the present, often with for and since:
They have lived here for six years. (= They still live here.)
Mr Edwards has worked here since 2009. (= He still works here.)
lwith the following words: already, yet, recently, often, still:
The rain has already destroyed the crops.
We still haven’t discovered life on other planets.
They haven’t finished the project yet.

for for and since, see also: 1d

I came here five

years ago.
I live I’ve been here
here now. for nearly a week.

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PASt SimPlE, PrESENt PErfECt SimPlE, PrESENt PErfECt CoNtiNUoUS 1

Past simple or present perfect simple?

l To talk about a period of time that has l The choice between the past simple and
finished, we use the past simple. To the present perfect simple depends on
talk about a period of time that has not whether the action links the past with
yet finished, we use the present perfect the present. Compare:
simple. Compare: He did a lot in his short life.
I had two sandwiches this morning. (= He is dead.)
(= It is now afternoon or evening.) He has done a lot in his short life.
I’ve had two sandwiches this morning. (= He is alive and young.) filled in so
I’ve
(= It is still morning.) man y job appl icat ions!
In fact, I’ve been filling
Present perfect continuous in job applications
for weeks.
Form
Affirmative: It has been raining since Monday.
Question: How long have you been waiting?
Negative: I haven’t been sleeping well lately.
Use
lWe use the present perfect continuous to talk about actions that started in the
past and continue up to the moment of speaking. We use it especially when we are
interested in the duration of the action:
I’ve been waiting for a whole hour!
lNotice the difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous:
I’ve read this book. (= I have finished it. The focus here is on the fact that the action
is complete.)
I’ve been reading a book about life on other planets. (= I haven’t finished it yet. The
focus here is on the fact that the action is incomplete.)

Practice
1 Complete the article. Use the past simple or present perfect simple of the verbs
in brackets.

Machu Picchu
We (0) have known (know) about Machu Picchu for over a century now. Archaeologists
(1)
(discover) this ancient Inca site in 1911. They (2) (write) books and
newspaper articles about their discovery, so people all over the world (3) (read)
about the site and (4) (want) to see it for themselves. The first tourists (5)
(start) to arrive in the 1960s. Now, more than half a century later, millions of visitors
(6)
(be) to Machu Picchu. Tourists from all over the world (7) (see) this
marvellous Inca city with their own eyes.
In recent years, Machu Picchu (8) (become) one of the most popular tourist
attractions in the world. Luxury hotels have been built not far from the site, while in the
late 1990s, the Peruvian government (9) (allow) the construction of a cable car for
visitors. However, all this (10) (do) a lot of harm to the site. It (11) (pollute) the
atmosphere and caused noise pollution around the ancient city. In an effort to protect the
site, UNESCO (12) (make) Machu Picchu a World Heritage site in 1983.
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1 PASt SimPlE, PrESENt PErfECt SimPlE, PrESENt PErfECt CoNtiNUoUS

2 read the sentences from a letter of application and choose the correct answer.
0 I am writing in connection with the advertisement which appeared / has appeared in
Career online magazine on 3 December.
1 I originally studied / have originally studied Mechanical Engineering at university and
I graduated / have been graduating with a first class degree.
2 I now completed / have now completed a postgraduate degree in Business and
Administration.
3 I have tried / have been trying to find a permanent job for months.
4 I worked / have worked for several companies on a temporary basis till now.
5 In my first job, I was / have been responsible for marketing.
6 I applied / have applied for several posts this year.
7 However, I still did not manage / have not managed to find what I am looking for.
8 The last job I applied / have applied for required applicants to speak some Japanese.
9 I started / have started learning Spanish a few months ago but I did not obtain / have
not obtained a qualification in it yet.
10 I did not apply / have not applied for a job with your company before.
11 I hoped / have hoped that you would consider my application favourably.
12 However, I have waited / have been waiting for a reply for several weeks and I still
did not receive / have not received one from you.

3 Complete the text. Use the past simple, present perfect simple or present
perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets.

