International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)

Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2016

Performance Analysis of MIMO OFDM system using BPSK & QPSK

modulation techniques under Rayleigh Fading Channel
Vipin Kumar1, Dr. Praveen Dhyani2, Anupma3
1
Research Scholar, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Jaipur (Raj.)
2
Professor & Executive Director, Banasthali University, Jaipur Campus, Jaipur (Raj.)
3
Assistant Professor, PIET, Samalkha, Haryana

ABSTRACT
Now a day’s MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile communication for
research. Here our main motive is to analyses the performance of MIMO-OFDM system by using ASTC encoder. In this paper,
we evaluated the performance of MIMO OFDM system under different modulation techniques. The performance of system is
evaluated by calculating the probability of Bit Error Rate (BER) versus the Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) and Energy per bit to Noise
power spectral density ratio under the Rayleigh fading channel. The simulation results have been carried out for different number
of transmitters.

Key Terms
Digital Modulation, Fading, BER (Bit Error Ratio), SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)

[I]. INTRODUCTION Communications Field. A very important issue

It is vital to judge the performance of wireless is in wireless application development is that the
devices by considering the transmission choice of attenuation models. A comparative
characteristics, wireless channel parameters and analysis of BPSK and QPSK will also provide
device structure. In wireless channels, many knowledge base which helps for application
models are planned and investigated to calculate development in real-world.
SNR. The signal is detected and decoded by a) Fading Channels
using many replicas of the received signal. So, A fading Channel is understood as
we have a tendency to think about multilink communications channel that should face
receiver structure. completely different fading phenomenon’s,
Wireless communication is one in every of the throughout signal transmission. In world
foremost active areas of technology atmosphere, the radio propagation effects mix
development and has become an ever-more vital along and multipath is generated by these fading
and distinguished a part of daily life. Simulation channels. As a result of multiple signal
of wireless channels accurately is extremely propagation methods, multiple signals are going
vital for the planning and performance analysis to be received by receiver and therefore the
of wireless communication systems and parts. actual received amplitude is that the vector of
Attenuation or loss of signals may be a vital the all signals. These signals incident from any
development that associated with the Wireless direction or angle of arrival. In multipath, some

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ISSN: 2278 – 1323 All Rights Reserved © 2016 IJARCET
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2016

signals aid the direct path and a few others and mobile applications. Nonlinear
calculate. amplifiers are usually used to increase
b) Rayleigh fading Channel: power efficiency. However, nonlinearity
There are many models that describe the may degrade the bit error rate performance
phenomenon of small scale fading. Out of these of some modulation schemes. Constant
models, Rayleigh fading, Ricean fading and envelope modulation techniques are used to
Nakagami fading models are most widely prevent the re growth of spectral side lobes
used.The Rayleigh fading is primarily caused by during nonlinear amplification
multipath reception. It is a statistical model for  Spectral Efficiency: The modulated signals
the effect of a propagation environment on a powerspectral density should have a narrow
radio signal. This model is suitable for main lobe and fast roll-off of side lobes.
troposphere and ionospheres‟ signal propagation Spectral efficiency is measured in units of
as well as the effect of heavily built-up urban bit /sec/Hz.
environments on radio signals. Rayleigh fading [I]. Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
is most applicable when there is no line of sight Binary phase shift keying is the simplest form of
between the transmitter and receiver. phase shift keying. It uses two phases which are
[II]. MODULATION separated by 180°. It does not particularly matter
It is the process of varying one or more exactly where the constellation points are
properties of a periodic waveform called the positioned. This modulation is the most robust
carrier signal, with a modulating signal that of all the phase shift keying. It is, however, only
typically contains information to be able to modulate at 1 bit/symbol.
transmitted.. This alteration is termed Implementation
modulation, and it's the modulated signal that's The simple form for BPSK follows the equation:
transmitted. The receiver then recovers the
2𝐸𝑏
𝑠𝑛 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + π 1 − n , n = 0,1.
initial signal through a method known as 𝑇𝑏
demodulation. This yields two phases, 0 and π. In the specific
Modulation techniques are expected to have form, binary data is often conveyed with the
three positive properties: following signals:
 Good Bit Error Rate Performance:
2𝐸𝑏
Modulation schemesshould achieve low bit 𝑠0 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 t + π
𝑇𝑏
error rate in the presence of fading, Doppler
2𝐸𝑏
spread, interference and thermal noise. =− cos(2πfc t)
𝑇𝑏
 Power Efficiency: Power limitation is one for binary “0”
of the criticaldesign challenges in portable

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ISSN: 2278 – 1323 All Rights Reserved © 2016 IJARCET
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2016

