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POWER SYSTEM
REPRESENTATION
Dr. MOHD HAFIZ HABIBUDDIN

Single-Line Diagram
A balanced 3-phase system :
 the magnitude of voltages and currents in every phase, is
the same and is displaced by 120°.
 can be represented by one of the phases and the neutral
connection.
To simplify further:
 remove the neutral connection
 leaving only the live connection.

SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM – connections between devices

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Single-Line Diagram
Symbols for common components in power system

Single-Line Diagram
Data associated with single line diagram:
 rated voltage
 rated power
 phase impedance
o For 3-phase system, – Vline , S3P, Zper phase (in pu or percentage)
 type of connection (either Wye or Delta
connection).
o Types of connection should be stated for the three phase
generators, motors, transformers, and loads. Typically, the
connection is assumed in wye.

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A 3-phase system

Single-Line Diagram
A 3-phase system

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Impedance Diagram
The single-line diagram for a power system can be
converted into per phase equivalent circuit which is
used to analyse the performance of the system.
The equivalent circuit is known as ‘Impedance
Diagram’.
The impedance diagram is an equivalent single phase
circuit with neutral line taken as the return path.
The analysis on the impedance diagram is similar to
that on the alternating current circuit

Impedance Diagram

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Reactance Diagram
For most components of power system, the value of
resistance is very small compared to that of inductive
reactance.
Neglect resistance → reactance diagram.

Obtain impedance and reactance diagram for power

system in Figure shown below.

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Obtain impedance and reactance diagram for power

system in Figure shown below.

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Obtain impedance and reactance diagram for power

system in Figure shown below.
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4
G1 T1 T2 G2
Line 1

T3
Bus 5

Line 2
Bus 6

T4
Bus 7
M
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Revision
Four important electrical quantities
 Power (S), Voltage (V), Current (I), Impedance (Z).
Single-phase circuit
 If you are provided with TWO quantities, you can
determine the other TWO quantities from Ohm’s Law

𝑽 = 𝑰𝒁 𝑺 = 𝑽𝑰 𝑺 = 𝑽𝟐 ⁄ 𝒁
 Normally V and S are provided, I and Z are calculated

𝑰 = 𝑺⁄𝑽 𝒁 = 𝑽𝟐 ⁄ 𝑺

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Revision
Three-phase circuit : Special consideration to the
power
 S3-phase = 3 × S1-phase
 S3-phase = 3 × VphIph
o Y connection : VL = √3 × Vph , IL = Iph
→ S3-phase = √3 × VLIph = √3 × VLIL
o Δ connection : VL = Vph , IL = √3 × Iph
→ S3-phase = √3 × VphIL = √3 × VLIL
 S3-phase = √3 × VLIL
o you don’t have to worry about connection type.

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Revision
 S = P + jQ
 P = Vicosθ
 Q = VIsinθ

 If S, V and I are provided (without indication of 3-

phase or 1-phase
o they should mean S3-phase, VL and IL

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Revision
Three-phase circuit
 If you are provided with TWO quantities, you can
determine the other TWO quantities.
𝑺𝟑𝑷 = √𝟑𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝑳 𝑽𝑳 ⁄√𝟑 = 𝑰𝑳 𝒁 𝑺𝟑𝑷 = 𝑽𝑳 𝟐 ⁄𝒁

 Normally V and S are provided, I and Z are

calculated.
𝑰𝑳 = 𝑺𝟑𝑷 ⁄√𝟑𝑽𝑳 𝒁 = 𝑽𝑳 𝟐 𝑺𝟑𝑷
o Take note on the usage of 3-phase quantities and the assumption
of Y connection.
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Per unit representation

 Per unit (p.u.) value for a quantity is defined as a ratio of the
actual value over the base value.
 𝑝. 𝑢. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
 The p.u. value is commonly given either in fractional or
percentage forms.
 Four important electrical quantities (S, V, I and Z)
 All have actual value.
 p.u. value can be determined if base quantities are defined.
 Base power and voltage are usually provided. Base current and
impedance are calculated.
𝟐
𝑰𝑳 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑺𝟑𝑷 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 ⁄√𝟑𝑽𝑳 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑺𝟑𝑷 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
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Per unit representation

