MODUL 1

ACADEMIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR IN USE
Kuscahyo Budi Prayogo

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
SEMARANG
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE

An adverb clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. It can tell when, where, why,
how, how long, how far, how often, and for what purpose something happened. An adverb clause
can also express a contrast.

Kinds of Adverb Clauses

I. Time clauses answer the question "When?“
II. Place clauses answer the question "Where?“
III. Clauses of manner answer the question "How?“
IV. Distance clauses answer the question "How far?“
V. Frequency clauses answer the question "How often?“
VI. Reason clauses answer the question “why”?
VII. Purpose clauses answer the question "For what intention?“
VIII. Result clauses answer the question "For what effect?“
IX. Conditional clauses answer the question "Under what circumstance?“
X. Contrast clauses of direct opposition show how one thing differs from another.
XI. Contrast clauses of concession show an unexpected result.
COMPLEX SENTENCE

ADVERB CLAUSE
REASON CLAUSES
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
IV. REASON CLAUSES
An adverb reason clause answers the question "Why?" A reason clause can come before or after the
independent clause in a sentence.

REASON SUBORDINATOR
because Europeans are in some ways better environmentalists than North Americans because they
are more used to conserving energy.
since Since many Europeans live, work, and shop in the same locale, they are quite accustomed
to riding bicycles, trains, and streetcars to get around.
as As the price of gasoline has always been quite high in Europe, most Europeans drive high-
mileage automobiles that use less fuel.
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
PRACTICE 4 IV. REASON CLAUSES
A
Step 1 Form an adverb clause by adding a reason subordinator to the appropriate sentence in each pair.
Do not change the order of the clauses.
Step 2 Write a new sentence by combining the adverb clause with the independent clause. Add a comma
if necessary.
Step 3 Underline the subordinators. Study the example.

Electricity is expensive. Europeans buy energy-saving household appliances such as washing

machines that use less water.
Since Electricity is expensive, Europeans buy energy-saving household appliances such as
washing machines that use less water.
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
PRACTICE 4 IV. REASON CLAUSES
A
1. Europeans experienced hardship and deprivation I during and after World War II. They are used to
conserving.
2. Coal pollutes the air and gives off a lot of carbon dioxide. Most European nations have switched to
natural gas or nuclear power to produce electricity.
3. In the United States, in contrast, 56 percent of the nation's electricity is generated by burning coal.
Coal is cheap and plentiful.
4. The parliamentary system in Europe is different. A European head of government has more power
than a U.S. president to force industry to make environmentally responsible changes.
B
Imagine that you have a summer job as an administrative assistant to a company manager. One of your
duties is to write letters for the manager to-sign. Some of the letters to the company's clients and
employees contain good news, and some contain bad news. Complete the following first sentences in
each letter with reason clauses. Use all three subordinators at least once. Also, vary the order of the
clauses, sometimes putting the reason clause first and sometimes last. The first one has been done for
you as an example.
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
PRACTICE 4 IV. REASON CLAUSES
B
Good News letters

Dear ___________________________:
I am pleased to inform you that .......

1. ………. you have won the salesperson of the year award ………… because your sales have shown
such outstanding' growth over the past 12 months, you have Won the sales-person of the year award.
2. …….... We are increasing the limit on your credit card to $5,000 ………………____________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. ……... the company has decided to offer you a raise ………. _________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. ……... We have decided to extend the time limit for repayment of your loan …… __________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
PRACTICE 4 IV. REASON CLAUSES
B
Bad News letters

Dear ___________________________:

I regret to inform you that ...........

1. ... the company has decided not to renew your car insurance policy …… ________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. ... We are unable to offer you employment at this time ….. ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. .. . We have decided not to extend the time limit for repayment of your loan ….. ___________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
V. RESULT CLAUSES
An adverb result clause expresses the effect or consequence of the information in the independent
clause. A result clause follows the independent clause in a sentence.
RESULT SUBORDINATOR
so+ Joanna's cookie business is so successful that she hired three new employees last
adjective/adverb week.
+ that New orders are coming in so rapidly that she has expanded her production facilities.
such a(n) + Joanne's cookies are such a success that she is considering franchising the
noun+ that business.
So much/many+ Running the business takes so much time now that Joanne no longer does the
noun+ that baking herself.
There were so many orders for her holiday cookies that her workers were baking
24hours a day..
So little/few + Now Joanne has so little free time that she has not taken a vacation in months.
noun+ that Her cookies contain so few calories that even people on diets can enjoy them.
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
PRACTICE 5 V. RESULT CLAUSES
A

