PART ONE: JAPANESE EXPRESSIONS

(AISATSU)
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS USED INSIDE THE CLASSROOM
1 Hai Yes
2 Iie No
3 Mada Desu Not yet
4 Tsugi Next
5 Moichido Onegaishimasu Please repeat.
6 Gomennasai I'm sorry
7 Sumimasen Excuse me (I'm Sorry)
8 Wakarimasuka Do you understand?
9 Hai, wakarimashita Yes, I understand
10 Iie, wakarimasen No, I don't understand
11 Owarimasuka Are you finished?
12 Hai, Owarimashita Yes, I'm finished
13 Iie, mada Owarimasen No, I'm not finished
14 Chotto dekakete mo ii desuka Is it alright to go out for a moment?
15 Hai, dekakete mo ii desu Yes, it's alright to go out
16 Iie, dekakete wa ikemasen No, you may not go out
17 Wakuban o keshite mo ii desuka Is it alright to erase the board?
18 Hai,keshite mo ii desu Yes, you may erase the board
19 Iie,keshite wa ikemasen No, you may not erase the board
20 Issho ni douzo All together please
21 Yonde kudasai Please read
22 Kaite Kudasai Please write
23 Kiite kudasai Please listen
24 Oboete Kudasai Please remember
25 Kotaete kudasai Please answer
26 Shitsumon ga arimasuka Do you have a question
27 Koopii o shite kudasai Please copy
28 Yukkuri hanashite onegaishimasu Please speak slowly
29 Tatte kudasai Please stand
30 Suwatte kudasai Please take a sit
31 Kaette kudasai Please go home
32 Wasurenai de kudasai Please don’t forget
33 Shitsurei shimasu Excuse me (door)

1|Sage Introduction and Writing Book

GREETING WORDS
（あいさつ）
おはよう Ohayou Good Morning
おはよう ございます Ohayou Gozaimasu Good Morning (polite)
こんにちは Konnichiwa Good Afternoon/hello
こんばんは Konbanwa Good Evening
さようなら Sayounara Good-bye
おやすみ（なさい） Oyasumi (nasai) Good Night
ありがとう ございます Arigatou Gozaimasu Thank you
どうもありがとうございま Doumo Arigatou Gozaimasu Thank you very much
す
すみません Sumimasen Excuse me/ Sorry
いってきます Ittekimasu I'll go and come back
いってらっしゃい Itterasshai Please go and come
back
ただいま Tadaima I'm home
おかえり（なさい） Okaeri (nasai) Welcome home
いただきます Itadakimasu Thank you for the
meal
(before eating)
ごちそうさま でした Gochisousama deshita Thank you for the
meal
(after meal)
どう ですか Dou desu ka How do you do?
はじめまして Hajimemashite Nice to meet you
よろしく おねがいします Yoroshiku Onegaishimasu Please be good to me.
おめでとう ございます Omedetou Gozaimasu Congratulations
どう いたしまして Dou Itashimashite Your welcome
おさきに しつれいします Osaki ni shitsureishimasu I'll be leaving ahead
しつれいします Shitsureishimasu Excuse me
おつかれさま でした Otsukaresama deshita Thank you for your
hardwork
きをつけて Ki o tsukete Take care

2|Sage Introduction and Writing Book

ごめん ください Gomen Kudasai Is there anybody in?
おげんき ですか Ogenki desuka How are you?
おげんき で Ogenki de Look after yourself
おだいじ に Odaiji ni Get well soon
だいじょうぶ です Daijoubu desu No problem
では また/ じゃまた ja mata See you

PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING
Ru-ru o Mamoru - Keep the Rule
Reigi o Mamoru - Keep the Manner
Itsumo Egaode - Always Smile
Kenkou, Anzen - Healthy, Safety
Shojiki, Kinben - Honesty, Hardworking
Nihongo o benkyoushimashou - Let’s study Japanese!

USEFUL GREETINGS INSIDE THE SCHOOL CAMPUS

BEFORE CLASS (OFFICE)

GAKUSEI: SHITSUREI SHIMASU (Excuse me) HAITTE MO II DESU KA.
STAFF: HAI DOUZO
LEADER: KIOTSUKE…
REI!
GAKUSEI: KONNICHIWA! / OHAYOU GOZAIMASU! YOROSHIKU ONEGAISHIMASU
STAFF: YOROSHIKU ONEGAISHIMASU! GANBATTE MINNASAN
GAKUSEI: HAI! GAMBARIMASU! SHITSUREI SHIMASU
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BEFORE CLASS (ROOM)
SENSEI: HAJIMEMASHOU (Let’s start)
LEADER: MINASAN KIRITSU! (Stand up)
KIOTSUKE! (Attention)
REI!
GAKUSEI: KONNICHIWA! / OHAYOU GOZAIMASU! YOROSHIKU ONEGAISHIMASU
LEADER: CHAKUSEKI (Sit down)
GAKUSEI: (SIT DOWN)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3|Sage Introduction and Writing Book

BREAKTIME
SENSEI: KYUUKEISHIMASHOU (Let’s take a break)
LEADER: MINASAN KIRITSU!
KIOTSUKE!
REI!
GAKUSEI: DOUMO ARIGATOU GOZAIMASHITA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AFTER BREAKTIME
SENSEI: HAJIMEMASHOU (Let’s start)
LEADER: MINASAN KIRITSU!
KIOTSUKE!
REI!
GAKUSEI: DOUMO ARIGATOU GOZAIMASHITA/ YOROSHIKU ONEGAISHIMASU
LEADER: CHAKUSEKI
GAKUSEI: (SIT DOWN)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AFTER CLASS:
SENSEI: KORE DE OWARIMASHOU (Let’s finish with this)
LEADER: MINASAN KIRITSU!
KIOTSUKE! REI!
GAKUSEI: KYOU MO DOUMO ARIGATOU GOZAIMASHITA
SENSEI: OTSUKARESAMA DESHITA
GAKUSEI: OTSUKARESAMA DESHITA
SENSEI: MATA ASHITA/RAISHUU. KIOTSUKETE KAETTE KUDASAI
GAKUSEI: ARIGATOU GOZAIMASU
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CLASS INTERRUPTIONS
RESTROOM BREAK
GAKUSEI: SENSEI, SUMIMASEN. TOIRE NI ITTE MO II DESU KA
SENSEI: HAI DOUZO
GAKUSEI: ARIGATOU GOZAIMASU
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GOING OUT FOR A WHILE
GAKUSEI: SENSEI, SUMIMASEN. CHOTTO DEKAKETE MO II DESU KA
SENSEI: HAI DOUZO
GAKUSEI: ARIGATOU GOZAIMASU
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ENTERING A ROOM
GAKUSEI: SHITSUREI SHIMASU. HAITTE MO II DESU KA
SENSEI: HAI DOUZO
GAKUSEI: ARIGATOU GOZAIMASU
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4|Sage Introduction and Writing Book

UNEXPECTED VISITOR
LEADER: MINASAN KIRITSU! (Stand up) KIOTSUKE! (Attention) REI!
GAKUSEI: KONNICHIWA! YOROSHIKU ONEGAISHIMASU
VISITOR: YOROSHIKU ONEGAISHIMASU
LEADER: CHAKUSEKI
GAKUSEI: (SIT DOWN)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AFTER CLASS (OFFICE):
LEADER: SHITSUREISHIMASU… HAITTE MO II DESU KA
STAFF: HAI , DOUZO
LEADER: KIOTSUKE… REI!
GAKUSEI: KYOU MO, DOUMO ARIGATOU GOZAIMASHITA
STAFF: OTSUKARESAMA DESHITA
GAKUSEI: OTSUKARESAMA DESHITA
STAFF: MATA ASHITA/RAISHUU. KIOTSUKETE KAETTE KUDASAI
GAKUSEI: ARIGATOU GOZAIMASU
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WHEN LATE
GAKUSEI: SHITSUREISHIMASU. OSOKUNATTE SUMIMASEN DESHITA. HAITTE MO II
DESU KA
SENSEI: HAI DOUZO
GAKUSEI: ARIGATOU GOZAIMASU

