1) What is Machine learning?

=> Machine learning is a branch of computer science which deals with system
programming to automatically learn and improve with experience. For example, Robots
are programmed so that they can perform the task based on data they gather from
sensors. It automatically learns programs from data.
2) Mention the difference between Data Mining and Machine learning?
=> Machine learning relates to the study, design, and development of the algorithms
that give computers the capability to learn without being explicitly programmed. While
data mining can be defined as the process in which the unstructured data tries to extract
knowledge or unknown interesting patterns. During this processing machine, learning
algorithms are used.
3) What is ‘Overfitting’ in Machine learning?
=> In machine learning, when a statistical model describes random error or noise
instead of underlying relationship ‘overfitting’ occurs. When a model is excessively
complex, overfitting is normally observed, because of having too many parameters
concerning the number of training data types. The model exhibits poor performance
which has been overfitted.
4) Why does overfitting happen?
=> The possibility of overfitting exists as the criteria used for training the model is not
the same as the criteria used to judge the efficacy of a model.
5) How can you avoid overfitting ?
=> By using a lot of data overfitting can be avoided, overfitting happens relatively as you
have a small dataset, and you try to learn from it. But if you have a small database and
you are forced to come with a model based on that. In such a situation, you can use a
technique known as cross-validation.
 We can use data augmentation techniques or regularization.
 We can also try to reduce the futures or
 we can try to simplify our model structure.
6) What is inductive machine learning?
=> The inductive machine learning involves the process of learning by examples, where
a system, from a set of observed instances, tries to induce a general rule.
7) What are the five popular algorithms of Machine Learning?
=> Decision Trees
Neural Networks (backpropagation)
Probabilistic networks
Nearest Neighbor
Support vector machines
8) What are the different Algorithm techniques in Machine Learning?
=> The different types of techniques in Machine Learning are
 Supervised Learning
 Unsupervised Learning
 Semi-supervised Learning
 Reinforcement Learning
 Transduction
 Learning to Learn
9) What are the three stages to build the hypotheses or model in machine
learning?
=>
 Model building
 Model testing
 Applying the model
10) What is the standard approach to supervised learning?
=> The standard approach to supervised learning is to split the set of examples into the
training set and the test.
11) What is ‘Training set’ and ‘Test set’?
=> In various areas of information science like machine learning, a set of data is used to
discover the potentially predictive relationship known as ‘Training Set’. The training set
is an example given to the learner, while the Test set is used to test the accuracy of the
hypotheses generated by the learner, and it is the set of examples held back from the
learner. The training set is distinct from the Test set.
12) List down various approaches for machine learning?
=> The different approaches in Machine Learning are
 Concept Vs Classification Learning
 Symbolic Vs Statistical Learning
 Inductive Vs Analytical Learning
** 13) What is not Machine Learning?**
=>

 Artificial Intelligence
 Rule-based inference
14) Explain what is the function of ‘Unsupervised Learning’?
=>
 Find clusters of the data
 Find low-dimensional representations of the data
 Find interesting directions in data
 Interesting coordinates and correlations
 Find novel observations/ database cleaning

