Number 1 Volume 20 January 2014 Journal of Engineering

Influence of Some Additives on the Efficiency of Viscosity Index

Improver for Base Lubricating Oils
Prof. Dr. Talib Bahjat Kashmoula
Tiba Naif Jasim
E-mail: [email protected]
Chemical Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering, Alnahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq

ABSTRACT
The effects of three different additives formulations namely Lubrizol 21001, HiTEC 8722B and
HiTEC 340 on the efficiency of VII namely OCP of three base lubricating oils namely 40 stock and 60
stock and 150 stock at four temperatures 40, 60, 80 and 100oC were investigated. The efficiency of OCP
is decreased when blended with 4 and 8 wt% of Lubrizol 21001 for all the three base oil types. But it is
increased when adding 4 wt% and 8 wt% of H-8722B in 40 stock. While for 60 stock and 150 stock the
OCP efficiency decreased by adding 4 and 8 wt% of H-8722B. In the other hand, it is decreased with a
high percentage by adding 4 and 8 wt% of H-340 for 60 stock and 150 stock and for 40 stock it is
increased by adding 4 wt% of H-340 and decreased with insignificant percentage when adding 8 wt%.
Finally, a number of VI correlations have been obtained depending on the results predicted in this study.
These correlations represent the functional relationships between the VI and the concentration of OCP for
three types of base lubricating oil and for each type of additives.

Keywords: Lubricating oil, Kinematic Viscosity, Viscosity Index, Viscosity Index Improver,
Additives, Temperatures.

‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ ﻁﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻬﺠﺖ ﻛﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻁﻴﺒﺔ ﻧﺎﻳﻒ ﺟﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬،‫ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬،‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬،‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬
Lubrizol 21001 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ‬Olefin Copolymer ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ‬HiTEC 340‫ ﻭ‬HiTEC 8722B ‫ﻭ‬
‫ ﻭﺗﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ‬. 150 stock ‫ ﻭ‬60 stock ‫ ﻭ‬40 stock ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ‬
%wt 8‫ ﻭ‬4 ‫( ﺗﻘﻞ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻂ‬OCP) ‫ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺇﻥ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ‬.‫ﻡ‬o 100‫ ﻭ‬80 ‫ ﻭ‬60 ‫ ﻭ‬40 ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ‬%wt 8 ‫ ﻭ‬%wt 4 ‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬.‫ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‬Lubrizol 21001 ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ‬
8‫ ﻭ‬4 ‫ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰﻳﻦ‬OCP ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‬150 stock ‫ ﻭ‬60 ‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬.40 stock ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻄﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬HiTEC 8722B
‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬%wt 8‫ ﻭ‬4 ‫ ﻭﺑﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰﻳﻦ‬HiTEC 340 ‫ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ‬.%wt
8 ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻄﻪ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬%wt 4 ‫ ﻭﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬40 stock ‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻄﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬.150 stock ‫ ﻭ‬60 ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ‬.%wt
.‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬

.‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬،‫ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻤﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ‬:‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

31
Talib Bahjat Kashmoula Influence of Some Additives on the Efficiency of Viscosity
Tiba Naif Jasim Index Improver for Base Lubricating Oils