5|Sage Introduction and Writing Book

SELF-INTRODUCTION
じこしょうかい
I. 自己紹介 Jikoshoukai
What is your name? O-namae wa nan desu ka
My name is ______ watashi no namae wa_________desu.
Nice to meet you hajimemashite
I can speak Japanese Nihongo ( yoku) hanasemasen
Do you speak English? Eigo o hanasemasuka

NOTES

1. Hajimemashite
Salutation used on meeting a person for the first time. It is a form of the verb
hajimeru, “to begin”.

2. 私 はマイク・シュミットです。
Watashi wa Maiku Shumitto desu, “My name is Mike Smith.”
PATTERN:
わたし
私 は YOUR NAME です。
Watashi wa YOUR NAME desu.

わたし もう
私 は YOUR NAME と申します。
Watashi wa YOUR NAME to moushimasu.

3 WAYS to say your name:

もう

a. Your name です/と申します。 Your Name desu / to moushimasu.

Ex. Juan desu / Juan to moushimasu.
もう

b. Surname, Given name です/と申します。 Surname, Given name desu /

to moushimasu.
Ex. Dela Cruz, Juan desu / Dela Cruz, Juan to moushimasu.
もう

c. Surname です/と申します。 Surname desu / to moushimasu.

Ex. Dela Cruz desu / Dela Cruz to moushimasu.

6|Sage Introduction and Writing Book

3. To say your nickname
よ
PATTERN: どうぞ NICKNAME と呼んでください。
Douzo NICKNAME to yonde kudasi
Please call me NICKNAME.
Ex. Douzo Juan to yonde kudasai.

4. To say where you from

PATTERN: PLACE からまいりました。

PLACE kara mairimashita.
I am from PLACE.

Ex. Firipin kara mairimashita.

I am from the Philippines.

す
PLACE に住んでいます。
PLACE ni sunde imasu.
I lived in PLACE.
Ex. Manira ni sunde imasu.
I lived in Manila.

5. To say your hobby

わたし
PATTERN: 私 のしゅみは HOBBY です。
Watashi no shumi wa HOBBY desu.
My hobby is HOBBY.

3. Tanaka-san
San is a title of respect added to name, so it cannot be used after one’s own name.
San may be used with both male and female names, and with either surname or given
name. it may even be suffixed to the name of an occupation.
Ex. Bengoshi-san, “Mr. Lawyer”.
sama, used for the higher position like the President, Our Lord Jesus Christ,
kun, used for the boys ages 10 years old below
chan used for the girl ages 10 years old below

7|Sage Introduction and Writing Book

4. Kochira wa Sumisu-san desu
Kochira, “this one,” implies “this person here” and is a polite way of saying “this person.”

5. [Watashi wa] Sumisu desu

Especially in conversational Japanese, watashi, “I,” is hardly ever used. Anata,
“you,” is similarity avoided, especially when addressing superiors, in which case the
person’s surname, title or occupation is used when necessary. “My name’s Smith.” (lit.
“I’m Smith”)

6. Dozo yoroshiku
A phrase used when taking one’s leave after having asked a favor. Yoroshiku
means “good” and is a request for the other person’s favorable consideration in the
future. It can also be used as follows: Tanaka-san ni yoroshiku. “Please give my
regards to Mr. Tanaka”.

7. Tokyo Denki no (Tanaka desu)

The possessive particle no indicates ownership or attribution and comes after the
noun it modifies, like “ ‘s” in English. Here it shows that Mr. Tanaka belongs to, in the
sense that he works for, Tokyo Electric. Japanese customarily give their company and
position when being introduced.

8. Dare/donate, “who?”
The basic word for “who” is dare, but donate is more polite.
Ex. Kochira wa dare desu ka. “Who is this?”

8|Sage Introduction and Writing Book

じ ぎ
II. お辞儀 Ojigi
JAPANESE BOW

In the Japanese bow, the bower expresses appreciation and respect to the
person being bowed to by bending at the waist.
A gesture widely used in tandem with greetings like "ohayo gozaimasu" (good
morning) and "konnichiwa" (hello, good afternoon) as well as words of gratitude or
apology.

3 types of Japanese bow: Bows can generally be classified depending on the

deepness of the waist bend.

1. "eshaku" bow
Most casual bow. The waist is generally bent at about a 15 degree angle. It is
common to lightly dip the head and give an "eshaku" bow when exchanging a casual
greeting or passing by someone of a higher social status.
Of course using words by themselves is sufficient, but if you add an eshaku
bow while saying "arigato" (thank you) to someone who has shown you kindness, your
feeling of gratitude will come across as incredibly more heartfelt.

2. "keirei" bow
The bow generally used in business interactions. In this bow, the torso is
lowered to about 30 degrees.
It is used when entering and leaving reception rooms and meeting rooms and
when greeting customers.

3. "saikeirei" bow
The most polite bow. Consists of lowering the torso about 45 degrees. It is
used to express feelings of deep gratitude or apology.

9|Sage Introduction and Writing Book

Part Two: Counters
Jikan to kazu
Time and Numbers

The Japanese language is rich in numbers. It uses Japanese numbers and Chinese
numbers. And it uses a system of classifiers or “counters” as well. This means that when
you count things, you first have to classify them according to what they are, or by their size
or shape. For example, to count pencils, bottles, or trees, you use the classifier for long,
thin things; to count books or magazines, you use the classifier for bound objects. Later in
this lesson you’ll see a chart of some of the most common classifiers.

KISU
From 1 to 10 only, there are two sets of numbers. The set on the right, of Japanese
origin, stops at 10. The set on the left, of Chinese origin, continues indefinitely.

ichi 1 hitotsu
ni 2 futatsu
san 3 mittsu
shi/yon 4 yottsu
go 5 itsutsu
roku 6 muttsu
shichi/nana 7 nanatsu
hachi 8 yattsu
ku/kyu 9 kokonotsu
ju 10 to

To form numbers from 11 to 19, start with ju, 10, and then add the number you
need from the column on the left.
11 ju ichi 12 ju ni 13 ju san
14 ju shi/yon 15 ju go 16 ju roku
17 ju shichi/nana 18 ju hachi 19 ju ku

The rest is easy. Twenty is two tens, or ni ju, and for 21, just add the 1: ni ju ichi
20 ni ju 21 ni ju ichi 90 kyu ju 91 kyu ju ichi
30 san ju 31 san ju ichi
40 yon ju 41 yon ju ichi
50 go ju 51 go ju ichi
60 roku ju 61 roku ju ichi
70 nana ju 71 nana ju ichi
80 hachi ju 81 hachi ju ichi

10 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
With 100, hyaku, and 1000, sen, the pattern is basically the same, but there are
some sound changes.
100 hyaku 1,000 sen
200 ni hyaku 2,000 ni sen
300 san byaku 3,000 san zen
400 yon hyaku 4,000 yon sen
500 go hyaku 5,000 go sen
600 roppyaku 6,000 roku sen
700 nana hyaku 7,000 nana sen
800 happyaku 8,000 hassen
900 kyu hyaku 9,000 kyu sen

Japanese uses 10,000 as a counting unit. Each unit of 10,000 is called man. So
10,000 is ichi man, 20,000 is ni man. 100,000 is ju man, 200,000 is ni ju man, 1,000,000 is
hyaku man (unit of 10,000). This continues until 100,000,000 ichi oku.

