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Dimensioning and Tolerancing

This document discusses dimensioning and tolerancing techniques used in engineering drawings. It defines key terms like dimensions, tolerances, and datums. It explains different tolerancing methods like maximum material condition (MMC), least material condition (LMC), and fit types. The document also introduces geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GDT), which uses standard symbols to define how parts function. It outlines the main GDT elements like feature control frames, geometric controls for forms, orientation, and location. Finally, it describes a five-step process for applying GDT in design applications.

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231 views

Dimensioning and Tolerancing

This document discusses dimensioning and tolerancing techniques used in engineering drawings. It defines key terms like dimensions, tolerances, and datums. It explains different tolerancing methods like maximum material condition (MMC), least material condition (LMC), and fit types. The document also introduces geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GDT), which uses standard symbols to define how parts function. It outlines the main GDT elements like feature control frames, geometric controls for forms, orientation, and location. Finally, it describes a five-step process for applying GDT in design applications.

Uploaded by

Arnob
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING.

OANH N NGUYEN
09/29/2014
Dimensioning with Geometric Tolerances
• Before an object can be built, complete information about both
the size and shape of the object must be available. The exact
shape of an object is communicated through orthographic
drawings, which are developed following standard drawing
practices. The process of adding size information to a drawing is
known as dimensioning the drawing.
• Geometrics is the science of specifying and tolerancing the
shapes and locations of features on objects. Once the shape of a
part is defined with an orthographic drawings, the size
information is added also in the form of dimensions.
• Dimensioning a drawing also identifies the tolerance (or
accuracy) required for each dimension.
• A fully defined part has three elements: graphics, dimensions,
and words (notes).
Terminology
• Dimension is the numerical value that defines the size or geometric
characteristic of a feature.
• Basic dimension is the numerical value defining the theoretically exact
size of a feature.
• Datum is the theoretically exact point used as a reference for tabular
dimensioning.
• Reference dimension is the numerical value enclosed in parentheses
provided for information only and is not used in the fabrication of the
part.
• Tolerance is the amount a particular dimension is allowed to vary.
• Plus and minus dimensioning is the allowable positive and negative
variance from the dimension specified.
• Limits of size is the largest acceptable size and the minimum
acceptable size of a feature.
– The largest acceptable size is expressed as the maximum material condition
(MMC)
– The smallest acceptable size is expressed as the least material condition
(LMC).
Tolerancing

• Tolerance is the total amount a dimension may vary and is the


difference between the upper (maximum) and lower (minimum)
limits.
• Tolerances are used to control the amount of variation inherent in
all manufactured parts. In particular, tolerances are assigned to
mating parts in an assembly.
• One of the great advantages of using tolerances is that it allows
for interchangeable parts, thus permitting the replacement of
individual parts.
• Tolerances are used in production drawings to control the
manufacturing process more accurately and control the variation
between parts.
Tolerancing
• Tolerance representation
• Direct limits or as tolerance
values applied directly to a
dimension.
• Geometric tolerances
• Notes referring to specific
condition.
Tolerancing
• Maximum material condition (MMC)is the condition of a part
when it contains the most amount of material. The MMC of an
external feature such as a shaft is the upper limit. The MMC of
an internal feature such as a hole is the lower limit.
• Least material condition (LMC)is the condition of a part when it
contains the least amount of material possible. The LMC of an
external feature is the lower limit of the part. The LMC of an
internal feature is the upper limit of the part.
• Fit types
– Clearance fit occurs when two tolerance mating parts will always leave
a space or clearance when assembled.
– Interference fit occurs when two tolerance mating parts will always
interfere when assembled.
– Transition fit occurs when two tolerance mating parts will sometimes be
an interference fit and sometimes be a clearance fit when assembled.
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
• GDT is a method of defining parts based on how they function,
using standard ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)/ANSI
(American National Standards Institute) symbols.

• Within the last 20 years there has been considerable interest in


GDT, in part because of the increased popularity of statistical
process control. This control process, when combined with GDT,
helps reduce or eliminate inspection of features on the
manufactured object. The flipside is that the part must be
tolerance defined very efficiently; this is where GDT comes in.
• Another reason for the increased popularity of GDT is the rise of
worldwide standards, such as ISO 9000, which require
universally understood and accepted methods of
documentation.
GDT-Symbols
GDT-Feature control frames
• MMC/LMC
• Datums
• Geometric Controls
– Form

Datum C
– Orientation
– Position
GDT-Forms • Straightness
• Line element
• Axis
GDT-Forms
• Circularity
GDT-Forms
• Flatness
GDT-Forms
• Cylindricity
GDT-Orientation
• Parallelism
GDT-Orientation
• Angularity
GDT-Orientation
• Line profile
GDT-Orientation
• Surface profile
GDT-Location
• Concentricity
GDT-Location
• Runout
GDT-Location
• Position
GDT-Location
• Position
GDT-Design Application

• Five-Step
– 1. Isolate and define the functions of the
features/part.
– 2. Prioritize the functions.
– 3. Identify the datum reference frame based on
functional priorities.
– 4. Select the proper control(s).
– 5. Calculate the tolerance values.

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