The Internet (0) has changed (change) our lives in so many ways. Most people say it
(1)
(make) life better, and this is probably true. It (2) (have) some bad influence,
too but I think it (3)
(do) more good than harm.

First of all, it has made communication much easier and it (4) (bring) people around the
world much closer. I have a friend in Mexico, who I (5) (write) to for years. First, I used to
write her letters and I (6) (have to) wait for weeks before I (7) (get) a reply. It
(8)
(take) ages! Now we communicate by email. Already this week, I (9) (sent) her
five emails – and I (10)
(receive) a reply to all of them in just a few minutes!

What else? Well, for the last few days, my son (11) (teach) me to make video calls so I can
talk to friends and see them at the same time. It’s amazing – and highly addictive, too! Already
this morning, I (12) (sit) in front of the screen for three hours, and I (13) (not finish)
half my emails yet!

‘Flying? I’ve been to almost as many places as my luggage!’ BoB HoPe

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1c Past continuous, past perfect simple,
past perfect continuous

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

Form Form
Affirmative: He was talking to you. Affirmative: She had been working for hours.
Question: Were you working at six? Question: Had they been waiting long?
Negative: Sorry, I wasn’t listening. Negative: I hadn’t been feeling well.
Use Use
We use the past continuous: We use the past perfect continuous to talk
l

for actions in progress at a particular time in

l about something that started in the past and
the past: continued up until another time in the past:
I was watching TV at nine o’clock last night. They had been climbing for five hours before
for two or more actions happening at the same
l they reached the top.
time in the past: We often use the past perfect continuous to
l

She was studying while I was watching. emphasise how long a past action, event or
to set the scene or give background
l state lasted:
information in a story: I had been feeling sleepy all day, so I went
It was pouring with rain and she was to bed.
wondering what to do.
with the past simple, to say that something
l

happened in the middle of something else: Practice

I was sleeping when my friend called.
1 Choose the correct answer.
Past perfect simple 0 Columbus discovered / was discovering
Form America though at first he believed he
Affirmative: They had left at four o’clock. had reached / had been reaching Asia.
Question: Had the party finished at eleven? 1 Hillary and Tenzing were climbing / had
Negative: I hadn’t seen him before. been climbing for several days when they
Use reached / had reached the summit.
We use the past perfect simple to talk about
l 2 Scott reached / was reaching the South Pole in
a past action that happened before another past 1912 but Amundsen had beaten / was beating
action: him by a month.
When I had picked some fruit, I went back to 3 Franklin flew / was flying a kite when he
the beach. made / was making a very important discovery
We often use the past perfect simple with when
l about electricity.
and after: 4 Before Columbus discovered / was discovering
After they had eaten, they cleared the table. America, people were believing / had believed
Compare:
l that the Earth was flat.
When I arrived at the party, Mary left. 5 Newton made / was making his great discovery
(= I arrived and then Mary left.) while he was sitting / had been sitting under an
When I arrived at the party, Mary had left. apple tree.
(= Mary left and then I arrived.)

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1 Past continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous

