01

NOTE
P H Y S I C S

MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION
AND INTEGRATION

What you already know What you will learn

• Vectors • Double differentiation

• Slope • Maxima and Minima
• Differentiation • Integration
• Properties of differentiation • Properties of integration

Double Differentiation

f (x) 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

f (x) = sin (x)

f ’ (x) = cos (x)
f ’’ (x) = -sin (x)
𝑑 𝑑 f’’(x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

f’(x)

Example

d2y
If y = cos(x2), what is ?
dx2

Solution

Differentiate the first time using the chain rule.

dy d
⇒ = −sin x2 × (𝑥2) = −sin x2 × 2x = −2x sin x2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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02

Differentiate the second time using the product rule and the chain rule.
𝑑2𝑦 d d
= sin x2 × (−2x) + (−2x) × (sin x2)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −2 sin x2 − 2x cos x2 × (2x)
d𝟐 y
y′′= = −2 sin (x2) − 4x2 cos (x2)
dx𝟐

Differentiation

It is the study of variation in one quantitiy with respect to another quantity. We can find the rate of
change of a function using differentiation.
Example:
• Rate of change of distance is speed.
• Rate of change of velocity is acceleration.
• Rate of work done is power.

If the motion of a body is represented by a function, y = f(t), then

dy d2y
velocity of the body = , and the acceleration = 2
dt dt

Instantaneous rate of change

Change in y ∆y
Rate of change of y with respect to x = =
Change in x ∆x
dy
As Δx → 0, the rate becomes
dx
Velocity (v) = Rate of change of position (s) with respect to time
ds
=
dt

Example

If the motion of a particle is represented by s = (t3 + t2 − t + 2) m, find the position, velocity, and
acceleration of the particle at 2 s.

Solution
s(t) = t3 + t2 - t + 2
s(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 - (2) + 2 = 12 m Displacement S

v(t) = ds = 3t2 + 2t - 1 First derivative is velocity

ds
dt dt
v(2) = 3(2)2 + 2(2) - 1 = 15 ms-1
Second derivative is d2s
a(t) = d s2 = dv = 3(2t) + 2 = 6t + 2
2

dt dt acceleration dt2
a(2) = 12 + 2 = 14 ms-2

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03

Example

Find the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 4 at the point (5, 4).

BOARDS

Solution Slope = 𝑦′ = dy = d (𝑥2 - 5𝑥 + 4) = 2𝑥 - 5

dx dx
y
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐- 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 Slope at (5, 4) = y′ (5, 4) = 2(5) - 5 = 5
(0, 4) (5, 4)
Slope of curve at (𝒙, 𝒚) = Slope of tangent at (𝒙, 𝒚)
dy
= = tan 𝜃
dx

(4, 0) tan 𝜃 Derivative of a function at a point gives

x the slope of tangent at that point.
0 (1, 0)

MAIN
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
y A function y = f(x) is said to be increasing, if
• The value of y increases as the value of x increases.
• The tangent to the curve of the function has a positive slope.
f(x2) • If x1 < x2, then y1 < y2

f(x1) Increasing
x If x1 < x2, then f(x1) ≤ f(x2)
0 x 1 x2

y
A function y = f(x) is said to be decreasing, if
• The value of y decreases as the value of x increases.
• The tangent to the curve of the function has a negative slope.
• If x1 < x2, then y1 > y2
f(x1)
f(x2) Decreasing
x If x1 < x2, then f(x1) ≥ f(x2)
0 x1 x2

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04

ADVANCED
Maxima and Minima

Global maximum

Local
maximum

Local
minimum
Global minimum

Second Derivative Test

Conditions for maxima

3 a. dy = 0 Look at the slope at points 1, 2, and
2 4 dx 3. It is decreasing and becomes
b. d y2 < 0
2
1 5 zero at 3.
dx

0 x For maxima, as x increases, the slope decreases.