JOSU
ORDINAL NUMBERS

First ichi ban me Sixth roku ban me

Second ni ban me Seventh nana ban me
Third san ban me Eighth hachi ban me
Fourth yon ban me Ninth kyu ban me
Fifth go ban me Tenth ju ban me

CHIGATTA SHURUI NO MONO O KAZOERU

COUNTING DIFFERENT KINDS OF THINGS

One American is coming.

Amerikajin ga hitori kimasu.
American one

One pencil is on the table.

Enpitsu ga ippon teburu no ue ni arimasu.
pencil one

I have one book.

Hon o issatsu motte imasu.
book one

11 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
I’d like one ticket.
Ken o ichimai kudasai.
Ticket one

People long, thin objects (pencils, bottles, trees)

1. Hitori 1. Ippon
2. Futari 2. Ni hon
3. San nin 3. San hon
4. Yo nin 4. Yon hon
5. Go nin 5. Go hon

thin, flat objects (paper, bills, cloth, dishes) floors of buildings

1. Ichi mai 1. Ikkai
2. Ni mai 2. Ni kai
3. San mai 3. San gai
4. Yon mai 4. Yon kai
5. Go mai 5. Go kai

liquid or dry measures (glasses or cups of water, houses, buildings

coffee or tea)
1. Ippai 1. Ikken
2. Ni hai 2. Ni ken
3. San bai 3. San ken
4. Yon hai 4. Yon ken
5. Go hai 5. Go ken

small objects not in the bound objects (books, notebooks,

categories above magazines)
1. Ikko / hitotsu
2. Ni ko / futatsu 1. Issatsu
3. San ko / mittsu 2. Ni satsu
4. Yon ko / yottsu 3. San satsu
5. Go ko / itsutsu 4. Yon satsu
5. Go satsu

12 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
NUMERALS

Numbers Japanese Romaji

0 ぜろ、れい Zero / Rei

1 いち ( 一 ) Ichi
2 に (二 ) Ni
3 さん ( 三 ) San
4 し/ よん ( 四 ) Shi / yon
5 ご (五 ) Go
6 ろく ( 六 ) Roku
7 なな / しち ( 七 ) Nana / shichi
8 はち ( 八 ) Hachi
9 きゅう/ く( 九 ) Kyuu / ku
10 じゅう ( 十 ) Juu
11 じゅういち Juu ichi
12 じゅうに Juu ni
13 じゅうさん Juu san
14 じゅうよん Juu yon
15 じゅうご Juu go
16 じゅうろく Juu roku
17 じゅうなな Juu nana
18 じゅうはち Juu hachi
19 じゅうきゅう Juu kyuu
20 にじゅう / Ni juu / hatachi
はたち
30 さんじゅう San juu
40 よんじゅう Yon juu
50 ごじゅう Go juu
60 ろくじゅう Roku juu
70 ななじゅう / しちじゅう Nanajuu / shichijuu
80 はちじゅう Hachi juu
90 きゅうじゅう Kyuu juu

Numbers Japanese Romaji

13 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
100 ひゃく (百 ) hyaku
200 にひゃく nihyaku
300 さんびゃく San byaku
400 よんひゃく Yon hyaku
500 ごひゃく Go hyaku
600 ろっぴゃく Roppyaku
700 ななひゃく Nana hyaku
800 はっぴゃく Happyaku
900 きゅうひゃく Kyuu hyaku

Numbers Japanese Romaji

1,000 せん ( 千 ) sen
2,000 にせん Ni sen
3,000 さんぜん San sen
4,000 よんせん Yon sen
5,000 ごせん Go sen
6,000 ろくせん Roku sen
7,000 ななせん Nana sen
8,000 はっせん Hassen
9,000 きゅうせん Kyuu sen

Numbers Japanese Romaji

10,000 いちまん ( 一万 ) Ichi man

100,000 じゅうまん ( 十万 ) Juu man
1,000,000 ひゃくまん ( 百万 ) Hyaku man
10,000,000 せんまん ( 千万 ) Sen man
100,000,000 いちおく ( 一億 ) Ichi oku

14 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME
Ankareji Pari Mosukuwa
Tokyo Anchorage New York Paris Moscow

9 3 3
8

Ku ji desu San ji desu Hachi ji desu Ichi ji desu San ji desu

To express time in Japanese, we start wih a list of the hours, then a list of the
minutes, and then we’ll put them together.

O’CLOCK – Ji MINUTE – Pun / Fun

Japanese Romaji Japanese Romaji
1 いちじ Ichi ji 1 いっぷん Ippun
2 にじ Ni ji 2 にふん Ni fun
3 さんじ San ji 3 さんぷん San pun
4 よじ Yo ji 4 よんぷん Yon pun
5 ごじ Go ji 5 ごふん Go fun
6 ろくじ Roku ji 6 ろっぷん Roppun
7 しちじ Shichi ji 7 ななふん / しちふん Nana fun / shichi fun
8 はちじ Hachi ji 8 はっぷん Happun
9 くじ Ku ji 9 きゅうふん Kyuu fun
10 じゅうじ Juu ji 10 じゅっぷん / じっぷ Juppun / jippun
ん
11 じゅういち Juu ichi ji 15 じゅうごふん Juu go fun
じ
12 じゅうにじ Juu ni ji 30 はん / さんじゅっぷ Han / san juupun / san
ん / さんじっぷん jippun
? なんじ？ Nanji? ? なんぷん Nanpun

Now let’s put them together. Say the hour first, then the minutes, then add desu.
For example:
Nan desu ka. What time is it?
Ju ji ju go fun. It’s 0:15.

15 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Using sugi, which means “past” or “after”, is optional.
Ju ji ju go fun sugi desu. It’s 10:15.

At 15 minutes before the hour, start using mae, which means “to” or “before”.
Ju ji ju go fun mae desu.It’s a quarter to ten.

Han means “half”, as in half past the hour.

Kuuji han desu. It’s 9:30

Ji means hour, jikan means time

Byo means seconds.

Juuji juu pun san byo desu it’s 10:10:03.

Ima means now

Ima roku ji han desu It’s now 6:30.

Kara/made means “from” and “until”

Go ji kara san ji madedesu. 5:00-3:00

Asa, Hiru, Yoru means morning, afternoon, evening

Asajuu ji han desu. It’s 10:30 in the morning

Gozen is “A.M”. Gogo is “ P.M.” say them before you say the hour.
Gozen shichi desu. it’s 4:00 a.m.
Gogo roku ji nijuu pun desu It’s 6:20 p.m.

For time schedules, as in railway and Airline time table, number 1 to 59 are
used for minutes, not “ a quarter to “ or “ ten to “ the hour.
Transportation timetable are based on the 24 –hour clock. Airline and
train
Schedules are expressed in terms of a point within a 24-hours sequence.

Example:
1. Watashi no kisha wa, ju san ji yon ju happun ni demasu
My train depart at 13:48 ( 1:48 p.m.)
2. Watashi no hikoki wa ju ji go ju san pun ni tsukimasu
My plane arrives at 10:53 ( a.m.)

