Practical 1

1A) Write a program to implement Depth First Search.

graph1 = {
'A': set(['B','C']),
'B': set(['A','D','E']),
'C': set(['A','F']),
'D': set(['B']),
'E': set(['B','F']),
'F': set(['C','E'])
}
def dfs(graph,node,visited):
if node not in visited:
visited.append(node)
for n in graph[node]:
dfs(graph,n,visited)
return visited
visited = dfs(graph1,'A',[])
print(visited)

OutPut:-
1B) Write a program to implement Breadth First Search.
graph = {
'A': set(['B','C']),
'B': set(['A','D','E']),
'C': set(['A','F']),
'D': set(['B']),
'E': set(['B','F']),
'F': set(['C','E'])
}
def bfs(start):
queue=[start]
levels={}
levels[start]=0
visited = set(start)
while queue:
node = queue.pop(0)
neighbours=graph[node]
for neighbour in neighbours:
if neighbour not in visited:
queue.append(neighbour)
visited.add(neighbour)
levels[neighbour]=levels[node]+1
print(levels)
return visited
print(str(bfs('A')))

def bfs_path(graph, start, goal):

queue = [(start, [start])]
while queue:
(vertex,path)=queue.pop(0)
for next in graph[vertex] - set(path):
if next == goal:
yield path + [next]
else:
queue.append((next, path+ [next]))
result=list(bfs_path(graph, 'A', 'F'))
print(result)
def shortest_path(graph, start, goal):
try:
return next(bfs_path(graph, start, goal))
except StopIteration:
return None
result1=shortest_path(graph, 'A', 'F')
print(result1)

OutPut:-
2A) Write a program to simulate 4-Queen/ N-Queen problem.
class QueenChessBoard:
def __init__(self, size):
# board has dimensions size x size
self.size = size
# columns[r] is a number c if a queen is placed at row r and column c.
# columns[r] is out of range if no queen is place in row r.
# Thus after all queens are placed, they will be at positions
# (columns[0], 0), (columns[1], 1), ... (columns[size - 1], size - 1)
self.columns = []
def place_in_next_row(self, column):
self.columns.append(column)
def remove_in_current_row(self):
return self.columns.pop()
def is_this_column_safe_in_next_row(self, column):
# index of next row
row = len(self.columns)
# check column
for queen_column in self.columns:
if column == queen_column:
return False
# check diagonal
for queen_row, queen_column in enumerate(self.columns):
if queen_column - queen_row == column - row:
return False
# check other diagonal
for queen_row, queen_column in enumerate(self.columns):
if ((self.size - queen_column) - queen_row
== (self.size - column) - row):
return False
return True
def display(self):
for row in range(self.size):
for column in range(self.size):
if column == self.columns[row]:
print('Q', end=' ')
else:
print('.', end=' ')
print()
def solve_queen(size):
"""Display a chessboard for each possible configuration of placing n
queens on an n x n chessboard and print the number of such configurations."""
board = QueenChessBoard(size)
number_of_solutions = 0
row = 0
column = 0
# iterate over rows of board
while True:
# place queen in next row
while column < size:
if board.is_this_column_safe_in_next_row(column):
board.place_in_next_row(column)
row += 1
column = 0
break
else:
column += 1
# if could not find column to place in or if board is full
if (column == size or row == size):
# if board is full, we have a solution
if row == size:
board.display()
print()
number_of_solutions += 1
# small optimization:
# In a board that already has queens placed in all rows except
# the last, we know there can only be at most one position in
# the last row where a queen can be placed. In this case, there
# is a valid position in the last row. Thus we can backtrack two
# times to reach the second last row.
board.remove_in_current_row()
row -= 1
# now backtrack
try:
prev_column = board.remove_in_current_row()
except IndexError:
# all queens removed
# thus no more possible configurations
break
# try previous row again
row -= 1
# start checking at column = (1 + value of column in previous row)
column = 1 + prev_column
print('Number of solutions:', number_of_solutions)
n = int(input('Enter n: '))
solve_queen(n)
OutPut:-

2B) Write a program to solve tower of Hanoi problem.

def moveTower(height,fromPole, toPole, withPole):
if height >= 1:
moveTower(height-1,fromPole,withPole,toPole)
moveDisk(fromPole,toPole)
moveTower(height-1,withPole,toPole,fromPole)
def moveDisk(fp,tp):
print("moving disk from",fp,"to",tp)
moveTower(3,"A","B","C",)