Exercises
Calculate base parameter for the following single phase
system

a)Base impedance and base voltage are 10 Ω and 400 V,

respectively. Calculate the values of base power and base
current.
[16 kVA, 40 A]
b)Base current and voltage are 3000 A and 300 kV,
respectively. Calculate the value of base power and base
impedance
[900 MVA, 300 Ω]

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Transformer
S is applicable for both sides of the transformer since
the transformer ratio does not affect the power
through it.
Since transformer has two sides, there will be unique
values of V, I and Z on each side
 Both actual and base value.
 The values changes according to transformer
ratio

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Transformer – Base Quantities

A 10/20 kV, 100 MVA single phase transformer
 Apparent power, S
 The base apparent power is taken as 100 MVA
 Voltage, V
 if the base voltage at 10 kV side is taken as 10 kV, then the
base voltage at 20 kV side should be 20 kV.
 Current, I
 Base current at 10 kV side is 100 MVA / 10 kV = 10 kA
 Base current at 20 kV side is 100 MVA / 20 kV = 5 kA
or 10 kA × (10/20) kV = 5 kA
The values of V and I changes according to transformer ratio

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Transformer – Base Quantities

A 10/20 kV, 100 MVA single phase transformer
 Apparent power, S
 The base apparent power is taken as 50 MVA
 Voltage, V
 if the base voltage at 10 kV side is taken as 8 kV, then the
base voltage at 20 kV side should be 16 kV.
 Current, I
 Base current at 10 kV side is 50 MVA / 8 kV = 6.25 kA
 Base current at 20 kV side is 50 MVA / 16 kV = 3.125 kA
or 6.25 kA × (8/16) kV = 3.125 kA

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Transformer - Impedance
 Transformer impedance in Ohm
𝒁𝟏 ≠ 𝒁𝟐
 Analysis is complicated
 referring all parameters to either side of the transformer.
 Per unit will reduce the complexity.

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Transformer - Impedance
Example 2 : 10/20 V, 100 VA single phase transformer

Xprimary = 1 Ω Xsecondary = 2 Ω

j1 Ω j2 Ω

10V 20V
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Transformer – Impedance
 Reactance referred to the primary side

𝑋 =𝑋 +𝑋 =1+ 2 = 𝑗1.5Ω

𝟏𝟎 𝟐
j 𝟐 Ω j1.5 Ω
j1 Ω 𝟐𝟎

10V 20V 10V 20V

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Transformer – Impedance
 Reactance referred to the secondary side

𝑋 =𝑋 +𝑋 =2+ 1 = 𝑗6Ω

𝟐𝟎 𝟐
j 𝟏 Ω j2 Ω
𝟏𝟎 j6 Ω

10V 20V 10V 20V

YOU NEED TO DECIDE WHETHER TO BASE YOUR ANALYSIS

ON THE PRIMARY SIDE OR SECONDARY SIDE
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Transformer – Per unit voltage

Select your base
 Base apparent power Sbase : 100 VA
 Base voltage on the primary side, V1-base : 10 V
 Base voltage on the secondary side, V2-base : 20 V

Calculate the per unit quantities

 P.u. voltage on primary side, 𝑉 = = 𝟏.
𝟏𝟎

 P.u. voltage on secondary side, 𝑉 = = 𝟏.

𝟐𝟎

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Transformer – Per unit impedance

Calculate base impedance (based on base S & V)
𝟏𝟎
 Base impedance on the primary side, 𝑋 = = 𝟏Ω
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎
 Base impedance on the secondary side, 𝑋 = = 𝟒Ω
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Calculate the per unit quantities
.
 P.u. impedance on the primary side, 𝑋 = = 𝟏. 𝟓
𝟏

 P.u. impedance on the secondary side,𝑋 = = 𝟏. 𝟓

𝟒

YOU DON’T HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT SIDES WHEN Z IS IN P.U.