16 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
DAY (Nichi)
Japanese English Romaji
おととい The day before yesterday Ototoi
きのう Yesterday Kinou
きょう Today Kyou
あした Tomorrow Ashita
あさって The day after tomorrow Asatte
まいにち Every day Mainichi

MORNING (Asa)
Japanese English Romaji
おとといのあさ The morning before the Ototoi no asa
last
きのうのあさ Yesterday morning Kinou no asa
けさ This morning Kesa
あしたのあさ Tomorrow morning Ashita no asa
あさってのあさ The next next morning Asatte no asa
まいあさ Every morning Mai asa

NIGHT (Ban)
Japanese English Romaji
おとといのばん The night before last Ototoi no ban
きのうのばん Last night Kinou no ban
こんばん Tonight Konban
あしたのばん Tomorrow night Ashita no ban
あさってのばん The night after next Asatte no ban
まいばん Every night Maiban

mata again mada still, yet

itsumo always mo also, too

17 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
DAYS OF THE WEEK ( YOUBI)

Japanese English Romaji

にちようび ( 日曜日 ) Sunday Nichi Youbi
げつようび ( 月曜日 ) Monday Getsu Youbi
かようび ( 火曜日 ) Tuesday Ka Youbi
すいようび ( 水曜日 ) Wednesday Sui Youbi
もくようび ( 木曜日 ) Thursday Moku Youbi
きんようび ( 金曜日 ) Friday Kin Youbi
どようび ( 土曜日 ) Saturday Do Youbi
なんようび (何曜日 ) What Day Nan Youbi

DAYS OF THE MONTH (NUMBER PLUS NICHI)

Day Japanese Romaji Day Japanese Romaji

1 ついたち Tsuitachi 17 じゅうしちにち Juu shichi nichi
2 ふつか Futsuka 18 じゅうはちにち Juu hachi nichi
3 みっか Mikka 19 じゅうくにち Juu ku nichi
4 よっか Yokka 20 はつか hatsuka
5 いつか Itsuka 21 にじゅういちにち Ni juu ichi nichi
6 むいか Muika 22 にじゅうににち Ni juu ni nichi
7 なのか Nanoka 23 にじゅうさんにち Ni juu san nichi
8 ようか Youka 24 にじゅうよっか Ni juu yokka
9 ここのか Kokonoka 25 にじゅうごにち Ni juu go nichi
10 とおか Tooka 26 にじゅうろくにち Ni juu roku nichi
11 じゅういちにち Juu ichi nichi 27 にじゅうしちにち Ni juu shichi nichi
12 じゅうににち Juu ni nichi 28 にじゅうはちにち Ni juu hachi nichi
13 じゅうさんにち Juu san nichi 29 にじゅうくにち Ni juu ku nichi
14 じゅうよっか Juu yokka 30 さんじゅうにち San juu nichi
15 じゅうごにち Juu go nichi 31 さんじゅういちにち San juu ichi nichi
16 じゅうろくにち Juu roku ? なんにち Nan nichi
nichi

18 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
WEEK (Shuu)
Japanese English Romaji
せんせんしゅう Last last week Sensenshuu
せんしゅう Last week Senshuu
こんしゅう This week konshuu
らいしゅう Next week raishuu
さらいしゅう Next next week saraishuu
まいしゅう Every week Mai shuu

MONTH ( Getsu)
Japanese English Romaji

せんせんげつ Last last month sensengetsu

せんげつ Last month sengetsu
こんげつ This month kongetsu
らいげつ Next month raigetsu
さらいげつ Next next saraigetsu
month
まいつき Every month Mai tsuki

YEAR (Nen)
Japanese English Romaji
おととし Last last ototoshi
year
きょねん Last year kyonen
ことし This year kotoshi
らいねん Next year Rainen
さらいねん Next next sarainen
year
まいねん / Every year Mainen /
まいとし maitoshi

19 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Part Three: JAPANESE CHARACTERS

History of Japanese characters:

The Japanese language has three kinds of characters; hiragana, katakana and
kanji. The Chinese character, kanji, was brought from China. It is thought to have
been introduced around the third or fourth century, although this has not been
proved. Kanji, which is an ideogram character (to represent meanings), started to be
used as a phonogram (to represent sounds) called Manyo-kana. As kanji became
more widely used, it was simplified. This simplified form became hiragana. Hiragana
has a roundish shape as shown below, and it was considered to be the letters for
private use and female use.
ex. 安→ あ 以→ い 加→ か

Japanese word order and Chinese word order are different. Small size kanji
(kun’ten) were placed next to kanji to indicate the Japanese word order when reading
classical Chinese. Then it was simplified and became katakana. Many katakana were
made from a part of kanji as seen below. Katakana has rather straight lines.
ex. 阿 → ア 伊 → イ 加 → カ

How to use the three kinds of characters:

The three kinds of characters are used in different ways. Normally katakana is
used for loanwords and foreign names like koohii (coffee) or nyuuyooku (New York). Most
content words are written using kanji. Functional words like desu (to be), particles, and
some Japanese origin words like oishii (tasty) are written in hiragana. All three characters
can be used in one sentence like below.
ex. 彼 は ミラ ー さん で す。
kanji hiragana katakana hiragana hiragana
‘he’ topic marker ‘Miller’ ‘Mr.’ ‘is’
“He is Mr. Miller.”

Japanese period and comma:

The Japanese language uses a maru (circle) at the end of sentences and ten (dot)
for semantic separation in a sentence. Traditionally Japanese does not use the question
mark "?" for an interrogative sentence. Unlike English there is no space between words.

20 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Instead a combination of the three kinds of characters can indicate if it is a meaning word,
a foreign word, or a functional word.
ex. 明日の朝、 トムさんに会います。
tomorrow of morning Tom Mr. with meet
“Tomorrow morning, (I) will meet Tom.”

Roma-ji:
Roma-ji (romanized Japanese) is used to indicate the pronunciation of hiragana
and katakana in this book. There are two types of roma-ji; Hebon system and Japanese
system. Most are spelled the same, but a few are spelled differently. Even though they
are spelled differently, their pronunciations are the same. This textbook uses the Hebon
system.

Hebon system shi Chi fu sha Shu sho ja ji ju jo

Japanese si Ti hu sya Syu syo zya zi zyu Zyo
system

Font type:
As in English, Japanese has several font types, some of which are a bit different.
Below are examples. ex. き= さ= そ= ふ= / ら= り= や=

Stroke end:
There are three features at the stroke ends of hiragana, katakana, and kanji. One
is tome (stop), the second is hane (jump), and the third is harai (sweep).

ex. tome hane harai

21 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
HIRAGANA
Hiragana
Hiragana is the basic Japanese phonetic script. It represents every sound in the
Japanese Language. Therefore, you can theoretically write everything in Hiragana in
Hiragana. In Japanese, writing the strokes in correct order and direction is important,
especially in Kanji. It also stresses the importance of correctly learning how to pronounce
each sound.
Chart I

a I u e o
aあ iい uう eえ oお
k ka か ki き ku く ke け ko こ
s sa さ shi し su す se せ so そ
t ta た chi ち tsu つ te て to と
n na な ni に nu ぬ ne ね no の
h ha は hi ひ fu ふ he へ ho ほ
m ma ま mi み mu む me め mo も
y ya や yu ゆ yo よ
r ra ら ri り ru る re れ ro ろ
w wa わ wi ゐ wo を
n nん

22 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
CHART II
(Hiragana with two dots /a little circle)

a i u e O
g ga が ge ぎ gu ぐ ge げ go ご
z za ざ ji じ zu ず ze ぜ zo ぞ
d da だ ji ぢ du づ de で do ど
b ba ば bi び bu ぶ be べ bo ぼ
p pa ぱ pi ぴ pu ぷ pe ぺ po ぽ
CHART III
Hiragana with small や(ya), ゆ (yu), よ(yo)

a u o
ky kya きゃ kyu きゅ kyo きょ
sh sha しゃ shu しゅ sho しょ
ch cha ちゃ chu ちゅ cho ちょ
ny nya にゃ nyu にゅ nyo にょ
hy hya ひゃ hyu ひゅ hyo ひょ
my mya みゃ myu みゅ myo みょ
ry rya りゃ ryu りゅ ryo りょ
gy gya ぎゃ gyu ぎゅ gyo ぎょ
j ja じゃ ju じゅ jo じょ
by bya びゃ byu びゅ byo びょ
py pya ぴゃ pyu ぴゅ pyo ぴょ

23 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! あ(a), い(i),う(u), え(e),お(o)

24 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
あ(a)

25 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
い(i)

26 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
う(u)

え(e)

お(o)

27 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
え(e)

28 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
お(o)

Let’s Practice Writing! か(ka), き(ki), く(ku), け(ke), こ(ko)

29 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! か(ka), き(ki), く(ku), け(ke), こ(ko)

30 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
か(ka)

き(ki)

31 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
き(ki)

く(ku)

32 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
く(ku)

33 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
け(ke)

こ(ko)

34 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
こ(ko)

35 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
II. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.