15) Explain what is the function of ‘Supervised Learning’?
=>
 Classifications
 Speech recognition
 Regression
 Predict the time series
 Annotate strings
16) What is algorithm independent machine learning?
=> Machine learning in where mathematical foundations are independent of any
particular classifier or learning algorithm is referred to as algorithm independent
machine learning?
17) What is the difference between artificial learning and machine learning?
=> Designing and developing algorithms according to the behaviors based on empirical
data are known as Machine Learning. While artificial intelligence in addition to machine
learning, also covers other aspects like knowledge representation, natural language
processing, planning, robotics, etc.
18) What is a classifier in machine learning?
=> A classifier in Machine Learning is a system that inputs a vector of discrete or
continuous feature values and outputs a single discrete value, the class.
19) What are the advantages of Naive Bayes?
=> In Naïve Bayes classifier will converge quicker than discriminative models like
logistic regression, so you need less training data. The main advantage is that it can’t
learn the interactions between features.
20) In what areas Pattern Recognition is used?
=> Pattern Recognition can be used in
 Computer Vision
 Speech Recognition
 Data Mining
 Statistics
 Informal Retrieval
 Bio-Informatics
21) What is Genetic Programming?
=> Genetic programming is one of the two techniques used in machine learning. The
model is based on testing and selecting the best choice among a set of results.
22) What is Inductive Logic Programming in Machine Learning?
=> Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) is a subfield of machine learning which uses logic
programming representing background knowledge and examples.
23) What is Model Selection in Machine Learning?
=> The process of selecting models among different mathematical models, which are
used to describe the same data set is known as Model Selection. Model selection is
applied to the fields of statistics, machine learning, and data mining.
24) What are the two methods used for the calibration in Supervised Learning?
=> The two methods used for predicting good probabilities in Supervised Learning are
 Platt Calibration
 Isotonic
Regression
These methods are designed for binary classification, and it is not trivial.
25) Which method is frequently used to prevent overfitting?
=> When there is sufficient data ‘Isotonic Regression’ is used to prevent an overfitting
issue.
26) What is the difference between heuristic for rule learning and heuristics for
decision trees?
=> The difference is that the heuristics for decision trees evaluate the average quality of
many disjointed sets while rule learners only evaluate the quality of the set of instances
that are covered with the candidate rule.
27) What is Perceptron in Machine Learning?
=> In Machine Learning, Perceptron is an algorithm for supervised classification of the
input into one of several possible non-binary outputs.
28) Explain the two components of the Bayesian logic program?
=> Bayesian logic program consists of two components. The first component is a logical
one; it consists of a set of Bayesian Clauses, which captures the qualitative structure of
the domain. The second component is a quantitative one, it encodes the quantitative
information about the domain.
29) What are Bayesian Networks (BN) ?
=> Bayesian Network is used to represent the graphical model for the probability
relationship among a set of variables.
30) Why instance-based learning algorithm sometimes referred to as a Lazy
learning algorithm?
=> Instance-based learning algorithm is also referred to as the Lazy learning algorithm
as they delay the induction or generalization process until classification is performed.
31) What are the two classification methods that SVM ( Support Vector Machine)
can handle?
=>
 Combining binary classifiers
 Modifying binary to incorporate multiclass learning
32) What is ensemble learning?
=> To solve a particular computational program, multiple models such as classifiers or
experts are strategically generated and combined. This process is known as ensemble
learning.
33) Why ensemble learning is used?
=> Ensemble learning is used to improve the classification, prediction, function
approximation, etc of a model.
34) When to use ensemble learning?
=> Ensemble learning is used when you build component classifiers that are more
accurate and independent from each other.
35) What are the two paradigms of ensemble methods?
=> The two paradigms of ensemble methods are
 Sequential ensemble methods
 Parallel ensemble methods
36) What is the general principle of an ensemble method and what is bagging and
boosting in the ensemble method?
=> The general principle of an ensemble method is to combine the predictions of
several models built with a given learning algorithm to improve robustness over a single
model. Bagging is a method in an ensemble for improving unstable estimation or
classification schemes. While boosting methods are used sequentially to reduce the
bias of the combined model. Boosting and Bagging both can reduce errors by reducing
the variance term.
37) What is a bias-variance decomposition of classification error in the ensemble
method?
=> The expected error of a learning algorithm can be decomposed into bias and
variance. A bias term measures how closely the average classifier produced by the
learning algorithm matches the target function. The variance term measures how much
the learning algorithm’s prediction fluctuates for different training sets.
38) What is an Incremental Learning algorithm in the ensemble?
=> Incremental learning method is the ability of an algorithm to learn from new data that
may be available after classifier has already been generated from the already available
dataset.
39) What are PCA, KPCA, and ICA used for?
=> PCA (Principal Components Analysis), KPCA ( Kernel-based Principal Component
Analysis), and ICA ( Independent Component Analysis) are important feature extraction
techniques used for dimensionality reduction.
40) What is dimension reduction in Machine Learning?
=> In Machine Learning and statistics, dimension reduction is the process of reducing
the number of random variables under consideration and can be divided into feature
selection and feature extraction.
41) What are support vector machines?
=> Support vector machines are supervised learning algorithms used for classification
and regression analysis.
42) What are the components of relational evaluation techniques?
=> The important components of relational evaluation techniques are
 Data Acquisition
 Ground Truth Acquisition
 Cross-Validation Technique
 Query Type
 Scoring Metric
 Significance Test
43) What are the different methods for Sequential Supervised Learning?
=> The different methods to solve Sequential Supervised Learning problems are
 Sliding-window methods
 Recurrent sliding windows
 Hidden Markow models
 Maximum entropy Markow models
 Conditional random fields
 Graph transformer networks
44) What are the areas in robotics and information processing where sequential
prediction problem arises?
=> The areas in robotics and information processing where sequential prediction
problem arises are:
 Imitation Learning
 Structured prediction
 Model-based reinforcement learning
45) What is batch statistical learning?
=> Statistical learning techniques allow learning a function or predictor from a set of
observed data that can make predictions about unseen or future data. These
techniques provide guarantees on the performance of the learned predictor on the
future unseen data based on a statistical assumption on the data generating process.
46) What is PAC Learning?
=> PAC (Probably Approximately Correct) learning is a learning framework that has
been introduced to analyze learning algorithms and their statistical efficiency.
47) What are the different categories you can categorize the sequence learning
process?
=>
 Sequence prediction
 Sequence generation
 Sequence recognition
 Sequential decision
48) What is sequence learning?
=> Sequence learning is a method of teaching and learning in a logical manner.
49) What are two techniques of Machine Learning ?
=> The two techniques of Machine Learning are
 Genetic Programming
 Inductive Learning
50) Give a popular application of machine learning that you see on day to day
basis?
=> The recommendation engine implemented by major e-commerce websites uses
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