2𝐸𝑏
𝑠1 (t)= cos(2πfc t) for binary “1” 2𝐸𝑠 π
𝑇𝑏 𝑠𝑛 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 t + 2n − 1 ,
𝑇𝑠 4
Where
Where
fc= frequency of the carrier-wave.
n=1, 2, 3, 4.
The signal-space can be represented by the
This yields the four phase’s π/4, 3π/4, 5π/4 and
single function as given below:
7π/4 as needed.This results in a two-dimensional
2
Φ(t)= 𝑇𝑏
cos 2πfc t signal space with unit basis function. The first
Where basis function is used as the in-phase component

1=is represented by 𝐸𝑏 ϕ(t) of the signal:

2
0=is represented by - 𝐸𝑏 ϕ(t) 𝜙1 (t)=
𝑇𝑠
cos 2πfc t

[II]. Quadrature phase-shift keying And second basis function is used as the
(QPSK) quadrature component of the signal.
This is known as quadriphase PSK or 4- 2
𝜙2 (t)= 𝑇𝑠
sin 2πfc t
PSK.QPSK uses four points on the
[III]. Bit Error Rate (BER)
constellation diagram, equispaced around a
The Bit error rate is calculated from the number
circle. With four phases, QPSK can encode
of bits received in error divided by the number
two bits per symbol, shown in the diagram
of bits transmitted.
with gray coding. QPSK transmits twice the
BER= (Bits in Error) / (Total bits received).
data rate in a given bandwidth compared to
During transmission, the number of bit errors is
BPSK - at the same BER. the number of received bits of a data stream over
a communication channel that has been altered
due to noise, interference, distortion or bit
synchronization errors. BER is a unit less
performance measure, often expressed as a
percentage.
Noise affects the BER performance.
Quantization errors also reduce BER
performance, through incorrect or ambiguous
Figure 1. Constellation diagram for QPSK reconstruction of the digital waveform. The
accuracy of the analog modulation process and
Implementation
The implementation of QPSK is more general the effects of the filtering on signal and noise
than that of BPSK as given below: bandwidth also effect quantization errors.

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ISSN: 2278 – 1323 All Rights Reserved © 2016 IJARCET
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2016

[IV]. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) measured in decibels

SNR is the ratio of the received signal strength SNR = 10 log10 (Signal Power / Noise Power) dB.

over the noise strength in the frequency range of [V]. Energy per bit to Noise Power
the operation. Noise strength, in general, can Spectral Density Ratio
include the noise in the environment and other It is a normalized signal-to-noise ratio measure,
unwanted signals (interference). BER is also known as the "SNR per bit". It is especially
inversely related to SNR, that is high BER useful when comparing the bit error rate
causes low SNR. High BER causes increases performance of different digital modulation
packet loss, increase in delay and decreases schemes without taking bandwidth into account.
throughput. The exact relation between the SNR Eb/N0 is equal to the SNR divided by the "gross"
and the BER is not easy to determine in the link spectral efficiency in (bit/s)/Hz, where the
multichannel environment. Signal to noise ratio bits in this context are transmitted data bits,
(SNR) is an indicator commonly used to inclusive of error correction information and
evaluate the quality of a communication link and other protocol overhead.

Figure 2. Proposed Model of MIMO OFDM.

[VI]. SIMULATION RESULTS summing junctions, etc.), as well as virtual input
Simulink is a graphical extension to MATLAB devices and output devices. Simulink is
for the modeling and simulation of systems. In integrated with MATLAB and data can be easily
Simulink, systems are drawn on screen as block transferred between the programs.in this paper I
diagrams. Many elements of block diagrams have considered the analysis of MIMO OFDM
areavailable (such as transfer functions, system using BPSK and QPSK modulation

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ISSN: 2278 – 1323 All Rights Reserved © 2016 IJARCET
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2016

under Rayleigh fading channel.the simulation

result shows the graph for frequency response of
received signal,simulated bit error
rate,theoretical bit error rate,simulated bit error
rate for different number of transmitters in the
case of BPSK as well as in the case of
QPSK.Here I have considered nt=1 and nt=2 for
the purpose of simulated bit error rate in both the
cases as shown in the graphs.