Conditions for minima

1 5 a. dy = 0 Look at the slope at points 1, 2, and
dx 3. It is increasing and becomes
b. d y2 > 0
2
2 3 4 zero at 3.
dx

0 x For minima, as x increases, the slope increases.

Example

Find the local maxima and minima for the function 𝑦 = 𝑥3 - 3𝑥 + 2.

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05

Solution
dy
= 3𝑥2 - 3
dx
dy
For critical points, we equate =0
dx
⟹ 3𝑥2 - 3 = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 - 1) = 0
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = -1 are the critical points.
To find the maxima or minima, we calculate d y .
2

dx
d2y = 6𝑥
dx
For 𝑥 = 1, d y2 = 6(1) = 6 ⟹ Positive. Hence, there is a minima at 𝑥 = 1.
2

dx
For 𝑥 = -1, d y2 = 6(-1) = -6 ⟹ Negative. Hence, there is a maxima at 𝑥 = -1.
2

dx

Example

A ball is thrown in the air. Its height at any point is given by h = 3 + 14t - 5t2. What is the maximum
height attained by the ball?

Solution
ℎ = 3 + 14𝑡 - 5𝑡2 ⟹ There is a maxima at 𝑡 = 1.4 𝑠
dh = 0 + 14 - 5(2𝑡) = 0 Substituting 𝑡 in the equation of ℎ gives,
dt
ℎ = 3 + 14(1.4) - 5(1.4)2
𝑡 = 1.4 𝑠
= 3 + 19.6 - 9.8
d2h
= -10 ℎ = 12.8 𝑚
dt2

Integration

• It is the reverse operation of differentiation.

• We can derive the function f(x), when the derivative of the function is given through
integration.
• A constant ‘C’ is added to the integrand of a function. Hence,

∫𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓1(𝑥) + 𝐶

Function to integrate
(Integrand)
Integral symbol ∫𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Variable with respect
to which function is to
Integral of 𝑓 be integrated
{

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06

Integral Values of Some Functions

d [C] = 0 ∫0 dx = C
dx
d [kx] = k ∫kdx = kx + C
dx
d [sin x] = cos x ∫cos x dx = sin x + C
dx
d [cos x] = -sin x ∫-sin x dx = cos x + C
dx
d [tan x] = sec2x ∫sec2x dx = tan x + C
dx
d [sec x] = sec x tan x ∫sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx
d [cot x] = -cosec2x ∫-cosec2x dx = cot x + C
dx
d [cosec x] = -cosec x cot x ∫-cosec x cot x dx = cosec x + C
dx
d [In x] = 1 ∫ 1 dx = ln x + C
dx x x
d [ex] = ex ∫ ex dx = ex + C
dx

xn+1
∫ xn dx = +C n ≠ -1
n+1

kxn+1
∫ kxn = +C n ≠ -1
n+1

∫ x-1 dx = ln x + C

Properties of Integration
y
Derivatives of any constant term in the original
function become zero. Hence, adding c to the
result of the integration gives the most general
case.
-x x
dy
If = 2 x ⇒ y = x 2 + c → Family of curves
dx
-y
Integration of polynomial function

x n +1 1
∫ x n=
dx + c ; n ≠ −1 ∫ = dx ln x + c ; n ≠ −1
n+1 x
kx n +1 dx ln x + c ; n ≠ −1
∫ x −1 =
n
∫ kx= dx + c ; n ≠ −1
n+1

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07

Properties of Integration

The indefinite integral of constant times a function is equal to the constant times the integral of
•
the function.
∫af(x) dx = a ∫ f(x) dx; where a is constant.
The indefinite integral of an algebraic sum of two or more functions is equal to the sum of the
•
integrals.
∫[ f(x) + g(x) ] dx = ∫f(x) dx + ∫g(x) dx

∫[af(x) + bg(x)]dx = a ∫ f(x)dx + b ∫g(x)dx; where a and b are constants.

Example

Integrate the given function with respect to x.

