Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity

Homework Problems for Chapter 2 (b) Solve for the divergence dynamic pressure at which this system is neutrally
b K1
Problem 2.1 stable. Input the ratio  11 into this expression and find the value of for which
e K2
An un-cambered wing is mounted in a wind tunnel on a shaft that is free to rotate.
this configuration will not diverge.
The mount is restrained by the usual torsion spring KT . In addition, a pendulum is
Problem 2.3
attached to the wing mounting shaft outside the wind tunnel. A rigid wing is attached to a wind-tunnel wall by a linear torsion spring. This wing
If the wing c.g. is located at the pivot point, solve for the divergence dynamic also has a small wing attached to its tip. The idealized tip surface produces lift LS
pressure?
according to the assumed simple relationship LS  qStipC L,S S
where S is the streamwise angle of attack of this small surface; C L,S is the tip
surface lift curve slope, while Stip is the tip surface area.

V
torsional spring St
KT A
es

aerodynamic center

Figure P2.1 A
Problem 2.2 shear center
An all-movable, un-cambered wing segment with planform area S and lift curve gap accentuated
for illustration 
slope C L is used to control an air vehicle. The idealized model of this system is shown.
o  
It consists of a rigid rod that can rotate about a forward pivot, but is restrained by a
torsion spring, K 1 . This rotation is measured as the small angle  shown. No view A-A V
enlarged view of
aerodynamic forces act on this rod. At the right end of the rod is a wing segment that is cross-sectional
geometry
“all movable" (as a result, C L   C L and C MAC  0 ) about a pivot located a distance

Figure P2.3a: Wing with flexible tip support
b from the left end of the rigid rod.
The tip device is connected to the wing tip by a torsion spring with stiffness k
This wing is mounted on the rod with another torsion spring K 2 that resists wing
 in.lb. 
torsion,  . The torsion spring K 1 is un-stretched when   0 and the torsion spring  radian  . When the tip device rotates an angle  with respect to the wing tip a
K 2 is un-stretched when   0. The wing segment is given a rotation input angle 0 . The restoring torque k is generated to oppose this rotation.
total angle of attack of the wing is then     0 The idealized wing lift is L  qSC L  with   0   .
Question: Question:
(a) Break the deformed system into two pieces. Draw the two free body diagrams of (a) Write the equations of torsional equilibrium for this system when the entire
the deformed system. Derive the coupled static equilibrium equations and write them in system is given an initial angle of attack. Express these equations in terms of the
matrix form as eqSC L eS StipC L,S
following non-dimensional parameters; q  ; SR  ;
KT eSC L
k
kR  . Derive the characteristic equation for aeroelastic divergence q D in
KT
terms of these parameters.
(b) Plot the divergence dynamic pressure parameter q D as a function of S R when
k R  10 and k R  1
Figure P2.2
Hints:
K     
 11 K12      q  Q1  where q  eqSC L
K K   0
Q2  K2
 21 22     
Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 94 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 95
Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity
   k   Problem 2.4
 1  eqSC L     
 1 

    K      eqSC 
 
 Two identical un-cambered wing segments are connected to each other by a
 KT   T      
 e qS C    L
o 
e S C 
 S tip L,S  torsional spring and to the wind tunnel walls by two other torsion springs, as indicated in
 S tip L,S   k


eSqStipC L,S    K 
 eSC  
  K 
  

T

 


the figure. The three torsion springs have the same spring constant KT . The two segments
 KT   T KT  
 L


 are mounted on bearings on a spindle attached to the tunnel walls.
2 a) Solve for the divergence dynamic pressure.
k  k 
 R  1  k    R  1  k   4 kR b) Find the mode shape at divergence. Describe this mode shape (how do the
 S R  S R
 R   R  SR surfaces move relative to each other?).
qD 
2
eqSC L eS StipC L,S k
with q  ; SR  and kR 
KT eSC L KT
kR k  eSC  eSC   k  q
    L     D tip is the ratio of
  
L
The ratio e S C   
SR KT 
 S tip L,S   KT  eS StipC L,S  q D wing
divergence q for the tip device alone and the wing alone.
eqSC L
When kR =10 and S R  0.1 then q   0.9083
KT
eqSC L Figure P2.4
When kR =10 and S R  0.5 then q   0.6592
KT Problem 2.5
The larger the size of the tip device, the lower the value of divergence dynamic Two wing sections are mounted on shafts and attached to each other and to a wind
pressure. tunnel wall, as indicated.
1
q divergence of system/q divergence of wing alone