Step 1 Form an adverbial clause by adding a result subordinator to the appropriate sentence in each pair.
Step 2 Write a new sentence by combining the adverb clause with the independent clause. Add a comma
if necessary.
Step 3 Underline the subordinator.
Anthropological museums have realistic displays. A visitor can gain insight into the lifestyles of
ancient people.
Anthropological museums have such realistic display that a visitor can gain insight into the
lifestyles of ancient people.
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
PRACTICE 5 V. RESULT CLAUSES
A

1. The Ancient Peru exhibit was popular. It was held over for two weeks. _________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. The artifacts were of historic value. Anthropologists from several universities came to study them. __
________________________________________________________________________________
3. The exhibits were precious. A museum guard was posted in every room. Computer graphics allowed
the exhibit's curators to present the lives of ancient Peruvians realistically. You felt you were actually
there. ___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. There were many exhibits. We could not see all of them. ___________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
PRACTICE 5 V. RESULT CLAUSES
B
Complete the sentences in this story with an appropriate result clause.
Last week our biology class went on a field trip to a local science museum. Our appointment was for
9:00 a.m. We went there by bus, but the bus driver got lost. In fact, we were (1) so lost that we almost
turned around and drove back to school.
At long last, we arrived at the museum. The curator met us and took us to see the snake exhibit. In
one room, a man was sitting on a chair with a very large boa constrictor around his neck. He was feeding
the snake its weekly meal of mice. A few of the students started shrieking when they saw the first cute
little mouse disappear into the boa constrictor's open jaws. They were shrieking (2) ____loudly________.
After the boa constrictor had finished his meal, the curator asked if any of us would like to hold it.
It was (3) _________ a large and heavy snake __________. The few students who were brave enough to
hold it said that its skin was surprisingly dry and smooth.
Next, we visited the insect room. Well, there must have been a million bugs in that place! There
were(4) _________ many different _________ . Our teacher had assigned each student an insect to draw
in detail. It was almost lunch time. I spent (5) _________ time trying to find my assigned insect among the
millions ____________. By the time I had found my insect and sketched it, I was starved. In fact, I was (6)
___________ hungry !
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
VI. PURPOSE CLAUSES
An adverb purpose clause states the purpose of the action in the independent clause. A purpose normally follows
the independent clause, but you may put it at the beginning of a sentence if you want to especially emphasize it.
PURPOSE SUBORDINATOR
So that Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can get higher crop yields.
In order that In order that consumers can enjoy unblemished fruits and vegetables, farmers also
spray their fields..
Notes
1. In order that is formal. The modals may/might, can/could, will/would, or have to usually occur in a purpose
clause.
2. In order to + a base verb or simply to + a base verb when the subjects of both the independent clause and the
purpose clause are the same person or thing, and to + verb over in order to + verb, because it is shorter, are
preferable. The first example above could be written as follows because the two subjects (farmers and they)refer
to the same people.
Farmers use chemical pesticides in order to get higher crop yields.
Farmers use chemical pesticides to get higher crop yields.
In the second example, the two subjects (farmers and consumers) are different, so it is not possible to use an in order
to + verb or a to + verb phrase.
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
PRACTICE 6 VI. PURPOSE CLAUSES
Step 1 Match the ideas in the two columns.
Step 2 Add a purpose subordinator to one of the sentences in each matched pair to form a purpose clause.
Step 3 Write a new sentence by combining the adverb clause with the independent clause. Add a comma if
necessary.
Step 4 Underline the subordinator The foods will stay fresh longer.

_b_ 1 Chemists create food products in the laboratory a They can produce organic crops
___ 2 For example, an artificial food called "bacon bits" b Consumers can have substitutes for
was invented scarce, expensive, or fattening natural foods.
___ 3 Chemicals are added to many foods c The foods will stay fresh longer.
___ 4 Most farmers use chemical fertilizers and d Consumers could enjoy the taste of bacon without
pesticides. the fat.
___ 5 Some farmers use only natural pest control e They can avoid food with chemicals.
methods.
___ 6 People like to buy organic farm produce. f They can increase crop yields
COMPLEX SENTENCE. ADVERB CLAUSE
PRACTICE 6 VI. PURPOSE CLAUSES

1. Chemists create food products in the laboratory so that consumers can have substitutes for scarce,
expensive, or fattening natural foods.
2. ________________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________________________________________

Look at part A and decide which three sentences you can rewrite using in order to + simple verb or to +
simple verb. Write the new sentences on the lines provided.

1. ________________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________________
To be continued……………….