OutPut:-
3A) Write a program to implement Alpha Beta Search.
tree = [[[5, 1, 2], [8, -8, -9]], [[9, 4, 5], [-3, 4, 3]]]
root = 0
pruned = 0

def children(branch, depth, alpha, beta):

global tree
global root
global pruned
i=0
for child in branch:
if type(child) is list:
(nalpha, nbeta) = children(child, depth + 1, alpha, beta)
if depth % 2 == 1:
beta = nalpha if nalpha < beta else beta
else:
alpha = nbeta if nbeta > alpha else alpha
branch[i] = alpha if depth % 2 == 0 else beta
i += 1
else:
if depth % 2 == 0 and alpha < child:
alpha = child
if depth % 2 == 1 and beta > child:
beta = child
if alpha >= beta:
pruned += 1
break
if depth == root:
tree = alpha if root == 0 else beta
return (alpha, beta)
def alphabeta(in_tree=tree, start=root, upper=-15, lower=15):
global tree
global pruned
global root
(alpha, beta) = children(tree, start, upper, lower)

if __name__ == "__main__":
print ("(alpha, beta): ", alpha, beta)
print ("Result: ", tree)
print ("Times pruned: ", pruned)
return (alpha, beta, tree, pruned)
if __name__ == "__main__":
alphabeta(None)

OutPut:-

3B) Write a program for Hill Climbing problem.

import math
increment = 0.1
startingPoint = [1, 1]
point1 = [1,5]
point2 = [6,4]
point3 = [5,2]
point4 = [2,1]
def distance(x1, y1, x2, y2):
dist = math.pow(x2-x1, 2) + math.pow(y2-y1, 2)
return dist
def sumOfDistances(x1, y1, px1, py1, px2, py2, px3, py3, px4, py4):
d1 = distance(x1, y1, px1, py1)
d2 = distance(x1, y1, px2, py2)
d3 = distance(x1, y1, px3, py3)
d4 = distance(x1, y1, px4, py4)
return d1 + d2 + d3 + d4

def newDistance(x1, y1, point1, point2, point3, point4):

d1 = [x1, y1]
d1temp = sumOfDistances(x1, y1, point1[0],point1[1], point2[0],point2[1],
point3[0],point3[1], point4[0],point4[1] )
d1.append(d1temp)
return d1
minDistance = sumOfDistances(startingPoint[0], startingPoint[1], point1[0],point1[1],
point2[0],point2[1],
point3[0],point3[1], point4[0],point4[1] )
flag = True
def newPoints(minimum, d1, d2, d3, d4):
if d1[2] == minimum:
return [d1[0], d1[1]]
elif d2[2] == minimum:
return [d2[0], d2[1]]
elif d3[2] == minimum:
return [d3[0], d3[1]]
elif d4[2] == minimum:
return [d4[0], d4[1]]
i=1
while flag:
d1 = newDistance(startingPoint[0]+increment, startingPoint[1], point1, point2, point3,
point4)
d2 = newDistance(startingPoint[0]-increment, startingPoint[1], point1, point2, point3,
point4)
d3 = newDistance(startingPoint[0], startingPoint[1]+increment, point1, point2, point3,
point4)
d4 = newDistance(startingPoint[0], startingPoint[1]-increment, point1, point2, point3,
point4)
print (i,' ', round(startingPoint[0], 2), round(startingPoint[1], 2))
minimum = min(d1[2], d2[2], d3[2], d4[2])
if minimum < minDistance:
startingPoint = newPoints(minimum, d1, d2, d3, d4)
minDistance = minimum
#print i,' ', round(startingPoint[0], 2), round(startingPoint[1], 2)
i+=1
else:
flag = False
OutPut:-
4A) Write a program to implement A* algorithm.
from simpleai.search import SearchProblem, astar
GOAL = 'HELLO WORLD'
class HelloProblem(SearchProblem):
def actions(self, state):
if len(state) < len(GOAL):
return list(' ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')
else:
return []
def result(self, state, action):
return state + action
def is_goal(self, state):
return state == GOAL
def heuristic(self, state):
# how far are we from the goal?
wrong = sum([1 if state[i] != GOAL[i] else 0
for i in range(len(state))])
missing = len(GOAL) - len(state)
return wrong + missing
problem = HelloProblem(initial_state='')
result = astar(problem)
print(result.state)
print(result.path())