0.9
0.8
0.7
Dynamic pressure ratio

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Note that the torsion spring stiffnesses are equal, but are offset an amount d. This
10 * SR configuration is similar to, but not identical to, the example 2.8. When the airfoils are
placed at an angle of attack  0 , the springs deform. Lifts on the two identical,
Figure P2.3a: System divergence q vs. SR when k R  0.1
un-cambered wing sections are
The divergence dynamic pressure is plotted against the ratio of tip device area
L1  qSC L 0  1 
beginning with S R  0.1 and ending with S R  1 .
L2  qSC L 0  2 
(a) Derive the matrix equations of torsional static equilibrium for this model when it is
placed at the angle of attack 0 . Express these equations in the form
   
K   1   Q1  . Do not solve for the deflection, but identify the structural stiffness
 ij     Q 
 2   2 
matrix and the aerodynamic stiffness matrix in these equations (“Identify” means put
some words together and attach an arrow.)
Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 96 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 97
Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity
(b) Solve for the divergence dynamic pressure; solve for the value of d that eliminates Problem 2.7
divergence. The shaft attaching the two segments can be re-positioned, but the outer A wing test article consists of a low density, symmetrical stiffness metallic layer,
wing segment always remains in-line with the inner segment. wrapped around the two layer piezoelectric plates create an electric field E shown in
(c) Place an aileron on the outer (right-hand) section. Develop the static equilibrium Figure P2.7(b) that causes surface electrode is formed.
equations for the system when there is no initial angle of attack, but the control The wing idealization is shown in Figure P2.7(c); for analysis purposes we have
surface is deflected downward an amount 0 . only drawn the chord line. This model has two lift components; the first is due to an
(d) Solve for the rolling moment generated by the aileron. Solve the reversal speed VR initial angle of attack and the wing twist. The second is due to the applied voltage that
creates camber.
in terms of general parameters such as C L and C MAC ,
Problem 2.6
A side view of two idealized wings is shown in the figure. This problem is similar to
that discussed in example 2.5, but has one spring removed. These wings are connected by
a single spring, with spring constant k [lb./inch]; each wing has planform area S. The
spring is pinned to each wing and develops an internal force in response to relative
deflection between its ends. This configuration differs from that discussed in example 2.5
because it can rotate without stretching or compressing the spring. This is called rigid
body freedom. Figure P2.7 (a) Piezoelectric layered actuator (b) Piezoelectric actuator
We will represent the added lift and pitching moment combination created by
camber as a single force L2  acting on the wing at a distance e2 after of the shear center (this
is the center of pressure). This location of the center of pressure for the additional force
and we assume that it does not move with applied voltage.
The relationship between lift L2  and the applied voltage V is: L2  qSC L,V V
V is voltage, not airspeed. Since the change in camber produces lift and pitching
C L camber
moment, the aerodynamic coefficient C L,V  tells us how much lift
camber V
we get per volt across the active material per unit wing area per unit dynamic pressure.

Figure P2.6: Tandem wing geometry with single spring

The lift on each wing is given by
L1  qSC L 0  1 
L2  qSC L 0  2 
Where 0 is an initial angle of attack common to both wings; and 1 and 2 are the
two twist angles.
(a) Solve for the characteristic equation ∆ for static stability
(b) If e1  e2  e , identify a dynamic pressure parameter q and plot the characteristic
equation as a function of this parameter. Figure P2.7(c): Active airfoil with applied loads
(c) Find the value(s) of the pressure parameter at which   0 . Solve for the mode Questions:
shape(s). Will the system diverge? Why or why not? (a) When the airfoil initial angle of attack is zero 0  0 solve for the lift on the
wing as a function of the applied voltage V.
(b) Find the wing divergence dynamic pressure q D as a function of the
aerodynamic and structural parameters. (Voltage should not appear).
(c) Let’s create a feedback system where we measure the twist θ and feed this back
to the voltage, so that V   k (k is an arbitrary number that we can choose). In this
case, the voltage term should move to the left side of your equation. If the wing is placed

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 98 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 99

Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity
at an initial angle of attack 0 , solve for the wing twist and solve for the divergence v
a) Solve for the twist  in terms of the aerodynamic derivatives and .
dynamic pressure. V
Hints: b) Solve for the equation for the steady state roll rate p .
The total airfoil lift is written as c) Solve for the reversal dynamic pressure
L  L1  L2  qSC L  qSC L,VV Hints:
where   0   Assume that we are rolling at a constant roll rate so that the rolling moment due to the
aileron is balanced by a damping in roll moment (see the notes) due to an upward
In this problem, 0  0 . When V  k , the equation of torsional static equilibrium velocity. In this case, the total lift on the surface is L  L1  L2  L3
is e1 qSC L (0  )  e2 qSC L,V k   KT   0  v 1 
or L  qS C L  C L  C L 0  C L 0 
Problem 2.8:  V 4 
The 1 DOF idealized wing whose cross-section is shown in Figure P2.8(a) has The FBD is shown below.
leading edge and trailing edge control surfaces. There is no initial angle of attack when
the two control surfaces are un-deflected. Three lift components act on the idealized wing.
Each force has its own location with respect to the shear center pin shown in the figure.
Twisting is resisted by the torsional spring with torsional stiffness KT .

Figure P2.8(c): Free-body diagram for θ computation

e1qSC L
Sum moments using  as the positive direction (clockwise). Let q1  . We get
KT
Figure P2.8(a)       
q  v   q  1 e3  e2 C L   
The entire assembly is mounted at the end of a long bar a distance r from the center  1 V  1    0
  4 e1 e1 C L  

of rotation. This assembly will move upward at a terminal speed v  pr when the  
surfaces are deflected. The leading edge surface and the trailing edge flap are geared 1  q1 
together so that the three lift components are as follows: The rolling moment is

L1  qSC L  qSC L  v
V  (where v  pr )   v
M roll  rL  r qS C L  C L  C L 0  C L 0 
 V
1
4


L2  qSC L 0   
 v   5e  4e  e  5  C  
L3  qSC L 0.250    q  1   L   
   
 V  1 
1 2
 0
  

4e1  4  C L  
The rolling moment is M roll  rL  r (L1  L2  L3 ) M roll  rL  rqC LS  0


1  q1  

 
 
v pr   5e  4e  e  5  C 
 
 q1  
    
 0
1 2 1

L 
with v  pr
V V
 
 4e1  4  C L 
pr  5e  4e  e  5
For reversal  0  q1  1 2 1
 
V  4e1  4
5KT
The answer is qreversal 
SC L 5e1  4e2  e 3 

Figure P2.8(b): Top view of wing assembly showing rotational rate, p. The aileron reversal problem has two meanings and two approaches. In the first
case we restrict the upward velocity, v , to be zero and solve for the lift (or rolling
Question: moment) generated by an aileron deflection. Reversal is defined as the airspeed (or
Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 100 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 101
Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity
dynamic pressure) at which the lift is zero. By definition, at reversal in this case, both lift Problem 2.10
and upward speed are zero, but only because the upward speed, v, is restrained from the Classical wing divergence ignores the fact that the wing is attached to the fuselage
beginning and we solve for the value of q to make lift (or moment) zero. with pitch and plunge freedom. Consider the idealized, un-cambered wing attached to a
In the second case, the upward airspeed (or steady­state roll moment) is constant, torsion spring which is, in turn, attached to an idealized fuselage, as shown in Figure
unrestrained and non­zero. To have a constant upward speed we must have the lift (or P2.10a. The torsional spring resists torsion by developing a restoring moment M S equal
rolling moment) equal to zero. This is a constraint that allows us to solve for v . At to K T  , where θ is the relative rotation of the wing with respect to the fuselage.
reversal, both v and lift (or moment) are zero. We use the “ v equation” to find the The fuselage is a freely flying article, but for our model it is attached to a frictionless
value of q at reversal. pin to simulate the ability of the aircraft to rotate about its own center of gravity (c.g.).
Because, in the end, no matter which of the two approaches we use for reversal, the The wing has two degrees of rotational freedom  and θ that generate lift.
reversal dynamic pressure must be the same since both conditions result in a zero upward An all-movable tail on the fuselage provides a pitching moment about the aircraft
velocity and zero lift due to aileron deflection. Only the path to reversal is different. c.g. by generating lift, Ltail , given by the expression
  L 
Ltail  qS tail C        (1)
Problem 2.9 tail

An un-cambered wing with span, b, is attached to both walls of a wind tunnel and In Eq. 1,  is the tail rotation with respect to the fuselage while  represents the
placed at an angle of attack 0 . rotation of the fuselage about the airplane c.g. or model pin.
The wing is idealized as a torsionally flexible, uniform property element like that
discussed in Section 2.12. Use Figure 2.9e1 as your reference, but with an additional
support on the right.