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Transformer – Equivalent
1.5
circuit in per unit
1.5

1pu V 1pu V

1.5 pu
1pu V 1pu V

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Assignment
Repeat Example 2 with 6 V selected as the base
voltage at the primary side and 50 VA as the base S.
Compare your results with Example 2 and comments
your observation

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Per unit representation

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

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Per unit representation

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

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Per-unit Circuit Analysis

Example 3 : Find the per unit value for each
component and draw the impedance diagram.
(Assume base 10 kV, 100 MVA at the generator)

G T1 TL T2 Load
10 kV 10/20 kV 20 kV 20/10 kV 10 kV
100 MVA 150 MVA 200 MVA 150 MVA ZLoad= 0.2+j3.0 Ω
ZG= 0.1+j0.8 Ω ZT1= 0.2+j1.0 Ω ZTL= 0.5+j2.0 Ω ZT2= 0.2+j1.0 Ω
Referred to the LV side Referred to the LV side

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𝟐
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑺𝟑𝑷 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆

100 MVA 100 MVA 100 MVA 100 MVA 100 MVA
10 kV 10 /20 kV 20 kV 20 /10 kV 10 kV
1Ω 1 /4 Ω 4Ω 4 /1 Ω 1Ω

G T1 TL T2 Load
10 kV 10/20 kV 20 kV 20/10 kV 10 kV
100 MVA 150 MVA 200 MVA 150 MVA ZLoad= 0.2+j3.0 Ω
ZG= 0.1+j0.8 Ω ZT1= 0.2+j1.0 Ω ZTL= 0.5+j2.0 Ω ZT2= 0.2+j1.0 Ω
Referred to the LV side Referred to the LV side
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* Set the boundary at transformers

* Set the reference V and MVA

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1Ω 1Ω 4Ω 1Ω 1Ω Zbase

G T1 TL T2 Load
ZG= 0.1+j0.8 Ω ZT1= 0.2+j1.0 Ω ZTL= 0.5+j2.0 Ω ZT2= 0.2+j1.0 Ω ZLoad= 0.2+j3.0 Ω Zactual
Referred to the LV side Referred to the LV side

𝒁𝒑𝒖 = 𝒁𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 ⁄𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆

𝒁𝑮 𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝑻𝑳 𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝑻𝟐 𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖

𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟖 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝒋𝟐. 𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟑. 𝟎
= = = = =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟑. 𝟎

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Impedance diagram
𝒁𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝑻𝑳 𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝑻𝟐 𝒑𝒖
= 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎

𝒁𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖
𝒁𝑮 𝒑𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟑. 𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟖

Single Line Diagram

G T1 TL T2 Load
10 kV 10/20 kV 20 kV 20/10 kV 10 kV
100 MVA 150 MVA 200 MVA 150 MVA ZLoad= 0.2+j3.0 Ω
ZG= 0.1+j0.8 Ω ZT1= 0.2+j1.0 Ω ZTL= 0.5+j2.0 Ω ZT2= 0.2+j1.0 Ω
Referred to the LV side Referred to the LV side

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 Find the load current, actual current in every component and

voltage drop in every component if the load voltage is 10 kV.
𝒁𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝑻𝑳 𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝑻𝟐 𝒑𝒖
= 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎

𝒁𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖 𝑽𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖
𝒁𝑮 𝒑𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟑. 𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑽
= 𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟖 =
𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑽
=𝟏

𝑽𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖 𝟏
𝑰𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖 = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐°
𝒁𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟑. 𝟎
𝑰𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖 = 𝑰𝑻𝟐 𝒑𝒖 = 𝑰𝑻𝑳 𝒑𝒖 = 𝑰𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝒖 = 𝑰𝑮

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𝑰𝑳 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑺𝟑𝑷 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 ⁄√𝟑𝑽𝑳 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆

100 MVA 100 MVA 100 MVA 100 MVA 100 MVA
10 kV 10 /20 kV 20 kV 20 /10 kV 10 kV
5773.5 A 5773.5 /2886.8 A 2886.8 A 2886.8 /5773.5 A 5773.5 A Ibase

𝑰𝑻𝑳 𝒑𝒖
𝑰𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖 Ipu
𝑰𝑮 𝒑𝒖 𝑰𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 ∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° 𝑰𝑻𝟐 𝒑𝒖
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 ∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 ∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 ∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 ∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐°

𝑰𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 × 𝑰𝒑𝒖

𝑰𝑮
= 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝟑. 𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° 𝑨 𝑰𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
= 𝟏. 𝟗 𝒌𝑨 = 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝟑. 𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° 𝑨
= 𝟏. 𝟗 𝒌𝑨
𝑰𝑻𝑳
= 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟔. 𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° 𝑨
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑨

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 Find the load current, actual current in every component and

voltage drop in every component if the load voltage is 10 kV.
𝒁𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝑻𝑳 𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝑻𝟐 𝒑𝒖
= 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎

𝒁𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖 𝑽𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖
𝒁𝑮 𝒑𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟑. 𝟎
=𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟖

 𝑽𝒁𝑻𝟐 𝒑𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° × 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒∠ − 𝟕. 𝟓°

 𝑽𝒁𝑻𝑳 𝒑𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° × 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕∠ − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐°
 𝑽𝒁𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° × 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒∠ − 𝟕. 𝟓°
 𝑽𝒁𝑮 𝒑𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° × 𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕∠ − 𝟑. 𝟑°
 𝑽𝑮 𝒑𝒖 = 𝑽𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖 + 𝑽𝑻𝟐 𝒑𝒖 + 𝑽𝑻𝑳 𝒑𝒖 + 𝑽𝑻𝑰 𝒑𝒖 + 𝑽𝒁𝑮 𝒑𝒖
 𝑽𝑮 𝒑𝒖 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐∠ − 𝟑. 𝟔°

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100 MVA 100 MVA 100 MVA 100 MVA 100 MVA
10 kV 10 /20 kV 20 kV 20 /10 kV 10 kV Vbase
5773.5 A 5773.5 /2886.8 A 2886.8 A 2886.8 /5773.5 A 5773.5 A

𝑰𝑻𝑳 𝒑𝒖
𝑰𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒖 Vpu
𝑽𝑮 𝒑𝒖 𝑰𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° 𝑰𝑻𝟐 𝒑𝒖
=? ∠−? ° = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐° = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑∠ − 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐°

𝑽𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 × 𝑽𝒑𝒖

Actual generated voltage
 𝑽𝑮 = 𝑽𝑮 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 × 𝑽𝑮 𝒑𝒖
 𝑽𝑮 = 𝟏𝟎∠𝟑𝟎°𝒌𝑽 × 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐∠ − 𝟑. 𝟔°
 𝑽𝑮 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐∠𝟐𝟔. 𝟒°𝒌𝑽

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Per unit circuit analysis

Repeat Example 3 with different base and comments

your observation with regards to actual voltage and
current values
 Assume base 40 kV, 50 MVA at the transmission line
Repeat Example 3 with load impedance 50 + j 100 Ω
and comments your observation with regards to
actual voltage and current values.

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Advantages of per unit system

 Manufacturers usually specify the impedance in per unit or
percentage based on equipment’s voltage and power rating.

 Per unit impedances of electrical equipment of similar type

but with different ratings usually lie within a narrow range,
when the equipment ratings are used as base values. –
facilitates data checking

 Scaling mechanisms. - It can easily help indicate overvoltage,

over current and overloading.