Output:-
5A) Write a program to solve Water Jug problem.
# 3 water jugs capacity -> (x,y,z) where x>y>z
# initial state (12,0,0)
# final state (6,6,0)
capacity = (12,8,5)
# Maximum capacities of 3 jugs -> x,y,z
x = capacity[0]
y = capacity[1]
z = capacity[2]
# to mark visited states
memory = {}
# store solution path
ans = []
def get_all_states(state):
# Let the 3 jugs be called a,b,c
a = state[0]
b = state[1]
c = state[2]
if(a==6 and b==6):
ans.append(state)
return True
# if current state is already visited earlier
if((a,b,c) in memory):
return False
memory[(a,b,c)] = 1
#empty jug a
if(a>0):
#empty a into b
if(a+b<=y):
if( get_all_states((0,a+b,c)) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
else:
if( get_all_states((a-(y-b), y, c)) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
#empty a into c
if(a+c<=z):
if( get_all_states((0,b,a+c)) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
else:
if( get_all_states((a-(z-c), b, z)) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
#empty jug b
if(b>0):
#empty b into a
if(a+b<=x):
if( get_all_states((a+b, 0, c)) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
else:
if( get_all_states((x, b-(x-a), c)) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
#empty b into c
if(b+c<=z):
if( get_all_states((a, 0, b+c)) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
else:
if( get_all_states((a, b-(z-c), z)) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
#empty jug c
if(c>0):
#empty c into a
if(a+c<=x):
if( get_all_states((a+c, b, 0)) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
else:
if( get_all_states((x, b, c-(x-a))) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
#empty c into b
if(b+c<=y):
if( get_all_states((a, b+c, 0)) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
else:
if( get_all_states((a, y, c-(y-b))) ):
ans.append(state)
return True
return False
initial_state = (12,0,0)
print("Starting work...\n")
get_all_states(initial_state)
ans.reverse()
for i in ans:
print(i)

OutPut:-

5B) Design the simulation of TIC- TAC- TOE game using min-max algorithm.
import os
import time

board = [' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ']
player = 1

########win Flags##########
Win = 1
Draw = -1
Running = 0
Stop = 1
###########################
Game = Running
Mark = 'X'

#This Function Draws Game Board

def DrawBoard():
print(" %c | %c | %c " % (board[1],board[2],board[3]))
print("___|___|___")
print(" %c | %c | %c " % (board[4],board[5],board[6]))
print("___|___|___")
print(" %c | %c | %c " % (board[7],board[8],board[9]))
print(" | | ")

#This Function Checks position is empty or not

def CheckPosition(x):
if(board[x] == ' '):
return True
else:
return False

#This Function Checks player has won or not

def CheckWin():
global Game
#Horizontal winning condition
if(board[1] == board[2] and board[2] == board[3] and board[1] != ' '):
Game = Win
elif(board[4] == board[5] and board[5] == board[6] and board[4] != ' '):
Game = Win
elif(board[7] == board[8] and board[8] == board[9] and board[7] != ' '):
Game = Win
#Vertical Winning Condition
elif(board[1] == board[4] and board[4] == board[7] and board[1] != ' '):
Game = Win
elif(board[2] == board[5] and board[5] == board[8] and board[2] != ' '):
Game = Win
elif(board[3] == board[6] and board[6] == board[9] and board[3] != ' '):
Game=Win
#Diagonal Winning Condition
elif(board[1] == board[5] and board[5] == board[9] and board[5] != ' '):
Game = Win
elif(board[3] == board[5] and board[5] == board[7] and board[5] != ' '):
Game=Win
#Match Tie or Draw Condition
elif(board[1]!=' ' and board[2]!=' ' and board[3]!=' ' and board[4]!=' ' and board[5]!=' ' and
board[6]!=' ' and board[7]!=' ' and board[8]!=' ' and board[9]!=' '):
Game=Draw
else:
Game=Running

print("Tic-Tac-Toe Game")
print("Player 1 [X] --- Player 2 [O]\n")
print()
print()
print("Please Wait...")
time.sleep(1)
while(Game == Running):
os.system('cls')
DrawBoard()
if(player % 2 != 0):
print("Player 1's chance")
Mark = 'X'
else:
print("Player 2's chance")
Mark = 'O'
choice = int(input("Enter the position between [1-9] where you want to mark : "))
if(CheckPosition(choice)):
board[choice] = Mark
player+=1
CheckWin()

os.system('cls')
DrawBoard()
if(Game==Draw):
print("Game Draw")
elif(Game==Win):
player-=1
if(player%2!=0):
print("Player 1 Won")
else:
print("Player 2 Won")

