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Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that an electromotive force is induced in a closed circuit when there is a change in the magnetic flux through the circuit. The report describes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction through experiments with coils and magnets. It provides the theoretical background of Faraday's law, including definitions of magnetic flux, Lenz's law, and how the law is derived from Maxwell's equations. The experiment conducted involved using a copper wire wound around an iron rod, a magnet, and an LED to demonstrate Faraday's law.

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Rashmi Rathor
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4K views

Sample Investigatory Project

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that an electromotive force is induced in a closed circuit when there is a change in the magnetic flux through the circuit. The report describes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction through experiments with coils and magnets. It provides the theoretical background of Faraday's law, including definitions of magnetic flux, Lenz's law, and how the law is derived from Maxwell's equations. The experiment conducted involved using a copper wire wound around an iron rod, a magnet, and an LED to demonstrate Faraday's law.

Uploaded by

Rashmi Rathor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KendiyeViopalayaKtugni

feeTGTY FITOA

Ph4sics
Project
SessionZ020-20Z

A Project Report On
Electromagnetic Indiuction
Submitted by Samuel Kumar
Class-XIT (Science)
Roll no. (cbse)-.
Under the Guidance off
Mr. Avinash Sir
PGT(Píysics)
Table of Contents
Certificate
> Declaration
Acknowledgement
Aim of Project
Introduction
>Theory
Apparatus Required
Law
Conclusion
Bibliography
Kendriya Vidyalaya Kbagaria
Certiticace
This is to certify that SAMUEL KUMAR student
of class Xr" (Sci.) has successfully prepared the report on the
Project entitled "Electromagnetic Induction"
under the guidance of
Mr. AVINASH (PGT Physics)
The report is the result of his efforts & endeavours.
The report is found worthy of acceptance as final
Project report for the subject Physics
of class XIr" (sci.).

Signature of Physics Teacher Signature of External Examiner

Signature of Principal

O
Declaration
I hercby declare that the project work entitled

Electromagnetic Induction".
submitted to Department of Physics,

Kendriya Vidyalaya Khagaria is prepared by me.

SAMOEL KOMAR
Caas X Saiancal
Acknowledgement
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude
my project guide Mr. Avinash sir for guiding me immensely throu
the course of the project. He always envinced keen intrest in my
project. His constructive advice & constant motivation have been
responsible for the successful completion of his project.

My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his co-ordination


in extending every possible support for the completion
of this project.

I must thanks to my classmates for their timely help and


support for completion of this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who had
helped directly or indirectly towards the completion
of this project.

SAMOEL KOMAR
Class- K (Sciance
AIM

To determinethe
Faraday's law
of
Electromagnetic Induction
using a copper wire
wound over an iron
rod and a strong
magnet."
Introduction
Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism
that predicts how a magnetic ficld will interact with an electric
circuit to produce an clectromotive force (EMF). It is the
fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors,
and many types of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by


Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday
was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday
explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called
lines of force. These equation for electromagnetic are extremely
important since they provide a means to precisely describe how
many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise and
behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical
phenomena not only allows us to gain a better understanding
of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of
technological innovations that define modern society.
Understanding Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Inductiorn can
be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function
because of the principles behind Faraday's Law. From natural
technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric
power generation, Faraday's law has a great impact on many

aspec

Faraday's law is the circuit of the experiments of the English


chemist and physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered simultaneous
in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph, an American scientist
working in New York, but Faraday is credited for the law since h
published his work first. An important aspect of the cquation tha
qualifies Faraday's law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a
Russian physicist who made his contribution to Faraday's law,
now known as Lenz's law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faraday's law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an


clectric ficld is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic
field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to
develop an understanding of the fields, as well as the related
concept of potentials.
Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction (August 29, 1831). he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar
to a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current.

Faraday's First Experiment.-


Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single
equation describing two different phenomena -

The motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving


wire (see Lorentz force). and the transformer EMFgenerated by
clectric force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the
Maxwell-Faraday equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attentio
to this fact in his 1861 paper on physical lines of force. In this
latter half part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physica
explanation for each of the two phenomena. A reference to these
two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in some modei
textbooks.
Magnetic flux -
Theory
o00000d

The magnetic flux (often denoted D or o» ) through a surface is


the component of the B ficld passing through that surface. The SI
unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units- volt-
second). and the CGS unit is the Maxwcl. Magnetic flux is
usually measured with a flux-meter, which contains measuring
coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the
measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the ,magnetic flux passing

through a surface of vector area S is


D-B S- BScos
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic

flux density) having the unit of Wb/m* (Tesla).


S is the area of the surface, and 0 is the angle between the

magnetic ficld lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S.

O
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux
through an infinitesimal area element ds, where we may
condiser the field to be constant
do-B: ds

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the


fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic flux may also be
defined as
P-as A dl
Where the linc integral is taken over the boundary of the surface
S, which is denoted ds
Apparatus Reguired
1. Insulated copper wire
2. An iron rod
3. A strong magnet, and
4.A light emitting diode (LED)

LED Bulb
U Magnet

Iron Rod

Copper Wire
Law
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states.

The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to


the time rate ofchange of the magnetic flux through the circuit"

This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the
Maxwell-Faraday equation (discussed below). is valid in all
circumstances.

When the flux changes - because B changes, or because the wire

loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday's law of induction say


that the wire loop acquires an EMF & , defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop
(the unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that
would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit
and attaching a voltmeter to thc leads.

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units).


F-q[E+ Vx B)
The EMF on a wire loop 1s

F.dl
9 "wire -6(E+V xB)-dl
Wre

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic


flux density, magnetic induction). dl is an infinitesimal arc lengt
along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the wire
(along the curve the coincident with the shape of the wire).

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying magnet


field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-
conservative electric fields, and vice-versa. The Maxwell-Faraday
equation is -
dB
VxE= -
dT

Where V is the curl operator and again E(r.t) is the electric field
and B(r.t) is the magnetic ficld. These fields can generally be
functions of position " and time t.

The four Maxwell's equation (including the Maxwell-Faraday

cquation). along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient


foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with thes
equation. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and
used to "prove" the Maxwell Faraday equation and/or other laws.
Conclusion
Faraday's law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electromagnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday's
is not hard to grasp it relates an induced electric potential or
voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far-
reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways . from
the shining of the sun to the convenience of mobilc
communications, fo electricity to power our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound Faraday's law has on us.
Bibliography
*https./en.wikipedia.org
https.//www.google.co.in
Class 12 Physics Lab Manual
Class 12 NCERT Textbook
https.//www.vaibhavkandwal.com

Thank you!!

Samuel Kumar

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