1. Koe (voice) = ________

2. Ika (squid) = ________
3. Ooki (big)=________
4. Aki (autumn) =________
5. Kao (face) =________
6. Kaki (persimmon)= _________
7. Iie (no) =____________

36 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! さ(sa), し(shi), す(su), せ(se), そ
(so)

さ(sa)

37 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
さ(sa)

38 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
し(shi)

す(

39 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
す(su),

せ(

40 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
せ(se)

41 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
そ(so)

42 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
II. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.

1. Asa (morning) = ________

2. Sushi = ________
3. Shio (salt) =________
4. ashi (leg/foot) =________
5. oishi =________
6. ushi= _________
7. akai kasa= __________
8. kino isu= ___________

43 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! た (ta), ち(chi), つ (tsu), て(te),
と(to)
た

44 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
た (ta)

(t

45 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ち(chi)

46 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
つ (tsu)

47 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
て(te)

48 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
と(to)

49 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
II. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.
1. Chikatetsu = ________ 6. Tako = _________

2. Kesatsu = ________ 7. Atama = __________

3. Kata =________ 8. Takai = ___________

4. Kuchi =________ 9. Ashita = ___________

5. Kesatsu =________ 10. Ichi = ________

50 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! な(na), に(ni), ぬ(nu), ね(ne), の
(no)

51 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
な(na)

に(ni)

52 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
に(ni)

ぬ(nu)

53 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぬ(nu)

ね(ne), の(no)

54 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ね(ne)

55 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
の(no)

56 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
II. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.
1. Nani = ____________
5. Anata = ____________
2. Keito = ___________
6. Sakana = __________
3. Oni = ____________
7. Ano = ____________
4. Niku = ___________

NOTE:
た and に are very similar, remember that た looks like a TA and you
won’t get confused!

57 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! は(ha), ひ(hi), ふ(fu), へ(he), ほ
(ho)

58 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
は(ha)

59 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ひ(hi)

60 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ふ(fu)

61 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
へ(he)

62 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ほ(ho)

63 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
II. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.

1. Hashi = __________
5. Fune = __________
2. Hana = __________
6. Ohashi = _________
3. Heso = __________
7. Fuku = __________
4. Hato = __________

NOTE:
Remember, け, は and ほ are all very similar. Make sure you know the difference
between them so you don’t get confused.

64 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! ま(ma), み(mi), む(mu),め (me), も
(mo)

65 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ま(ma)

66 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
み(mi)

67 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
む(mu)

68 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
め (me)

69 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
も(mo)

70 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Read and Write!

II. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.

1. Ame = __________ 6. Meishi = _________

2. Mimi = __________ 7. Mushi = __________

3. Amai = __________ 8. Moshi moshi = __________

4. Miso = __________ 9. Kuma = __________

5. Kami = __________ 10. Kaminoke = __________

71 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! や(ya), ゆ(yu), よ(yo)

72 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
や(ya)

73 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ゆ(yu)

74 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
よ(yo)

75 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Read and Write!

II. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.

1. Yasumi = ___________

2. Ohayou = __________

3. Youfuku = __________

4. Yuumei = ___________

5. Fuyu = _____________

6. Kinou = ___________

7. Kuukou = __________

8. Koukou = ___________

76 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! ら(ra), り(ri), る(ru), れ(re), ろ(ro)

77 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ら(ra)

78 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
り(ri)

79 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
る(ru)

80 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
れ(re)

81 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ろ(ro)

82 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Read and Write!

II. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.

1. Kore = ___________
8. Iro = _____________
2. Sore = ___________
9. Saru = ___________
3. Are = ___________
10. Rousoku = __________
4. Sayonara = _________
11. Watashi = ___________
5. Yoru = ___________
12. Renraku = ____________
6. Kuruma = __________
13. Kaeru = ______________
7. Yakitori = __________

83 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! わ(wa), を(wo), ん(n),

84 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
わ(wa)

85 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
を(wo)

86 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ん(n),

87 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Read and Write!

II. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.

1. Hon = ___________

2. Wani = ___________

3. Shiro = ___________

88 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! が(ga), ぎ(gi), ぐ(gu), げ(ge), ご(go)

89 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
が(ga)

90 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぎ(gi)

91 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぐ(gu)

92 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
げ(ge)

93 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ご(go)

94 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Read and Write!

Read the following hiragana words and write them in romaji.

1. にほんご (Japanese) = _________________
2. えいご (English) = ___________________
3. おんがく (music) = ___________________
4. えいが (movie) = ___________________

95 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! ざ(za), じ(ji), ず(zu), ぜ(ze), ぞ(zo)

96 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ざ(za)

97 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
じ(ji)

98 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ず(zu)

99 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぜ(ze)

100 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぞ(zo)

101 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! だ (da), ぢ(ji), づ(dzu), で(de), ど(do)

102 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
だ (da)

103 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぢ(ji)

104 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
づ(dzu)

105 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
で(de)

106 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ど(do)

107 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Read the following hiragana words and write them in romaji.
1. うさぎ (rabbit) = ________________
2. ひきがえる (toad)= _____________
3. かぜ (cold)= ________________
4. ひつじ (sheep)

Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.

1. karada (body) = _______________
2. desu (it is) = _____________
3. kazoku (family)= ___________
4. do (temperature) = _____________________

108 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
109 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! ば (ba), び(bi), ぶ(bu), べ(be), ぼ(bo)

110 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ば (ba)

111 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
び(bi)

112 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぶ(bu)

113 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
べ(be)

114 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぼ(bo)

115 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
I.Read the following hiragana words and write them in romaji.
1. まど (window) = _____________

2. しんぶん (newspaper) = _____________

3. こんばん (this evening) = _____________

4. おめでとう (congratulations) = _____________

5. ともだち (friend) = _____________

6. ください (please) = _____________

II. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.