2 Complete the sentences. Use the past 3 Complete the article. Use the past simple,
continuous, past perfect simple or past past continuous, past perfect simple or past
perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets. perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets.
0 They stayed in the tent because it
was raining (rain). Mark Zuckerberg, creator of
1 The roads were wet because it (rain) Facebook
all night.
2 He was broke. He (spend) all his The pre-Facebook years
money on clothes.
3 I (have) a nightmare when the alarm By the time he (0)  began (begin)
went off and woke me up. classes at Harvard, Mark Zuckerberg
4 His hands were covered in oil because he (1)
  (achieve) a reputation as a
(try) to fix the car all morning. programming genius. Before the end of
5 When she opened the window, she was happy his second year at university, he
to see it (snow) lightly. If fact, it (2)
  (already / design)
(snow) all night and snow CourseMatch, a program that helped
(cover) all the rooftops. students choose classes based on the
6 When Mrs Morgan came into the classroom, choices other students (3)  (make).
the pupils (run) around and they
At the time, Mark   (4)
(study)
(scream) at the top of their voices.
They (knock) over chairs and desks psychology and computer science.
and someone (draw) funny pictures on
the board. A short time later, he created
7 Although I (set off) early, I got there Facemash, a program that let students
late and everyone (wait) for me to select the best-looking person from
start the meeting. Mr Wilson told me they different photos. Until then, students
(wait) for a whole hour. (5)
  (use) books called ‘Face
8 When we got back from our holiday, we Books’, which included the names and
discovered that someone (break into) photos of everyone who lived in the
our house. The burglars, however, student dorms. Facemash went up over
(drop) a piece of paper with an address on it the weekend but by Monday morning,
as they (climb) out of the window.
the college (6)  (take) it down
because its popularity
(7)
  (flood) Harvard’s server.
Before Facemash, students (8) 
(ask) the university to develop a similar
website for months. Mark (9) 
(work) on a very similar idea when he
heard about these requests, so he
Before John Kennedy became President in 1960, he decided to do something about them –
had said that the state of the country was bad. When and promised to build a better site than
he became President, he said things were just as bad as what the university (10)  (plan).
he’d been saying they were.

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Vocabulary
1d for, since, during, yet, etc.

for and since for and during

l We use for to say how long something lasts: For answers the question How long? We use it
l

I’m tired. We’ve been walking for four hours! with time expressions to talk about actions that
I haven’t seen Eva for ages. last the whole of the period of time:
l We use since to indicate a starting point: He was with the company for forty years. (= His
They haven’t met since the wedding. time with the company was forty years.)
(since + noun) We use during + that week/your stay/the
l

A lot has happened since I last wrote to you. match/etc. to say that one action happened
(since + clause) inside a period of time:
I’ve been in London since four weeks. ✗ During that year, he rose from deputy manager
I’ve been in London for four weeks. ✓ to managing director.
Here are some common words and phrases we
l

over and during use with for and during:

for two hours/a whole week/a long time/a couple
l We can use over and during in the same way, to of days/a minute
indicate the period of time in which something during office hours/the day/the full ninety
happens or develops: minutes/the twentieth century/the interval
Over/During the last eighteen months, there have
been three tax increases.
during and while
l Compare the use of since:
Since the middle of last year, there have been During is a preposition. We use it before a
l

three tax increases. (the middle of last year = noun/noun phrase. We do not use during
the starting point) with a clause:
We didn’t see anybody during the holidays. (the
from … to/until/till holidays = noun)
While is a conjunction. We use it with a clause:
l

l We use from … to/until/till to indicate when We didn’t see anybody while we were on
something starts and ends: holiday. (we were on holiday = clause)
Dinner is from eight o’clock to ten o’clock. During I was at home, a salesman called. ✗
I waited from ten till two. While I was at home, a salesman called. ✓
l We can use from on its own if we do not say
when something ends:
I was training from ten o’clock.

from and since

l Compare from and since:
They were here from ten o’clock. (= They came
at ten o’clock.)
They’ve been here since ten o’clock. (= They’re
still here.)

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for, since, during, yet, etc.

ago, already, before, still and yet

l Ago shows how long before the moment of Still tells us that something is continuing and
l

speaking something happened. We use it with has not finished. It can suggest surprise that it
the past simple, not the present perfect. Ago continues longer than expected. We use it in
comes after a time word or phrase. mid position, and in negative sentences it comes
I came to Rome exactly six months ago. before the negative word.
I’m writing in reply to your letter, which I received I’ve had fifty driving lessons and I still can’t drive
two days ago. very well.
l We often use already to show surprise that We’ve been waiting for over an hour but she still
something has happened sooner than expected. isn’t here.
We also use it to say that something has been We use yet in negative sentences, to show that
l

done and does not need to be repeated. We something that we expected to happen has not
normally use it in affirmative sentences and happened. We also use it in questions to ask if
questions. We often use already with perfect something has happened. Yet comes at the end of
tenses. It can come in the mid or end position. the sentence.
Is the taxi already here? Is the taxi here already? I’m not ready yet. (= I expected to be ready
I’ve already tried that. I’ve tried that already. by now.)
l We use before to mean ‘earlier than a time in Aren’t you ready yet? (= I expected you to be
the past’. ready by now.)
I went to the airport last Monday to meet Sue.
I hadn’t been to the airport before.
(i.e. before last Monday)

