Digital signal processing

Dr. Saad Muhi Falih

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Introduction:
Digital Signal Processing?
• Signal = a voltage or current use to represent
a physical quantity (e.g. voltage/current,
intensity/grey-level,...) that varies as a function
of some independent variable(s),

(e.g. time, horizontal/vertical position, …)

( ‫ هً فولتٌة او تٌار كهربائً ٌعبر عن كمٌة فٌزٌائٌة ما‬:‫االشارة‬

).... ‫كثافة او مستوى سائل ما او موقع جسم ما او‬
DSP-II 3p. 3

Introduction:

Digital Signal Processing?

• Processing = any operation applied on signal
`filtering’ (mostly) = noise reduction, equalization,
signal separation, …

‫ ٌمكن ان تكون اي عملٌة تجرى على االشارة كامرارها بمرشح‬:‫معالجة‬

‫ما لتقلٌل الضوضاء او حذف التداخل الناتج من قناة النقل او عزل‬
... ‫اشارة ما او‬

• Digital = …in `digital domain’

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Introduction:

• The signals can be classified with regard to their

source, application or in terms of the signal
characteristics.

• However, in this lecture, the signal classified in

term of its characteristics as:

1. Continuous Time Signal (CTS)

2. Discrete Time Signal (DTS)

3. Continuous Valued Signal

4. Discrete Valued Signal

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Continuous Time Signal (CTS)

• This signal can be defined at any time instance & they can take
all values in the continuous interval (a, b) where a can be -∞ &
b can be ∞

• These are described by differential equations.

• This signal is denoted by x(t).

• Some example of continuous signal:

1. Sine waveforms signal
2. exponential waveforms signal

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Continuous Time Signals

A signal represents the evolution of a physical quantity in time.

Example: the electric signal out of a microphone.

t
At every time t the signal has
a value x(t ) Volts (say)

x (t )

t
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Discrete Time Signal (DTS)

1. This signal can be defined only at certain specific values of
time. These time instance need not be equidistant but in
practice they are usually takes at equally spaced intervals.

2. These are described by difference equation.

3. These signals are denoted by x(n) or notation x(nT) can

also be used.

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Discrete Time Signal (DTS)

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Continuous Valued Signal

1. If a signal takes on all possible values on a finite or infinite
range, it is said to be continuous valued signal.

2. Continuous Valued and continuous time signals are

basically analog signals.

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Discrete Valued Signal
1. If signal takes values from a finite set of possible values, it is
said to be discrete valued signal.

2. Discrete time signal with set of discrete amplitude are called

digital signal.

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Signal Types

Discrete-value
Signals

Continuous-time Discrete-time

Continuous-value Discrete-value

Analog Discrete Digital

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System
the system is any process that produces an output signal in
response to an input signal.

 Continuous systems: input and output continuous signals,

such as in analog electronics.

 Discrete systems: input and output discrete signals, such as

computer programs that manipulate the values stored in
arrays.

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Examples: Filter or Amplifier

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Classification of Signal Processing

1. ASP (Analog signal Processing): If the input signal

given to the system is analog then system does
analog signal processing. Such as: Resistor,
capacitor, Inductor, OP-AMP, … etc.

Analog signal processing

Analog Domain
(Continuous-Time Domain)

Analog
x(t ) Signal y(t )
Analog IN Processing Analog OUT
Circuit
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Classification of Signal Processing

2. DSP (Digital signal Processing): If the input signal

given to the system is digital then system does
digital signal processing. Such as: Digital Computer,
Digital Logic Circuits, digital filter, etc.

Digital signal processing

Digital Domain
(Discrete-Time Domain)

Digital
x[n] Signal y[n]
Processing
Digital Input Digital Output
Device
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Digital Processing of Continuous Time Signals

• Digital signal processing provides an alternative method for processing

the analog signal, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

• To perform the processing digitally, there is a need for an interface

between the analog signal and the digital processor.