1. ginkou (bank) = _____________

2. mada (not yet) = _____________

3. Ginza gogo (afternoon) = _____________

4. denwa (phone) = _____________

5. sugoi (amazing) = _____________

6. tegami (letter) = _____________

7. hanabi (fireworks) = _____________

116 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
117 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! ぱ(pa), ぴ(pi), ぷ(pu), ぺ(pe), ぽ(po)

118 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぱ(pa)

119 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぴ(pi)

120 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぷ(pu)

121 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぺ(pe)

122 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぽ(po)

123 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
I. Read the following romaji words and write them in hiragana.
1. kanpai (cheers) = _____________

2. douzou (go ahead) = _____________

3. yujin (friend) = _____________

4. gozen (morning) = _____________

5. gaijin (foreigner) = _____________

6. hiza (knee) = _____________

7. kaze (wind) = _____________

8. boshi (hat) = _____________

124 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! きゃ(kya), きゅ(kyu), きょ(kyo)

125 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
きゃ(kya)

126 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
きゅ(kyu)

127 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
きょ(kyo)

128 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! しゃ(sha),しゅ(shu), しょ(sho)

129 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
しゃ(sha)

130 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
しゅ(shu)

131 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
しょ(sho)

132 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! ちゃ(cha), ちゅ(chu), ちょ(cho)

133 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ちゃ(cha)

134 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ちゅ(chu)

135 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ちょ(cho)

136 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! にゃ(nya), にゅ(nyu), にょ(nyo)

137 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
にゃ(nya)

138 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
にゅ(nyu)

139 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
にょ(nyo)

140 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! ひゃ(hya), ひゅ(hyu), ひょ(hyo)

141 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ひゃ(hya)

142 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ひゅ(hyu)

143 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ひょ(hyo)

144 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! みゃ(mya), みゅ(myu), みょ(myo)

145 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
みゃ(mya)

146 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
みゅ(myu)

147 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
みょ(myo)

148 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! りゃ(rya), りゅ(ryu), りょ(ryo)

149 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
りゃ(rya),

150 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
りゅ(ryu)

151 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
りょ(ryo)

152 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! ぎゃ(gya), ぎゅ(gyu), ぎょ(gyo)

153 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぎゃ(gya)

154 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぎゅ(gyu)

155 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
ぎょ(gyo)

156 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! じゃ(ja), じゅ(ju), じょ(jo)

157 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
じゃ(ja)

158 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
じゅ(ju)

159 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
じょ(jo)

160 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! びゃ(bya), びゅ(byu), びょ(byo)

161 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
びゃ(bya)

162 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
びゅ(byu)

163 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
びょ(byo)

164 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Let’s Practice Writing! ぴゃ(pya), ぴゅ(pyu), ぴょ(pyo)

165 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
びゃ(bya)

166 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
びゅ(byu)

167 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
びょ(byo)

168 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
KATAKANA
Katakana

Katakana is mainly used to write foreign names and borrowed words from foreign
languages. It can also be used to emphasize certain words similar to Italic function.

CHART I

a i U e o
aア iイ uウ eエ oオ
k ka カ ki キ ku ク ke ケ ko コ
s sa サ shi シ su ス se セ so ソ
t ta タ chi チ tsu ツ te テ to ト
n na ナ ni ニ nu ヌ ne ネ no ノ
h ha ハ hi ヒ fu フ he ヘ ho ホ
m ma マ mi ミ mu ム me メ mo モ
y ya ヤ yu ユ yo ヨ
r ra ラ ri リ ru ル re レ ro ロ
w wa ワ (wi)ヰ (we)ヱ (w)o ヲ
n nン

169 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
CHART II
(Katakana with two dots /a little circle)

a i U e o
g ga ガ gi ギ gu グ ge ゲ go ゴ
z za ザ ji ジ zu ズ ze ゼ zo ゾ
d da ダ ji ヂ zu ヅ de デ do ド
b ba バ bi ビ bu ブ be ベ bo ボ
p pa パ pi ピ pu プ pe ペ po ポ
CHART III
(Katakana with small ャ(ya), ュ(yu), ョ (yo))

a U o
ky kya キャ kyu キュ kyo キョ
sh sha シャ shu シュ sho ショ
ch cha チャ cu チュ cho チョ
ny nya ニャ nyu ニュ nyo ニョ
hy hya ヒャ hyu ヒュ hyo ヒョ
my mya ミャ myu ミュ myo ミョ
ry rya リャ ryu リュ ryo リョ
gy gya ギャ gyu ギュ gyo ギョ
j ja ジュ ju ジュ jo ジョ
by bya ビャ byu ビュ byo ビョ
py pya ピャ pyu ピュ pyo ピョ

170 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
FACTS:
Katakana represents the same phonetic sounds as Hiragana except all the
characters are different.
The spelling of KATAKANA words of foreign origins is supposed to be based on
PRONUNCIATION and sometimes SPELLING. The sounds are generally matched to
words as most Japanese hear them.
Aside from the character N, every character in katakana is made of a vowel
attached to a consonant. This means that where there should be two consonants next
to each other in a foreign word, THERE IS A VOWEL between them in the Japanese
version of the word.
Try not to be tempted to use their original pronunciation as a substitute. Often,
the original word sounds so different from the Japanese version that is completely
unrecognizable to Japanese ears.
coffee = ko-hi
toilet = toire
ballpen = borupen

When is Katakana used?

Katakana represents:
 borrowed words from foreign languages (mostly English but also Dutch,
French, German, Portuguese, and some Chinese)
 onomatopoeic words eg. meiow, twinkle, knock knock.

Katakana rules
1. Words having CVCV pattern ( by syllable )
Example: camera カメラ
Manila マニラ
America アメリカ

2. L and R are both replaced with characters from ra,ri,ru,re,ro line.

Example: Milk ミルク
Cola コーラ
Class クラス

3. Single consonant sound when they do not have vowel after them, are usually
replaced with appropriate consonant followed by u.
Example: Milk ミルク
Class クラス
Club クラブ
Mask マスク

171 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
4. Consonants:
 In English words can have up to 3 consonants in a row. ie. stream. But, in
Japanese all consonants are followed by a vowel (except for ‘n’). Change
English words into Katakana by adding a vowel after consonants:
 Consonants ‘t’ or ‘d’ add ‘o’ = to, do
 Consonant ‘k’ add ‘u’ or ‘i’ = ki, ku
 All other single consonants add ‘u’.= ru, su, bu,mu etc.

Example: class = クラス (kurasu)

mask=マスク (masuku)
milk=ミルク (miruku)
 Words ends with silent e, changed to u.
Example: Simple シンプル
Knife ナイフ
Single シンゲル
Except: cake=ケーキ steak=ステキ

 Except final ge which becomes ji.

Example: Page ページ
Orange オレンジ
Image イメージ
Sage セージ

 D and t , when they do not have vowels after them are followed by o.
Example: Hint ヒント
Dress ドレス
Contest コンテスト
Except salad: サラダ

 The v sound is generally replaced by b sound.

Example; Video ビデオ

 De and te , becomes do and to.

Example: Note ノート

 The see sound is generally replaced with shi.

Example: Sink シンク
Seal シール

 The tu sound is generally replaced with chu.

Example: Tube チューブ

172 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
 The soft th sound is replaced with the characters from sa,shi,su,se,so line.
Example: Thank you サンキュー
Bath バス

 The hard th sound is replaced with the characters from za,ji,zu,ze,zo row.
Example: Weather ウエザー

5. Long vowel sounds

 Some English vowels sound longer. ie. live vs leave.
 Long vowel sounds are changed into Katakana by adding the symbol “ー”.
Example: cheese = チーズ (chiizu)
 -ar, -ir, -ur, -er, -or
Example: Car カー Curtain カーテン
Form フォーム Girl ガール
Mark マーク Fork フォーク

 Final –or is written with a long a sound not long o sound.

Example: Sailor セーラ
Doctor ドクター
Error エラー

 -ee, -ea, -ai, -au, -oa, -ou, -oo

Example: Speed スピード Sauce ソース
Group グループ Seal シール
Cheese チーズ Room ルーム
Coat コート Chain チェーン

 -all, -al, -ol

Example: Call コール Old オールド
Balk ボーク

6. Hard consonant sounds

 When an English syllable ends with a hard sounding consonant (p, b, t, d, k,
g, s, sh) these are changed into Katakana by adding a small ‘ッ (tsu)
before the hard consonant.
Example: truck = トラック (torakku)
(Remember the small tsu creates a pause before the next sound.)