Figure P2.10a: Wing fuselage configuration geometry

Question:
(a) Solve for expressions for α and θ in response to the tail angle, β using the following
definitions
Figure P2.9: Effect of the support stiffness conditions on divergence
eqSC L
The differential equation of torsional equilibrium used to model wing twist q  
deformation is: KT

d 2 eqca0  eqca00  f   S C L 

   R      tail  tail   1 (2)
dx 2  GJ  GJ  d   S  C L 
 
(a) Find the divergence dynamic pressure of this wing. As noted on Figure P2.10a, the pin representing the c.g. is usually ahead of the wing
 in.lb.  aerodynamic center. If this is so, then the dimension d will be negative. When the
(b) Torsion springs with stiffness, k  is placed at the left and right ends of the
 radian  parameter R defined in Eq. 2 is multiplied by -1 the result is similar to the definition of
test article (at x=0). Solve for the expression characteristic equation for divergence in the tail volume used in stability and control studies. If R > 1 (or − R < −1) then the
kb configuration is stable in pitch in forward flight.
terms of a parameter    . Plot the divergence dynamic pressure as a function of (b) The purpose of the tail control surface is to create a change in pitch angle. Define
GJ
 to generate a figure similar to Figure P2.9(b).
control reversal as the condition that occurs when we deflect the tail surface, but
there is no change in aircraft attitude angle. Set up an analysis to determine whether
or not tail control reversal q occurs. Solve for the tail control reversal dynamic
pressure.

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Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity

eqSC L (d) Find the mode shapes at all neutral stability points. Describe the mode shapes (how do
(c) Solve for divergence dynamic pressure parameter q   as a function of R. the surfaces deflect relative to each other?).
KT
(e) Which of the three dynamic pressures in part (c) is the divergence dynamic pressure?
Plot this divergence pressure parameter as a function of R. What value of R is
Problem 2.12
required to make the divergence pressure parameter equal to 1?
Two wing sections are mounted on shafts attached to each other and to a wind tunnel
Hints:
wall, as indicated. Note that the two torsion spring stiffnesses are equal, but are offset an
The FBDs are set up in Figure P2.10b. They must be useful. The equilibrium
amount d. This configuration is similar to, but not identical to, the problem in example
equations are also shown below. So, too, is the characteristic equation.
2.8. When the sections are placed in the wind tunnel at an angle of attack 0 , the two
springs deform, as indicated in the diagram. Lift on the two, identical, un-cambered wing
sections is
L1  qSC L 0  1 
L2  qSC L 0  2 

V
line of aerodynamic centers

Figure P2.10b: Wing/ fuselage free body diagram e

  f   S  C L,tail    C  A
q 1      tail      q   q   f  Stail  L,tail   d
     
d   S   C L   d   S  C L 

e

and 1 2 A
 q     0
q    1
  b/2 b/2
So that torsional spring
torsional spring
  q  1  R 1  q  q    q 1  R  Rq 
  stiffness K (in-lb/rad)
stiffness K (in-lb/rad)
 
Problem 2.11: 2+
Three identical un-cambered wing segments are connected to each other by torsional 1+
springs and to the wind tunnel walls by additional torsion springs, as indicated in the
figure. The four torsion springs have the same spring constant KT . The wing segments
view A-A
are mounted on bearings on a spindle attached to the tunnel walls.
Figure P2.12
V
(a) Place an aileron on the outer (right-hand) section. This aileron has aerodynamic
coefficients C L and C MAC , . Develop the static equilibrium equations for the system
when there is no initial angle of attack, but the control surface is deflected downward
e e
an amount 0 .
Area=S 1 S
Area=S 22 S
Area=S 32
(b) Specialize the result in part (a) by making the aileron flap-to-chord ratio E  0.15
K K K
K T T T d e
T with  1 and = 0.10 . Solve for the rolling moment generated by the aileron as
e c
a function of dynamic pressure, q.
Figure P 2.11 (c) Solve for the reversal speed.
(a) Develop the equations of static equilibrium at neutral stability. The three degrees of Hints:
freedom are 1, 2 and 3 . (a) The static equilibrium equations for the system when there is no initial angle of attack,
(b) Write the expression for the strain energy stored in this configuration as a function of but the control surface is deflected downward an amount 0 .
the torsional displacements. Use the energy method to derive the system stiffness
matrix in terms of the three torsional deflections. Compare this result to that found in
part (a). They should be identical.
(c) Solve for the three dynamic pressures that create neutral stability.