Fig. 5 BER Vs Eb/No FOR BPSK

Fig. 3 BPSK signal FREQUENCY response ofMultipath

Rayleigh fading channel

Fig. 6 QPSK signal FREQUENCY response of multipath

Rayleigh fading channel

Fig. 4 BER Vs SNR FOR BPSK

Fig. 7 BER Vs SNR FOR QPSK

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ISSN: 2278 – 1323 All Rights Reserved © 2016 IJARCET
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2016

[4]. AliMohammad, S.F.Fard, B.F.Cockburn

and C.Schlegal, “Compact Rayleigh and
Rician fading simulation based on random
walk processes”, IET Communications,
2009, Vol. 3, Issue 8, pp 1333-1342.
[5]. Gary Breed, High Frequency Electronics,
2003 Summit,Technical Media LLC “Bit
Error Rate: Fundamental Concepts and
measurement issues”.
[6]. Md. Shariful Islam, “Performance
Fig. 8 BER Vs Eb/No FOR QPSK Analysis of OFDM for Different Digital

CONCLUSION Modulation Schemes using Matlab

The Bit Error Ratio of a digital communication system is an Simulation” J. Bangladesh Electron. 10
important figure of merit used to quantify the integrity of (7-2); 7-11, 2010.
data transmitted through the system.it is clear from the [7]. Fumiyaki Adachi, “error Rate Analysis of
graph that bit error rate is approximately same in the case
Differentially Encoded and detected 16-
of BPSK and QPSK.in the case of Energy per bit to Noise
APSK under Rician fading”,IEEE
power spectral density ratio For higher values of Eb / N0,
Transactions on Vehicular Technology,
the BER is decreasing for both the modulation schemes.
Vol. 45, No. 1, February 1996.
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MIMO-OFDM for next generation Specification, P802.11, January 1999.
wireless systems,” In Proceedings of [9]. Mohammaed Slim Alouini and Andrea J.
IEEE, vol.-95, Issue 7, pp. 1430-1469, Goldsmith “ Capacity of Rayleigh fading
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ISSN: 2278 – 1323 All Rights Reserved © 2016 IJARCET
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2016

2003. Dr. Praveen Dhyani, is Professor of Computer

Science and Executive Director at Banasthali
[11]. Ertug˘rul Bas¸ar, “Orthogonal Frequency
University Jaipur Campus. Previously he was the
Division Multiplexing with Index Rector of the Birla Institute of Technology, MESRA;
Modulation” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON prior to which he held key academicism
administrative positions in BITS Pilani, and BITS,
SIGNAL PROCESSING, August 22, MESRA, India. He established and headed national
2013. and international centers of BITS, MESRA, at Jaipur,
Bahrain, Muscat, and RAK (UAE), and accomplished
[12]. Sonali .D.Sahu, “OFDM Channel academic & research collaboration with various
Estimation using a MMSE Estimator of a international universities in Canada, UK, and
Germany for BIT, MESRA. He has supervised
Comb-type System”, International Journal
doctoral research and has authored research papers,
of Advanced Computer Research Volume- technical reports, and international conference
proceedings in diverse fields of simulation &
3 Number-2 Issue-10 June-2013.
modeling and in computational intelligence. His
[13]. Sanjay Kumar Khadagade,” Comparison R&D accomplishments include development and
of BER of OFDM System using QPSK national and international exhibit of robot,
development of electronic devices to aid foot drop
and 16QAM over Multipath Rayleigh patients, and development of voice operated wheel
Fading Channel using Pilot-Based chair. He is presently member of the academic and
research regulatory bodies of the Banasthali
Channel Estimation”, IJEAT Volume-2, University, and the departmental research committee
Issue-3, February 2013. of IIS University, India. He is also a member of the
Programme Execution Committee (PEC), UIDAI Bio
[14]. Yong soo cho, “MIMO-OFDM wireless
metric Centre of Competence (UBCC), Unique
communications with mat lab” Wiley Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), Planning
publishers, IEEE Press 2010. Commission, and Government of India.

Anupma Gupta, born in the Hissar District, Haryana

BIBLOGRAPHY: State, India in 1982, received B.TECH in Electronics
& Communication Engineering From Guru
Jambeshwar University Hisar in 2006.She received
Vipin Kumar, born in the Kurukshetra District, M.TECH in Electronics & Communication
Haryana State, India in 1982, received B.TECH in Engineering From Maharishi Markandeshwar
Electronics & Communication Engineering from University Mullana, Ambala District, Haryana State,
Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra in 2005.He India in 2010. Currently she is working as Assistant
received M.TECH in Electronics & Communication Professor in Panipat Institute of Engineering &
Engineering From Maharishi Dayanand University Technology, Samalkha, Haryana, India. Her areas of
Rohtak, Haryana State, India in 2009. Now, he is interest include wireless communication. She has
pursuing Ph.D. program in Banasthali University, published more than 10 papers in national &
Rajasthan, India. His areas of interest include Mimo- international journals.
Ofdm systems and wireless communication. He has
published more than 15 papers in national &
international journals.

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ISSN: 2278 – 1323 All Rights Reserved © 2016 IJARCET