 There are words that are sealed with two vowels in a row but are rendered
in Japanese with a double consonant sound rather than with a lengthened
vowel sound.
Example: Book ブック Head ヘッド

173 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Toucｈ タッチ

 ADDITIONAL SOUNDS

7. F in Katakana
 F by itself or followed by a ‘u’ sound is represented by ‘フ fu’. F followed
by other vowels are written with ‘フ fu’ and small ァ a ィ i ェ e ォ
o
ie. fa ファ fi フィ fe フェ fo フォ
Example: family = ファミリー (famirii)

8. W in Katakana
 The ‘w’ sound in Japanese can occur with ‘a’ and written in katakana as ‘ワ
wa’. For all other vowels after the ‘w’ sound changes the ‘w’ to ‘ウ u’
followed by and small ィ i ェ e ォ o
ie. wi ウィ we ウェ wo ウォ
Example: water = ウォーター (uootaa)

9. Ti, Di, Tu in Katakana

 The ‘ti’ sound changes to ‘ティ’ (typed texi)
(or traditionally ‘チ chi’)

174 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
 The ‘di’ sound changes to ‘ディ’ (typed dexi)
(or traditionally ‘ジ ji’)
 The ‘tu’ sound changes to ‘ツ tsu’ or ‘チュ chu’
Example: party = パーティー (paatii)
radio = ラジオ (rajio)

10. Ye in Katakana
 The ‘y’ sound in Japanese only occurs with ‘a, u, o’. There is no ‘ye’ sound
so this is changed into katakana by writing it as ‘イエ ie’.
Example: yellow = イェロー (ieroo)

175 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
LET’S PRACTICE WRITING!

176 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
177 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
178 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
179 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
180 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
181 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
182 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
183 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
184 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
185 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Part Four: JAPANESE PRONUNCIATION

HOW ENGLISH AND JAPANESE ARE SIMILAR

If you know English, you may already know more Japanese than you think.
Thousands of English “loan words” are in everyday use in Japan. Most of these common
words have been borrowed with no change in meaning. But the pronunciation has been
changed.

This can be tricky. On the one hand, you’re secure with the familiarity of the words
while on the other, if you pronounce them as you’re used to doing, you won’t be
understood. And you probably won’t understand the words when Japanese use them.
What should you do? Try to pronounce them the Japanese way.

Here are some examples of familiar words with somewhat different

pronunciations in Japanese:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
English Japanese Pronunciation
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gasoline gasorin gah-soh-reen
Pocket poketto poh-keht-toh
Pink pinku peen-koo
Ballpoint pen boru pen boh-roo pehn
Supermarket supa soo-pah
Word processor wapuro wah-poo-roh
Dress wanpisu wahn-pee-soo

186 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
JAPANESE PRONUNCIATION

Japanese isn’t difficult to pronounce if you follow a few simple guidelines. Take the
time to read this section, and try out each sound on the vowel and consonant charts.
To make it even easier for you, each time a new word is introduced in this book,
the pronunciation is also shown.
We start with the vowels. If you have studied Spanish, it may help you to know
that Japanese vowels are more like those of Spanish than English.

VOWELS
The following vowels are short and pure, with no glide—that is, they are not
diphthongs

Japanese Vowel English Equivalent Example

• a • as in father • akai (ah-kah-ee)

• e • as in men red
• i • as in see • ebi (eh-bee) shrimp
• o • as in boat • imi (ee-mee)
• u • as in food meaning
• otoko (o-to-koh)
male
• uma (oo-mah)
horse

The following vowels are like the ones above, but they are held longer.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Japanese Vowel English Equivalent Example
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a as in father, bata(bah-tah) butter
but lengthened

ei as in men, but eigo (eh-goh) English

lengthened

ii as in see, but iiharu (ee-hah-roo)

lengthened insist

o as in boat, but osama (oh-sah-mah)

lengthened king

187 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
u as in food, but yubin (yoo-been)
lengthened mail
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

And keep in mind these points:

LONG VOWELS

1. Long vowels are important; pronouncing a long vowel incorrectly can result in a
different word or even an unintelligible one.
For example: obasan おばさん (oh-bah-sahn) means aunt
obasan おばさん (oh-bah-sahn) means
grandmother
ojisan おじさん (oh-jee-san) means uncle
ojisan おじさん (oh-jee-san) means grandfather
seki せき (seh-kee) means seat
seki せき (seh-kee) means century

2. Sometimes the i and the u aren’t pronounced. This usually occurs between
voiceless consonants, (p, t, k, ch, f, h, s, sh), or at the end of a word following a
voiceless consonant.
Here’s an example you may already knw:
Sukiyaki (skee-yah-kee)
This word for a popular Japanese dish begins with skee, not soo. The u is
not pronounced.
One more example:
Tabermashita (tah-bah-mahsh-tah) I ate
The i is not pronounced.

PRONUNCIATION OF N (ん)

enpitsu pencil minna all

tenki weather kinen no smoking

PRONUNCIATION OF TSU (つ)

buka(ぶか) subordinate bukka(ぶつか) commodity price

kasai(かさい) fire kassai(かつさい) applause
nikki(につき) diary koppu (コツプ) glass

188 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
PRONUNCIATION OF LETTERS COMBINED WITH YA,YU, OR YO

Hiyaku jump hyaku hundred

jiyou freedom jou ten
biyouin beauty parlor byouin hospital

CONSONANTS
With a few exceptions, Japanese consonants are similar to those of English. Note
those that are different:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f The English f is pronounced with a passage of air between the
upper teeth and the lower lip. To make the Japanese f, blow air
lightly between your lips as if you were just beginning a whistle.
g Always as in go, never as in age. You may also hear it pronounced
as the ng sound in sing, but not at the beginning of a word.
r This is not different from the English r. To make the Japanese r,
lightly touch the tip of your tongue to the bony ridge behind the
upper teeth, almost in the English d position. It’s more like the
Spanish r, but it’s not flapped or trilled.
s Always hissed, as in so, never voiced, as in his or pleasure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

And note the following points as well:

1. If you have trouble making these consonants the Japanese way, your English
pronunciation will be intelligible and will not be considered incorrect.

2. Some Japanese consonants are doubled. In English, the doubling is important and
may change the meaning of a word.
For example:
kite kudasai (kee-teh koo-dah-sah-ee) means
“Please put it (clothing) on”.
kitte kudasai (keet-teh koo-dah-sah-ee) means
“Please cut it”.

In a word with a doubled consonant, don’t say the consonant twice---just hold the
sound longer.

189 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
DOUBLE CONSONANTS

Some consonants such as k,t,s and p occur as double consonants. For instance, in
otto, [-t-] between [o] and [to] indicates that the sound is suspended between [o] and [to]
for the length of one mora ( the length of one beat). Listen to the tape carefully and
practice until you fully acquire a sense of moral length.

Oto sound (o-to: 2 moras)

Otto husband (o-t-to: 3 moras)
Shite imasu be doing something (shi-te)
Shitte imasu to know (shi-t-te)

CONSONANT +YA,YU,YO, OR SH,CH +VOWEL

Such sounds as kya,kyu,kyo,gya,gyu,gyo,sha,shi,shu,she and sho are counted as

one mora sound.