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 104 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 105
Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity

      

1 d  
1  d  C L   c C MAC , 
 lift
    
 2K K   
  1   
e  1   eqSC   

 e  C L  e  C L 
   

K K     eqSC      L 0  
  L
  d    d   C  
   2  0 1    2  
 
 
 
 
L  

wing box
e   
 e  C L  
   

 


C L C MAC ,
The aileron coefficients are computed to be:  0.4805 and  0.0966 . With
C L C L
shear center range
d e
 1 and = 10 , we get: Figure P2.13: Wind tunnel wing segment model cross-section
e c
The team aerodynamicist predicts that the ratio C MAC / C L is -0.075 and the lift
 2 1       0.0051
   1 1 1 1 
1 1     q 0 2     q o  0.4805  curve slope is 4.0; the reference planform area is S  10 ft 2 . The section angle of attack
   2     2    o
0 for all tests will be pre-set to 3 .
1  q o 0.4754  0.4703q 
 
  Question:
 
2  2q 2  4q  1 
  
  0.956  0.4805q  


(a) Develop the expression for the lift force when the shear center is located at the
mid-chord. Find the twist angle  as a function of wind tunnel airspeed.
The lift on each section is:
(b) Consider the same wing with different wing shear center locations. The offset
L 
  1  0.4754  0.4703q 

 1   qSC      qSC  2.081q   distance e 0  c / 4 when the shear center is located at the mid-chord (part (a)) is
  L 0  
L2 
  1
  L 0
2q 2
 4 q  1 0.956  0.4805q 

     to be used as the reference and ei is the offset when the shear center is moved.
 2  Develop the equations for wing lift L and twist  as functions of the ratio ei / e0 .
 1.021q  3.011q  1 
L1  qSC L 0  

 2q 2  4q  1  

Write these expressions in non-dimensional form, but use the divergence q for the
reference wing as the reference in all expressions, because the divergence speed
 
 1.00q 2  2.011q  1  changes with ei / e 0 .
L2  qSC L 0  

  2q 2  4q  1  
 (c) Plot wing lift and twist angle vs. airspeed for four ei / e 0 values of 0, 0.25, 0.50
 b 3b   
 
  1 and 0.75. Use an airspeed range between zero and 150 ft./s.
L
 1 b L1 
M Roll  
 4 4 


L2  4
 
L2 

   1 3    L1b  3L2b 
4

   
   Problem 2.14: Nonlinear torsional spring stiffness

M Roll 
 2
qSC L0 1.005q  2.261q  1  Consider the single degree of freedom un-cambered wing with the cross-section
shown in Figure P2.14. A concentrated load P is applied aft of the shear center to create a
 2q 2  4q  1  moment Pd about the shear center to create twist θ. The wing has no initial incidence
Problem 2.13 angle.
The wing idealization is shown in the figure will be tested in the wind tunnel at This single degree of freedom wing model has a linear aerodynamic applied load
several different airspeeds and in several different configurations. All testing is to be done given as L   qSC L but it resists applied torque by developing a nonlinear structural
at sea level conditions and at such low speed that the flow field is incompressible. restoring moment given by the relationship:
Changes in the position of the wing box change the wing shear center position and the
MS  KT   KT 1 3
offset distance between the shear center and the aerodynamic center. For instance, when
the shear center is at the mid-chord, when the shear center is at the wing mid-chord the
offset distance e is equal to c/4. Preliminary wind tunnel testing shows that the wing
divergence dynamic pressure is 100lb / ft 2 .