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Advantages of per unit system

 V, I and Z of a transformer in per unit is the same for both
side. Transformer connection does not affect per unit values.
– ‘eliminate’ hundreds of transformer in power system
 The calculation for system parameters such as current and
voltage is relatively simple and straightforward - using per unit
system and impedance diagram
 Simplify the relationship involves the multiplication of current
and voltage. – eliminate the factor of 100

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Base conversion
 The impedance for an individual component is initially based
on the ratings of the component.
MVArated - old
Zbase Zpu-old Zactual
kVrated - old
 The base values used for the whole system might differ
from the component’s ratings
MVAsystem - new
Zbase Zpu-new Zactual
kVsystem - new
 The per unit value of the impedance has to be corrected to
the new system base.
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Base conversion
 A 110 MVA, 30 kV 3-phase generator has a per unit reactance
of 0.12.
 Determine the actual reactance of the generator.
𝑘𝑉
𝑍 =𝑍 ×𝑍 =𝑍 ×
𝑀𝑉𝐴

 Determine the per unit reactance of the same generator if

the base power and voltage is set at 100 MVA and 33 kV
respectively.
𝑍 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑍 = =𝑍 ×
𝑍 𝑘𝑉

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Base conversion
𝑘𝑉
𝑍 =𝑍 ×𝑍 =𝑍 ×
𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑍 =

𝑍 =𝑍 ×

𝑍 =𝑍 × ×

𝑍 =𝑍 ×

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Base conversion
 A 110 MVA, 30 kV 3-phase generator has a per unit reactance
of 0.12. Determine the new per unit reactance of the
generator if the base power and voltage is set at 100 MVA and
33 kV respectively.

 𝑍 =𝑍 ×

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 For the following single-line diagram of a 3-phase power

system, draw its impedance diagram with all impedances
marked in per unit. Select a common base of 100 MVA and 22
kV at the generator side

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 The manufacturer’s data for each component are given below

S (MVA) V (kV) X (%)

G 90 22 18
T1 50 22/220 10
T2 40 220/11 6
T3 40 22/110 6.4
T4 40 132/13.2 5.6
M 66.5 10.45 18.5

Line 1 and Line 2 is having an impedance of 48.4 Ω and 65.43 Ω respectively.

The load is at 10.45 kV and drawing 57 MVA at 0.6 pf lagging

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22/220 kV 220/11 kV
50 MVA 40 MVA
220 kV
XT1= 0.1 XT2= 0.06
XL1= 48.4 Ω
10.45 kV
66.5 MVA
XG= 0.185

22 kV
90 MVA
XG= 0.18

Load
57 MVA
110 kV 10.45 kV
22/110 kV XL2= 65.43 Ω 132/13.2 kV
40 MVA 40 MVA 0.6 pf lagging
XT1= 0.064 XT2= 0.056
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22/220 kV 220/11 kV
50 MVA 40 MVA
220 kV
XT1= 0.1 XT2= 0.06
XL1= 48.4 Ω
10.45 kV
66.5 MVA
XG= 0.185
220 kV
22/220 kV 220/11 kV
100 MVA
100 MVA 100 MVA
11 kV
22 kV
100 MVA
100 MVA

22 kV
90 MVA
11 kV
XG= 0.18
22/110 kV 110/11 kV 100 MVA
100 MVA 110 kV 100 MVA
100 MVA
Load
57 MVA
110 kV 10.45 kV
22/110 kV XL2= 65.43 Ω 132/13.2 kV
40 MVA 40 MVA 0.6 pf lagging
XT1= 0.064 XT2= 0.056
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22/220 kV 220/11 kV
50 MVA 40 MVA
220 kV
Old Z p.u. XT1= 0.1 XT2= 0.06
XL1= 48.4 Ω
10.45 kV
Z actual 66.5 MVA
Power XG= 0.185
220 kV
22/220 kV 220/11 kV
100 MVA
100 MVA 100 MVA
11 kV
22 kV
100 MVA
100 MVA

22 kV
90 MVA
11 kV
XG= 0.18
22/110 kV 110/11 kV 100 MVA
100 MVA 110 kV 100 MVA
100 MVA
Load
57 MVA
110 kV 10.45 kV
22/110 kV XL2= 65.43 Ω 132/13.2 kV
40 MVA 40 MVA 0.6 pf lagging
XT1= 0.064 XT2= 0.056
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𝑘𝑉 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑍 =𝑍 ×
𝑘𝑉 𝑀𝑉𝐴

𝑋 = 0.18 × = 0.2

𝑋 = 0.1 × = 0.2

𝑋 = 0.06 × = 0.15

𝑋 = 0.064 × = 0.16
.
𝑋 = 0.056 × = 0.2
.
𝑋 = 0.185 × = 0.251
.