OutPut:-
6A)Write a program to solve Missionaries and Cannibals problem.
import math
# Missionaries and Cannibals Problem
class State():
def __init__(self, cannibalLeft, missionaryLeft, boat, cannibalRight, missionaryRight):
self.cannibalLeft = cannibalLeft
self.missionaryLeft = missionaryLeft
self.boat = boat
self.cannibalRight = cannibalRight
self.missionaryRight = missionaryRight
self.parent = None
def is_goal(self):
if self.cannibalLeft == 0 and self.missionaryLeft == 0:
return True
else:
return False
def is_valid(self):
if self.missionaryLeft >= 0 and self.missionaryRight >= 0 \
and self.cannibalLeft >= 0 and self.cannibalRight >= 0 \
and (self.missionaryLeft == 0 or self.missionaryLeft >= self.cannibalLeft) \
and (self.missionaryRight == 0 or self.missionaryRight >= self.cannibalRight):
return True
else:
return False
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.cannibalLeft == other.cannibalLeft and self.missionaryLeft ==
other.missionaryLeft \
and self.boat == other.boat and self.cannibalRight == other.cannibalRight \
and self.missionaryRight == other.missionaryRight
def __hash__(self):
return hash((self.cannibalLeft, self.missionaryLeft, self.boat, self.cannibalRight,
self.missionaryRight))
def successors(cur_state):
children = [];
if cur_state.boat == 'left':
new_state = State(cur_state.cannibalLeft, cur_state.missionaryLeft - 2, 'right',
cur_state.cannibalRight, cur_state.missionaryRight + 2)
## Two missionaries cross left to right.
if new_state.is_valid():

new_state.parent = cur_state
children.append(new_state)
new_state = State(cur_state.cannibalLeft - 2, cur_state.missionaryLeft, 'right',
cur_state.cannibalRight + 2, cur_state.missionaryRight)
## Two cannibals cross left to right.
if new_state.is_valid():
new_state.parent = cur_state
children.append(new_state)
new_state = State(cur_state.cannibalLeft - 1, cur_state.missionaryLeft - 1, 'right',
cur_state.cannibalRight + 1, cur_state.missionaryRight + 1)
## One missionary and one cannibal cross left to right.
if new_state.is_valid():
new_state.parent = cur_state
children.append(new_state)
new_state = State(cur_state.cannibalLeft, cur_state.missionaryLeft - 1, 'right',
cur_state.cannibalRight, cur_state.missionaryRight + 1)
## One missionary crosses left to right.
if new_state.is_valid():
new_state.parent = cur_state
children.append(new_state)
new_state = State(cur_state.cannibalLeft - 1, cur_state.missionaryLeft, 'right',
cur_state.cannibalRight + 1, cur_state.missionaryRight)
## One cannibal crosses left to right.
if new_state.is_valid():
new_state.parent = cur_state
children.append(new_state)
else:
new_state = State(cur_state.cannibalLeft, cur_state.missionaryLeft + 2, 'left',
cur_state.cannibalRight, cur_state.missionaryRight - 2)
## Two missionaries cross right to left.
if new_state.is_valid():
new_state.parent = cur_state
children.append(new_state)
new_state = State(cur_state.cannibalLeft + 2, cur_state.missionaryLeft, 'left',
cur_state.cannibalRight - 2, cur_state.missionaryRight)
## Two cannibals cross right to left.
if new_state.is_valid():
new_state.parent = cur_state
children.append(new_state)
new_state = State(cur_state.cannibalLeft + 1, cur_state.missionaryLeft + 1, 'left',
cur_state.cannibalRight - 1, cur_state.missionaryRight - 1)
## One missionary and one cannibal cross right to left.
if new_state.is_valid():
new_state.parent = cur_state
children.append(new_state)
new_state = State(cur_state.cannibalLeft, cur_state.missionaryLeft + 1, 'left',
cur_state.cannibalRight, cur_state.missionaryRight - 1)
## One missionary crosses right to left.
if new_state.is_valid():
new_state.parent = cur_state
children.append(new_state)
new_state = State(cur_state.cannibalLeft + 1, cur_state.missionaryLeft, 'left',
cur_state.cannibalRight - 1, cur_state.missionaryRight)
## One cannibal crosses right to left.
if new_state.is_valid():
new_state.parent = cur_state
children.append(new_state)
return children
def breadth_first_search():
initial_state = State(3,3,'left',0,0)
if initial_state.is_goal():
return initial_state
frontier = list()
explored = set()
frontier.append(initial_state)
while frontier:
state = frontier.pop(0)
if state.is_goal():
return state
explored.add(state)
children = successors(state)
for child in children:
if (child not in explored) or (child not in frontier):
frontier.append(child)
return None
def print_solution(solution):
path = []
path.append(solution)
parent = solution.parent
while parent:
path.append(parent)
parent = parent.parent
for t in range(len(path)):
state = path[len(path) - t - 1]
print ("(" + str(state.cannibalLeft) + "," + str(state.missionaryLeft) \
+ "," + state.boat + "," + str(state.cannibalRight) + "," + \
str(state.missionaryRight) + ")")
def main():
solution = breadth_first_search()
print ("Missionaries and Cannibals solution:")
print ("(cannibalLeft,missionaryLeft,boat,cannibalRight,missionaryRight)")
print_solution(solution)
# if called from the command line, call main()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