Figure P2.14: Single degree of freedom airfoil with linear aerodynamic load and
nonlinear structural spring
Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 106 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 107
Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity
KT 1 can be either positive or negative. When KT 1 is positive we have a so-called Consider a wind­tunnel model of a wing with 2m span and 50cm chord which has an
"hardening spring". When KT 1 is negative the spring is called a "softening spring". When ai1eron that spans from b/3 to b/2. The wing is attached rigidly at the root to the wind­
tunnel wall. The torsional rigidity of the wing varies along the span and is given by
KT 1 is zero, we have the usual linear spring relationship.   
5 * 105 1   . Assume C L  4.5;C L  2.5;C M ,  1.5 and e=0.1. Assume a single
(a) When
KT 1
 0.2 derive the nonlinear equations of static equilibrium when an  4 
KT
mode shape of f     for the twist distribution.
initial moment M s  eqSC L 0 is applied at a flight dynamic pressure q. Plot
a) Calculate the reversal pressure.
M0 b) Calculate divergence dynamic pressure
vs. θ for four different values of dynamic pressure parameter
KT Problem 2.17
q KT An airfoil of unit span and 0.5m chord is mounted in a wind tunnel at its quarter
q   0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1
  .1 with q D  for 0.5    0.5 chord point via a torsiona1 spring of constant 300Nm/rad. The airfoil is free to oscillate
qD eSC L
in pitch direction only. The airfoil mass is 5kg. Its moment of inertia about the center of
M0
Answer  1  q  θ  0.2θ 3 gravity is 0.1 kgm 2 , which the center of gravity is located at the mid chord. Assume
KT
standard air density 1.225 kg / m 3 .
(b) The effective torsional stiffness is defined as the change in M 0 with respect to θ,
Assume quasi­steady aerodynamics and write the complete and simplified equation
M 0 of motion of the airfoil based on the given parameters.
Keff  . The normalized effective torsional stiffness is
 (a) Write the characteristics equation of the system,
K 1 M 0 (b) Based on that discuss the stability of the system and possibility of flutter and
defined as Ke   eff  so that K e  1  q   0.6 2 . Using the same divergence.
KT KT 
Problem 2.18: Flexible airfoil lift effectiveness and divergence
values of dynamic pressure parameter as in part (a) plot normalized effective stiffness A flexible, symmetrical  C MAC  0  airfoil is supported by two springs, K1 and K 2 as
as a function of    for 0.5     0.5 .
(c) Remove the external load and verify that the static equilibrium equation becomes.
shown in Figure P2.18. At zero airspeed, with no forces applied, the airfoil has a nose-up
pitch angle, α0, with respect to the horizontal. Small angles are always assumed. The lift
KT
3 
KT 1
1  q    0 . This equation has three solutions on the rigid airfoil is Lrigid  qSCL0 . When lift is applied at the aerodynamic center of
the airfoil (the 1/4 chord point on the airfoil) the airfoil moves upward an amount h as it
KT twists an amount θ. The springs in Figure P2.18 are undeformed when θ = 0 and h = 0.
  0 or   
 
KT 1
1  q  . The flexible airfoil lift L flex is calculated from the equation L flex  qSC L  0   
When q  q D then there is only one equilibrium point e  0 because the term
KT 1
under the radical is negative. Plot these solutions as a function of 0   1 (note that
KT
this is the inverse of the term in the twist solution above and is a measure of the spring
nonlinearity