1
(a) f ( x ) = x 6 (b) f ( x ) = −10 x 3 (c) f ( x ) =
x
(d) f ( x ) = 5 (e) f ( x ) = x

Solution

(a) ∫ f ( x ) dx =
∫ x 6 dx 1
(c) ∫ f ( x ) dx =
∫ dx
x
x 6 +1 ln x c ( For x > 0 )
=+
= +c
6 +1
x7
= +c (d) ∫ 5dx =5 x + c
7

(b) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ −10 x 3 dx (e) ∫ f ( x ) dx =

∫ xdx
1
=−10 ∫ x 3 dx +1
x 2
−10 x 3 + 1 = +c
= +c 3
3 +1
2
−10 x 4
= +c 3
4 x2
−5 x 4 = +c
= +c 3
2 2

Integration of exponential function

∫ e x dx =
ex + c

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08

Example

Integrate the given function.

f ( x ) = 4e x

Solution

∫ 4e x dx =∫
4 e x dx =
4e x + c

Example

Integrate the given function.

f ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 6e x + cos x

Solution

( )
∫ 3 x 2 − 6e x + cos x dx ⇒ ∫ 3 x 2 dx − ∫ 6e x dx + ∫ cos x dx
⇒ x 3 − 6e x + sin x + c

New Formulae

If ∫f(x) dx = F(x) + C, then,

∫f(ax+b) dx = 1 F(ax + b) + C; where a, b, and c are constants.

a

1 (ax + b)
• ∫e(ax+b) dx = e +C
a
1
1
• ∫ (ax + b) dx = ln(ax + b) + C
a
- cos (ax + b)
• ∫ sin (ax + b) dx = a +C

If x is replaced by ax + b in f(x), then we integrate it assuming a simple function in terms

of X and divide the integration by “a” later on.

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09

Example

Integrate the given function.

f (=
x) ( 2x + 3 )
2

Solution

f (=
x) ( 2x + 3 )
2
, where 2x + 3 is in ax + b form. Therefore, 2x +3 is assumed as X and a = 2.
X3
∫ ( 2 x +3 ) dx ⇒ ∫ X 2 dX + c (Where=
a 2)
2
=
3a
X3 X3
⇒ + c= +c
3×2 6
( 2 x +3 )
3

⇒ +c
6

Example

Integrate the given function.

1
f (x)=
2x + 3

Solution

 1  1 ln X
∫  dx ⇒ ∫ = dX +c
 2x + 3  X 2
ln ( 2 x + 3 )
⇒ +c
2

BOARDS
Method of Substitution

∫f(g(x)) × g’(x)dx

Step 1: Substitute u = g(x), du = g’(x)dx.

∫f(g(x)) × g’(x)dx = ∫f(u)du

Step 2: Evaluate by finding an antiderivative F(u) of f(u).

∫f(u)du = F(u) + C, where C is constant of integration

Step 3: Replace u by g(x).

F(u) + C = F(g(x)) + C

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10

Example

Integrate the given function.

2x
f (x)=
x2 +1

Solution
2x
∫ dx
x2 +1
Assume = t x2 +1
Differentiate t with respect to x.
dt
⇒ = 2x
dx
⇒ dt = 2 x dx
1
(
⇒ ∫ dt ⇒ ln ( t ) + c ⇒ ln x 2 + 1 + c
t
)

Example

Integrate the given function.

sin x
f (x)=
cos x

Solution
sin x
∫ dx
cos x
Assume t = cos x
⇒ dt =
− sin x dx
1
⇒−∫ dt
t
⇒ −2 t + c
⇒ −2 cos x + c

Integration by Parts Method

When two or more function are in product, then we integrate it by following formula:
 dU 
∫ U .Vdx =U ∫ Vdx - ∫  ∫ Vdx  dx
 dx 

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11

Example

Integrate the given function.

f ( x ) = ∫ x .e x dx

Solution

Let,
= andV e x
U x=
 d(x) x 
x ∫ e x dx − ∫  . ∫ e dx  dx
 dx 
x x
xe − ∫ e dx
xe x − e x + c

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