Output:-

6B)Design an application to simulate number puzzle problem.

'''
8 puzzle problem, a smaller version of the fifteen puzzle:
States are defined as string representations of the pieces on the puzzle.
Actions denote what piece will be moved to the empty space.
States must allways be inmutable. We will use strings, but internally most of
the time we will convert those strings to lists, which are easier to handle.
For example, the state (string):
'1-2-3
4-5-6
7-8-e'
will become (in lists):
[['1', '2', '3'],
['4', '5', '6'],
['7', '8', 'e']]
'''
from __future__ import print_function
from simpleai.search import astar, SearchProblem
from simpleai.search.viewers import WebViewer

GOAL = '''1-2-3
4-5-6
7-8-e'''

INITIAL = '''4-1-2
7-e-3
8-5-6'''
def list_to_string(list_):
return '\n'.join(['-'.join(row) for row in list_])
def string_to_list(string_):
return [row.split('-') for row in string_.split('\n')]
def find_location(rows, element_to_find):
'''Find the location of a piece in the puzzle.
Returns a tuple: row, column'''
for ir, row in enumerate(rows):
for ic, element in enumerate(row):
if element == element_to_find:
return ir, ic
# we create a cache for the goal position of each piece, so we don't have to
# recalculate them every time
goal_positions = {}
rows_goal = string_to_list(GOAL)
for number in '12345678e':
goal_positions[number] = find_location(rows_goal, number)
class EigthPuzzleProblem(SearchProblem):
def actions(self, state):
'''Returns a list of the pieces we can move to the empty space.'''
rows = string_to_list(state)
row_e, col_e = find_location(rows, 'e')
actions = []
if row_e > 0:
actions.append(rows[row_e - 1][col_e])
if row_e < 2:
actions.append(rows[row_e + 1][col_e])
if col_e > 0:
actions.append(rows[row_e][col_e - 1])
if col_e < 2:
actions.append(rows[row_e][col_e + 1])
return actions
def result(self, state, action):
'''Return the resulting state after moving a piece to the empty space.
(the "action" parameter contains the piece to move)
'''
rows = string_to_list(state)
row_e, col_e = find_location(rows, 'e')
row_n, col_n = find_location(rows, action)
rows[row_e][col_e], rows[row_n][col_n] = rows[row_n][col_n], rows[row_e][col_e]
return list_to_string(rows)
def is_goal(self, state):
'''Returns true if a state is the goal state.'''
return state == GOAL
def cost(self, state1, action, state2):
'''Returns the cost of performing an action. No useful on this problem, i
but needed.
'''
return 1
def heuristic(self, state):
'''Returns an *estimation* of the distance from a state to the goal.
We are using the manhattan distance.
'''
rows = string_to_list(state)
distance = 0
for number in '12345678e':
row_n, col_n = find_location(rows, number)
row_n_goal, col_n_goal = goal_positions[number]
distance += abs(row_n - row_n_goal) + abs(col_n - col_n_goal)
return distance
result = astar(EigthPuzzleProblem(INITIAL))
for action, state in result.path():
print('Move number', action)
print(state)
OutPut:-