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𝑋 = = 484
.
𝑋 = = 0.1

𝑋 = = 121
.
𝑋 = = 0.54

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𝑍 =

𝑍 = ∠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑓

.
𝑍 = ∠𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.6
𝑍 = 1.583∠53.13°

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Draw and submit your impedance diagram

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Device Capacity (MVA) Voltage (kV) X (pu) X (Ω)

Generator G1 100 11 0.18
Transformer T1 80 11/132 0.1
Transformer T2 75 132/11 0.08
Line 1 (Ω) 40
A 50 MW load with power factor of 0.8 lagging and maintained at 10kV is
connected to Bus 4
a) Using base of 100 MVA and 11 kV at generator G1, draw an impedance diagram
with all per unit values shown.
b) Determine the load current both in Amperes and per unit. (3608A, 0.69pu)
c) Calculate the voltage at Bus 4 and Bus 1 in per unit and kV (0.9pu; 1.4pu, ??kV)

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Base Conversion

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Steady State Power System Analysis

A 3 phase Wye connected load consists of three impedances, each with a value of
20∠30o Ω. The line voltage at the load terminal is 4.4 kV. The line impedance is
1.4 ∠ 75o Ω. Obtain the line voltage at the source end.

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

Example :

This figure shows a sample of power system network. Find the

current supplied by the generator, the transmission line current,
the load current, the load voltage and the power consumed by the
load. Choose base 100MVA and 138kV at the line.

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

This figure shows a single line diagram of a network. Select a common

base of 100MVA and 13.8kV on the generator side. Draw the per unit
impedance diagram.

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Steady State Power System Analysis

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Fault calculation
Per unit calculation is used extensively in fault
calculation. The idea is to convert all quantities to
per unit.

The normal circuit analysis is used to calculate

current and voltage under short-circuit condition.

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Fault calculation

Impedances are based on the rating of the

equipment.

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Fault calculation

What is the fault current in per unit?

What is the fault current in Ampere?
What is the fault MVA?
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Fault MVA
aka Fault level, Short-Circuit MVA, Short Circuit
Capacity
Product of rated voltage and fault current
A measure of the strength of a bus (the ability to
maintain its voltage)
 An infinitely strong bus (or Infinite bus bar) has an infinite
SCC, with a zero equivalent impedance and will maintain
its voltage under all conditions
Used for
 Determining the dimension of a bus bar
 Determining the interrupting capacity of a circuit breaker
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Fault MVA
𝑀𝑉𝐴 = 3𝑉 𝐼
𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑀𝑉𝐴 = 𝑀𝑉𝐴 ( ) = 3𝑉 𝐼

𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢
𝑀𝑉𝐴 3𝑉 𝐼 𝐼
= = =
𝑀𝑉𝐴 3𝑉 𝐼 𝐼
𝑉 1
=𝐼 𝑝𝑢 = =
𝑍( ) 𝑍( )

𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑀𝑉𝐴 = 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢 × 𝑀𝑉𝐴 =
𝑍( )
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Fault MVA
When a short circuit occurs in an electric system,
heavy current flows through all the sections of the
system which are in the path between the power
source and the equipment. The short circuit current
is limited only by the impedance of the system.

This heavy current can damage the components of

the electric system if they are not properly rated. If
circuit breakers are not able to interrupt the high
short circuit currents in a system, arcing and
explosions may occur

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Fault MVA
The Rating of the components is done based on the
maximum short circuit current.

The short circuit current is calculated from the fault

level of the System.

The fault level is usually expressed in MVA (or

corresponding per-unit value), with the maximum
fault current value being converted using the
nominal voltage rating.
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