See also: 6d

Practice
1 Choose the correct answer.
0 It must be a month while / since we last had a 6 For / Since several seasons, Keane has not been
meal together. seriously injured in a game.
1 We haven’t had a meal together for / since 7 For / Since 2009, Keane has only been badly
about a month. injured once on the pitch.
2 Since / During our meal, her phone rang six or 8 You know, I had never been to Rome
seven times. from / before our trip together.
3 During / While her stay here, she made a lot of 9 I’ve still / already been to Rome twice this year.
good friends. 10 If you visit Rome that often, do you
4 While / Since she was staying here, she made a already / still enjoy it?
lot of good friends. 11 I haven’t been to Milan already / yet.
5 Keane was injured during / while the last 12 I went to Milan about a year ago / before.
minute of the match.

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for, since, during, yet, EtC. 1

2 Complete the story. Use the words in 3 Complete the sentences. Use one word in
the box. each gap.
ago ago already already before 0 While I was getting ready for bed, Sean called.
during during for from since since 1 The accident happened ten years .
since still until while yet 2 Some animals hunt the day and
sleep at night.
3 I know this place – I’m sure I’ve been here
Flying home but I can’t remember when.
4 I haven’t heard from Jenny ages.
A couple of months (0) ago , Charles was
in Athens on his way back to the States from 5 The museum is open 9.00 to 5.00.
a business trip. It had been ages (1) he 6 I won’t have a coffee, thanks. I’ve had one
had felt so angry. He had been at the airport .
(2)
seven o’clock in the morning 7 I don’t know the answer – I’ll have to
(3)
the evening, waiting for a flight to think about it. I’ll let you know as soon as I can.
New York. An announcement had (4)
8 They haven’t managed to find a
been made to say that the plane was delayed
solution to the problem.
due to ‘technical problems’. Half an hour (5)
that, another announcement had said 9 Haven’t you finished your shower ?
that there was going to be a delay because of 10 I started learning English two years .
air traffic congestion. Now the plane had been
sitting on the runway (6) at least an 4 rewrite the sentences. Use the words in
hour and it was (7) not ready to board. brackets in the correct position. Sometimes
(8)
this delay, Charles tried to more than one answer is possible.
complete his report, which he hadn’t finished
0 I’ve asked her twice but she hasn’t replied.
(9)
, even though his boss was
expecting it on his return. There was a lot of (already, yet)
noise going on around him (10) he I’ve already asked her twice but
was trying to put the finishing touches to his she hasn’t replied yet.
final paragraph, so in the end, he gave up. 1 The design of the building is similar to others
It had been years (11) Charles had that have been built. (already)
travelled by plane. He avoided flying if he
could, (12) a particularly unpleasant
flight some years (13) . He (14) 2 I’m sorry, your dry cleaning isn’t ready. (yet)
hated flying but (15)
that flight, he
was convinced that it was the worst way to 3 Lucy asked me to email the office in Vienna
get around. but I’ve done it. (already)

4 Do you need my help? (still)

Doctor, doctor, Ever since 1
I think I’m a dog. was a puppy! 5 I haven’t told Sam about the accident. (still)

How long
6 It’s raining, so there’s no point in going to the
have you beach. (still, yet)
felt like
this?
7 Has your uncle arrived? (yet)

8 I’ve waited a whole hour and he hasn’t come.

(already, yet)

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1e Suffixes (1)

l We normally use suffixes to change a word to a different part of speech:

employ (verb) ➝ employment (noun)
l Sometimes, the suffix does not change the part of speech but it changes the meaning:
neighbour (noun) ➝ neighbourhood (noun)
l We use the following suffixes to make nouns:

Form/Suffix Use Example

verb + -er forms a noun that describes sb’s employ ➝ employer, shop ➝ shopper, teach ➝ teacher,
occupation or what sb does work ➝ worker, write ➝ writer
forms a noun that describes cook ➝ cooker, grate ➝ grater, dry hair ➝ hair dryer,
what sth does open tins ➝ tin opener, sharpen pencils ➝ pencil
sharpener, wash dishes ➝ dishwasher,
wipe a windscreen ➝ windscreen wiper
verb + -or forms a noun that describes sb’s act ➝ actor, invest ➝ investor, operate ➝ operator,
occupation or what sb does sail  ➝ sailor, supervise ➝ supervisor
verb/noun + -ee forms a noun that describes employ ➝ employee, pay ➝ payee,
what sb does or who sb is interview  ➝  interviewee
verb/noun + -ing forms a noun that describes an draw ➝ drawing, build ➝ building, tube ➝ tubing
example of something or an
action
noun + -eer forms a noun that says what mountain ➝ mountaineer
activity sb does
verb/noun + -ist forms a noun that expresses sb’s type ➝ typist, cycle ➝ cyclist, art ➝ artist,
belief or occupation violin  ➝ violinist, anarchy ➝ anarchist,
Buddha  ➝ Buddhist
adjective + -ity forms an abstract noun equal ➝ equality, flexible ➝ flexibility
adjective + -ness forms an abstract noun good ➝ goodness, great ➝ greatness, happy ➝  happiness,
sad ➝ sadness
noun/adjective + -hood forms an abstract noun brother  ➝  brotherhood, mother ➝  motherhood,
likely  ➝  likelihood
noun + -ship forms an abstract noun friend  ➝  friendship
verb/adjective + forms an abstract noun admit  ➝  admittance, intelligent ➝  intelligence
-ance/-ence
verb + -ment forms an abstract noun achieve  ➝  achievement, employ ➝  employment,
enjoy  ➝  enjoyment, excite ➝  excitement
verb + -tion/-ation/ forms an abstract noun form  ➝  formation, alter ➝  alteration,
-ition/-sion invent  ➝  invention, pollute ➝  pollution,
produce  ➝  production, complicate ➝  complication,
educate  ➝  education, occupy ➝  occupation,
qualify  ➝  qualification, oppose ➝  opposition,
omit  ➝  omission, profess ➝  profession, revise ➝  revision

See also: 3e , 4e , 10e , 12e , 13e

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Suffixes (1) 1

Practice
1 Complete the table. The underlined words will help you.

Clue Noun
0 the quality of being patient patience
1 (s)he takes photographs
2 (s)he plays the guitar
3 it washes dishes
4 the state of being able to do something
5 the relationship you have with a friend
6 the act of exploring a place
7 something you arrange
8 he acts in films or plays
9 the thing we make when we build
10 the quality of being important
11 the period of time when you are a child
12 the feeling of being excited
13 the state of being happy
14 (s)he is being trained for something
15 the act of dividing something
16 the act of performing a play, concert, etc.
17 the thing we open tins with
18 (s)he is forced to seek refuge in a new country
19 the quality of being kind
20 the state or fact of being great

2 Complete the article. Use words formed from the words in CAPITALS at the end
of some of the lines.

A challenge for Europe

Although recently there has been a small (0) reduction in the number of reduce
people out of work in Europe, finding (1)  is still the biggest employ
and most serious problem facing society today. The economic crisis that
began in 2008 made the situation even worse, especially for women.
(2)
  of opportunity between men and women is still a problem equal
that (3)  in many countries have still not solved. Thus, in a politics
number of (4)  , women are still noticeable by their absence. Many occupy
(5)
  still pay women less than men, even when their work and employ
‘The roots
(6)
  are the same as those of men. When women complain about unfair qualify
of education
(7)
  , they are usually ignored or even punished by, for example, treat
are bitter
not being offered (8)  . This is just not fair. It would be a great pity if promote but the fruit
the impressive   (9)
of the European Union did not include an achieve is sweet.’
(10)
  in the working conditions of women. improve Aristotle

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