• This interface is called an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. The output of

the A/D converter is a digital signal that is appropriate as an input to the
digital processor.

Figure 1: Basic Elements of DSP System.

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Digital Processing of Continuous Time Signals

Signals can be processed numerically by a digital computer or using a

DSP chip. We need:
1. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC): convert the signal to a
numerical sequence
2. Digital to Analog Converter (DAC): convert it back to analog, if we
need to.

AD
C DSP
DAC

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Introduction: Digital Signal Processing?

Digital signal processing in an analog world

Analog Digital Analog

domain domain domain

Analog-to- 011010
0101
100110
0010 Digital-to-
Digital DSP Analog
Analog IN Digital Digital Analog OUT
Conversion IN OUT
Conversion

y(t )
x(t ) Digital

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Introduction: Digital Signal Processing?

the analog signal process does not require software , an
algorithm, ADC, and DAC. The processing relies wholly on
electrical and electronic devices such as resistors,
capacitors, transistors, operational amplifiers, and
integrated circuits (ICs).
On the other hand, DSP systems use software, digital
processing, and algorithms; thus they have a great deal of
flexibility, less noise interference, and no signal distortion in
various applications.
DSP systems still require minimum analog processing such
as the anti-aliasing and reconstruction filters, which are
musts for converting real-world information into digital form
and digital form back into real-world information.

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Why go to digital?

• Digital signal processing techniques are

now so powerful that sometimes it is
extremely difficult, if not impossible, for
analogue signal processing to achieve
similar performance.
• Examples:
– FIR filter with linear phase.
– Adaptive filters.

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Why go to digital?
• Analogue signal processing is achieved
by using analogue components such as:
– Resistors.
– Capacitors.
– Inductors.
• The inherent tolerances associated with
these components, temperature, voltage
changes and mechanical vibrations can
dramatically affect the effectiveness of the
analogue circuitry.

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Why go to digital?
• With DSP it is easy to:
– Change applications.
– Correct applications.
– Update applications.
• Additionally DSP reduces:
– Noise susceptibility.
– Chip count.
– Development time.
– Cost.

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Why NOT go to digital?

• High frequency signals cannot be

processed digitally because of two
reasons:
– Analog to Digital Converters, ADC cannot work
fast enough.
– The application can be too complex to be
performed in real-time.

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Advantages of DSP over ASP
1. Physical size of analog systems is quite large while digital
processors are more compact and light in weight.
2. Analog systems are less accurate because of component
tolerance of R, L, C and active components.
3. Digital components are less sensitive to the environmental
changes, noise and disturbances.
4. Digital system is most flexible as software programs &
control programs can be easily modified.
5. Digital signal can be stores on digital hard disk, cd-disk or ….
. Hence becomes transportable. Thus easy and lasting storage
capacity.

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Advantages of DSP over ASP

6. Digital processing can be done offline.

7. Mathematical signal processing algorithm can be routinely implemented
on digital signal processing systems. Digital controllers are capable of
performing complex computation with constant accuracy at high speed.
8. Digital signal processing systems are upgradeable since that are software
controlled.
9. Possibility of sharing DSP processor between several tasks.
10. The cost of microprocessors, controllers and DSP processors are
continuously going down. For some complex control functions, it is not
practically feasible to construct analog controllers.
11. Single chip microprocessors, controllers and DSP processors are more
versatile and powerful.

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Disadvantages of DSP over ASP
1. Additional complexity (A/D & D/A Converters)

2. Limit in frequency. High speed AD converters are difficult to

achieve in practice. In high frequency applications DSP are
not preferred.

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Limitations of DSP
The following are a few of the limitations of Digital Signal
Processing:

1. Processing of signals involves more power consumption

2. Processing of signals beyond higher frequencies (beyond

GHz) and below lower frequencies (a few Hz) involves
limitations

3. Information is lost because we only take samples of the signal

at intervals

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END

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