Problem 2.15
Consider an airfoil of unit span and chord c = 0.5m hinged at 0.35m from the Figure P2.18: Configuration geometry
leading edge in a wind tunnel. A torsional spring of constant KT is attached to the Question:
airfoil at the hinge point, and a translational spring of constant K h  100 N / m  is a) Derive the algebraic expression for the ratio Lflex / Lrigid
attached to the airfoil at its leading edge. At zero airspeed, the airfoil is at 5 degrees b) Derive the expression for divergence dynamic pressure
angle of attack and at 10m/s airspeed, the airfoil is at 10 degrees tota1 angle of attack. c) Find solution by using matrix approach
d) Find position of center of twist and shear center location
Assume C L    4.5 / rad and   1.225 kg / m 3.
c c 5c
a) Calculate the divergence dynamic pressure, the torsional stiffness KT e) Calculate with given values a  ; b  ;a  b  d 
8 2 8
b) Calculate the percentage increase in the aerodynamic moment about the hinge
point due to the aeroelastic effect.
Problem 2.16
Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 108 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 109
Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity Lecture notes: Chapter 2 Unswept wing static aeroelasticity
---------------------------------------- distance hc after of the flexural axis; the local, two-dimensional lift-curve slopes are a1 for
P2.19. An aircraft wing has an area of 30 m and an aerodynamic mean chord of 3.0 m. If the the wing and a2 for aileron deflection. Using strip theory and considering only the lift due to
aerodynamic center of the wing is one quarter of the wing chord forward of its flexural the change of incidence arising from aileron movement, show that the aileron reversal speed
center, its lift­curve slope is 3.5 and the design diving speed of the aircraft at sea level is 200 is given by
m/s calculate the minimum required torsional stiffness of the wing. Assume two­dimensional kL L L (e  h ) 
tan kL  x sin xdx  tan L  x sin xdx   x cos xdx  (kL)2  L2 
flow and take the air density at sea level to be 1.226 kg/m3. The minimum required torsional 0 0 kL 2h cos kL  
stiffness will occur when the wing divergence speed is equal to the design diving speed. 2 2
1 V a1ec
P2.20. The wing of P2.19 has a span of 9.5 m. If the lift­curve slope of the finite wing may be Where  2 
assumed to be the same as that in P2.19, compare the required torsional stiffnesses of the 2 GJ
two cases.
P2.21. Calculate the aileron reversal speed corresponding to the minimum required torsional
stiffness for the wing of P2.19 and determine the aileron effectiveness at a speed of 150 m/s.
Take the rate of change of lift coefficient with aileron angle as 0.8 and the rate of change of
pitching moment coefficient with aileron angle as –0.25.
P2.22. The wing of P2.19 is required to have a minimum divergence speed of 350 m/s. If the
torsional stiffness of the wing is to remain unchanged calculate the required movement aft of
the aerodynamic centre. [Answer: 0.51 m]
P2.23. A finite wing has a torsional stiffness of 12.106Nm2, a span of 8.0 m and a mean chord
of 2.8 m. If the two-dimensional lift-curve slope is 3.1 and its aerodynamic centre is 1.2 m
forward of its flexural axis, calculate the wing divergence speed at sea level. [Answer: 269.2
m/s]
P2.24. Calculate the aileron reversal speed for the wing of P.2.23 if the rate of change of lift
coefficient with aileron angle is 0.15 and the rate of change of pitching moment coefficient
with aileron angle is –0.3. What is the aileron effectiveness at an aircraft speed of 160 m/s?
[224.4 m/s and 76%] ---------------------------------
P2.25. An initially untwisted rectangular wing of semi-span L and chord c has its flexural axis qSC  L 1
qSC
  L 0 
 e  KT 2  1   KT 1  qScC M 0  0

normal to the plane of symmetry and is of constant cross-section with torsional rigidity GJ.
The aerodynamic center is ec ahead of the flexural axis, the lift-coefficient slope is a0 , and  qSC L
 2KT   1  KT 2  qSC L 0e  qScC M 0


the pitchingmoment coefficient at zero lift is Cm,0. At speed V in air of density  , the  qSeC qScC 
wing-root incidence from zero lift is 0 . Using simple strip theory, that is, ignoring 2KT  qSC L   1  KT 2  qSeC L qSeC L  qSeC M   0
 L L 
downwash effects, show that the incidence at a section distant y from the plane of symmetry
is given by qSC  e  KT 2  1   0
L 2

C

 cos (L  x ) C KT 1  qSeC L  KT  2  0
0     m ,0  0   m ,0
 ea0  cos L ea0
1
V 2c 2
ea 0
Where   2 2
GJ
Hence, assuming Cm,0 to be negative, find the condition giving the speed at which the lift would
 
 2GJ 
be reduced to zero. Ans : Vd  2 2 
 2ec L  

P2.26. Using Matlab and the function for Vd derived in Problem 2.22, calculate the lift
coefficient slope (a) assuming that G = 25,000 N/mm2,   1.2 kg / m 3 , ec = 25 mm,
L=500 mm, and Vd ranges from 3 to 12 m/s in increments of 1 m/s.
Vd
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(m/s)
a 7.3108 4.1123 2.6319 1.8277 1.3428 1.0281 0.81231 0.65797 0.54378 0.45693

P2.27. The rectangular wing shown in figure has a constant torsional rigidity GJ and an aileron
of constant chord. The aerodynamic center of the wing is at a constant distance ec ahead of
the flexural axis while the additional lift due to operation of the aileron acts along a line a
Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 110 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 111