Kyaku guest (kya-ku: 2 moras)

Kiyaku agreement (ki-ya-ku: 3 moras)

LENGTH OF SYLLABLE AND ACCENT

1. The length of a syllable in Japanese is almost always constant ( one mora),

except for long –vowel syllables and double consonant syllables which are
twice as long as other syllables ( 2 moras).
2. There is little stress accent used in Japanese words; instead there is pitch
accent. As shown below, a different pitch accent type indicates difference in
meaning. Pitch accent types vary in differenr localities and in complex words.

ha shi bridge ki ru to wear

ha shi chopsticks ki ru to cut

DEVOICING OF THE VOWELS I AND U

The vowels I and u are devoiced when they occur between the voiceless
consonants of k,s,t, p and h or in desu and masu

tsukue desk

190 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
suki like
kikimasu to listen
desu to be

INTONATION

Example :
Sato-san : ashita tomodachi to ohana o shimasu [ ]
Mira-san mo isshoni ikimasen ka [ ]
I’ll go to see the cherry blossoms with my friend tomorrow
.
Won’t you come with us, Mr. Miller?
Mira-san : aa, ii desu ne [ ]
Oh, that sounds good.

191 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
JOSHI (PARTICLES)
Japanese contains many particles---short words which are often called
postpositions because they come after other words. These particles help to identify the
relationship of the word they follow to other important parts of the sentence.

You already know one particle---か(ka)---which is used to form a question. Here’s a

list of the most commonly used particles:

wa/ga Subject markers (more accurately, they occur with words that translate the
(わ/が) English subject).
O (お) Direct object marker. (Sometimes, for emphasis, が(ga) has this function).
Ka か Question marker
No(の) Possessive marker
Ni(に) Indirect object marker. Also translates English to (or in or at when it indicates
where something is located).
E (え) Translates English to (in that direction, toward).
De (で) Translates English at when it indicates where an action takes place. Also by (by
bus) and of (made of wood).

 Particle wa. Topic marker

Wa follows noun 1 indicating that it is the topic under discussion. Noun 2 is then
identified and the phrase is concluded with desu. The topic is often the same as
the subject, but not necessarily.

Ex. A-san wa bengoshi desu. “Mr. A is a lawyer”.

A-san to B-san wa bengoshi desu. “Mr. A and Mrs. B are lawyers”.

 Particle ka. Question marker

The formation of questions in Japanese is easy. Put ka at the end of a sentence and
it becomes a question. No change in word order is required even when the
question contains interrogative words such as who, what, when, etc. intonation
normally rises on the particle ka only.

 Hai and Iie

Hai is virtually the same as “yes”. Iie is virtually the same as “no”. It is better,
however, to think of hai as meaning, “That’s right”, and iie as meaning, “That’s
wrong”. Otherwise negative questions can be a problem.

192 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
 Omission of topic (noun 1)
When it is obvious to the other person what the topic is, it is generally omitted.

Ex. [Watashi wa] Sumisu desu. “(As for me) I’m Smith”.
 Dewa arimasen/ Ja arimasen

Negative form of desu. Ja is more informal than dewa.

 To / soshite
These mean “and” but “to’” is used to connect two nouns whereas “soshite” two
sentences.

JOSHI NI TSUITE MO SUKOSHI (MORE ABOUT PARTICLES)

Earlier we saw how particles---short words which come after other words---are
important in Japanese. They help to identify the relationship of the word they follow to
other parts of the sentence.

By now you’re probably familiar with ka—the particle that’s used at the end of a
question. And you’re beginning to feel more comfortable with the particles such as ni, e,
and de, which are like the English prepositions, “in”, “to”, and “at”.
Let’s take a closer look at a few others.

Wa and ga are both called subject markers. More accurately, wa is a topic marker,
and ga is the grammatical subject marker. Sometimes a sentence can have both.

When you’re learning Japanese, choosing between the wa and ga can be a bit of a
challenge. For now, just observe how they’re used in the sentences in these lessons, and
you’ll soon get a feel for wa and ga.

O is the object marker. It’s used after the grammatical object of the sentence.
Sometimes, for emphasis, ga may be used as an object marker.

No is the possesive marker. It expresses both possesion and the “of the” meaning
in English. Let’s see how it works:

teboru no ue the top of the table

193 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
kare no hon his book

Maku san no okusan Mark’s wife

watakushi no kuruma my car

basu no untenshu bus driver (driver of the bus)

This exercise will help you check your knowledge off particles. For each item, fill in
the missing particle or particles.

1. Maku san __________ , Amerika kara kimashita.

2. Kare __________ okusan __________ Tokyo ni imasu.

3. Poru san __________ Nihongo __________ hanasemasen.

can’t speak
4. Ryokin __________ ikura desu __________

5. Jiro san __________ , pan __________ katte imasu.

Now let’s do the same for the particles that function like English prepositions.

1. Jiro san wa, mainichi gakko __________ ikimasu.

2. Neko ga, teburu no shita __________ imasu.

3. Meri san wa, Ginza __________ imasu.

4. Maku san wa, Ginza __________ basu o orimasu.

5. Tanaka san wa, Nihon __________ kimashita.

194 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
Part Five: KANJI

FACTS:
Kanji (漢字) are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in
the Japanese writing system. They are used alongside hiragana and katakana.
The Japanese term kanji for the Chinese characters literally means "Han characters". It is
written with the same term and characters in the Chinese language to refer to the
character writing system, hànzì (漢字).

KANJI RADICALS:

All kanji contain a classifying radical that is a component of the kanji. Often the
radical imparts meaning to the kanji - for example the radical for hand 扌 appears in both
of the kanji that combine to form the word "grasp" (把持) and the individual kanji for
"throw" (投). Recognizing a kanji's radical often helps in memorizing or deciphering the
meaning of the kanji.
Most kanji dictionaries classify kanji according to their radicals. Therefore
recognizing the radial of an unknown kanji helps with looking it up in a dictionary.
Japanese kanji has 214 different radicals (the Bushu index).
Radicals can appear almost anywhere in a kanji - at the top, on the left, on the
right, at the bottom and surrounding (enclosing).

This is the for "harbour" with the radical for water highlighted in red.

Here is the character for "country" with the radical for "outh, opening,
sounding highlighted in red.

Here is the character for "big" - it is classified as a radical itself.

195 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
196 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
197 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
198 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
199 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
200 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
201 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
202 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
203 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
204 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
205 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
206 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
207 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
208 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
209 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
210 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
211 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
212 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
213 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
214 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
215 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
216 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
217 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
218 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
219 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
220 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
221 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
222 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
223 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
224 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
225 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
226 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
227 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
228 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
229 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
230 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
231 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
232 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
233 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
234 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
235 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
236 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
237 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
238 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
239 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
240 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
241 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
242 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
243 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
244 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
245 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
246 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
247 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
248 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
249 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
250 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
251 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
252 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
253 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
254 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
255 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
256 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
257 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
258 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
259 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
260 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
261 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
262 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
263 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
264 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
265 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
266 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
267 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
268 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
269 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
270 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
271 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
272 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
273 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
274 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
275 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
276 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
277 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
278 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
279 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
280 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
281 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
282 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
283 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
284 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
285 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
286 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
287 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
288 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
289 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
290 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
291 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
292 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
293 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
294 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
295 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
296 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
297 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
298 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
299 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
300 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
301 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
302 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
303 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
304 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
‘

305 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
306 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
307 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
308 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
309 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
310 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
311 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
312 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
313 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
314 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
315 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
316 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
317 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
318 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
319 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
320 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
321 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
322 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
323 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
324 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
325 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
326 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
327 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
328 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
329 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
330 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
331 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
332 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
333 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
334 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
335 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
336 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
337 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
338 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
339 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
340 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
341 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
342 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
343 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
344 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
345 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
346 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
347 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
348 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
349 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
350 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
351 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
352 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
353 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
354 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
355 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
356 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
357 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
358 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
359 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
360 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
361 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
362 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
363 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
364 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
365 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
366 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
367 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
368 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
369 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
370 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
371 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
372 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
373 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
374 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
375 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
376 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
377 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
378 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
379 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
380 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
381 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
382 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
383 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
384 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k
385 | S a g e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d W r i t i n g B o o k