1. INTRODUCTION:
o
Lubricant may serve many purposes such as API gravity of 23.90 (measured in the Research
conducting the heat of friction away from the and Quality Control Laboratory, 2012).
bearings, serving as a seal to exclude undesirable Olefin Copolymer (OCP) of type PVC-100
substances from the area being lubricated, acting XA is a VII (solute) for base lubricating oil
as a carrier for rust preventive, anti-friction (solvent). OCP is a polymer composed of two or
agents, extreme pressure additives and other more different monomer. The OCPs have
properties. However, their primary purpose is in unknown structure, different companies are
general to lubricate, i.e., to reduce friction producing them.
(Zuidema, 1959). Lubricating oil additives are This type of VII is designed to provide a
normally used in low concentrations from a careful balance of thickening power, low-
fraction of a one percent to five percent or may be temperature fluidity, shear stability and high-
more. Their purposes may be to impart extreme temperature viscosity (McCrum, 1997).
pressure characteristics, reduce pour point, Three types of additives (Lubrizol 21001,
improve the viscosity index, reduce bearing HiTEC 8722B and HiTEC 340) were obtained
corrosion, reduce or eliminate foaming and so on from Al-Daura Refinery. Lubrizol 21001 is a
(Hobson, 1984). The selection of right additive or multipurpose additive for otto engine. The
of the most suitable combination of additives recommended dosage is 10.8% by weight. This
depends on the specific use of the oil (Brouwer, additive when formulated with the appropriate
1966). base stocks and VII will meet the requirements of
The most important property of lubricating oil ACEA A3/B4-04(2004), API SL, API CF, and
is its kinematic viscosity, which is a measure of Volkswagen VW50101 (2005) (Research and
its internal friction or ability to flow and largely Quality Control Laboratory, 2012).
determines its suitability for any particular HiTEC 8722B is a multipurpose additive for
application (Brouwer, 1966). diesel engine. It provides efficient additive
The kinematic viscosity of an oil decreases solutions according to API, ACEA and OEMs
with rising in temperature but to varying degree heavy-duty diesel requirements. This additive has
depending on the type of crude oil from which it been designed to offer cost optimized
is derived and the refining treatment to which it formulations and delivers a number of customer
has been subjected. The relationship between benefits. Its package approval is supported by
viscosity and temperature is the significance for complete engine test data. The recommended
lubricating oils since most oils have to operate dosage is 7.8% by weight. And it allows the use
over a range of temperatures. There are many of a wide range of base oils and VIIs (Afton
ways of expressing this relationship but the one Company, HiTEC-8722B).
firmly established in the petroleum industry is HiTEC 340 is an economic automotive gear
viscosity index (VI) system, even though it is an oil additive. It is used for axles and transmissions.
arbitrary system and more fundamental methods It provides robust performance in automotive
have been suggested (Bill Hires, 1993). applications, cost savings at all treat-rates,
extensive history of trouble-free performance and
2. MATERIALS: suitable for unharmed drain. The recommended
In this study, the experimental work will be dosage is 4% by weight and its treat-rates may
carried out on Iraqi paraffinic oils which have vary depending on base oil type (Afton Company,
three types of base-stocks that were obtained from HiTEC-340).
Al-Daura Refinery, namely 40, 60 and 150 stock.
These types of base stocks were processed as base 3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK:
lubricating oil without additives. The lightest one The composition of each mixture was prepared as
is 40 stock with oAPI gravity of 34.976, the weight percentage for more accuracy than mole
middle type is 60 stock which have oAPI gravity percentage. Mixing process was made by stirring
of 29.24 and 150 stock is the heaviest type with and heating to about 50-60oC at the same time to
ensure thorough mixing.

32
Number 1 Volume 20 January 2014 Journal of Engineering

Viscosity measurements were taken 3. 150 stock with 4 and 8 wt% of H-340 with 2-8
immediately, after preparing the mixture to avoid wt% of OCP.
deposit formation or vaporizing the light ends. All Cannon Fenske Routine Viscometers (the
these measurements were taken at the glass capillary type) with different sizes were
atmospheric pressure. used for measuring the time of the solvent (base
The following mixtures were prepared in this oil) (to) and time of mixtures (t) which are used in
study: calculating the kinematic viscosity of transparent
1) Binary Mixtures: Newtonian liquids according to the Standard Test
There were four types of binary mixtures, Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
as follows: and Opaque Liquids (ASTM D 445–03).
a) Binary mixtures of each type of Times measured are used to calculate the
oil-stock (40, 60 and 150 stock) kinematic viscosity using the following equation:
with 0-10 wt% of OCP.
b) Binary mixtures of each type of (1)
oil-stock (40, 60 and 150 stock)
with 0-10 wt% of Lubrizol Where: ν is the kinematic viscosity (mm2/s), t is
21001. the measured time (s) and f is the viscometer
c) Binary mixtures of each type of factor.
oil-stock (40, 60 and 150 stock) The VI as mentioned before is an arbitrary
with 0-10 wt% of H-8722B. scale for comparing the rates of viscosity changes
d) Binary mixtures of each type of of lubricating oil with temperature. The VI scale
oil-stock (40, 60 and 150 stock) was set up by the SAE. The temperatures chosen
with 0-10 wt% of H-340. arbitrarily for reference are 40 and 100°C.
2) Ternary Mixtures:
These ternary mixtures were prepared as 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
follows:
a) 40 stock: The effect of temperature on the VI of the
1. 40 stock with 4 and 8 wt% of three types of base lubricating oil was measured.
Lubrizol 21001 with 2-8 Table 1 shows the values of VI which are
wt% of OCP. obtained from the kinematic viscosities and the
2. 40 stock with 4 and 8 SAE VI scale at the two reference temperatures
wt% of H-8722B with 2- 40 and 100°C.
8 wt% of OCP. Blends from the three types of base stocks
3. 40 stock with 4 and 8 with different concentrations of OCP with a range
wt% of H-340 with 2-8 of 0-10 wt% were prepared. Those blends give a
wt% of OCP. significance increase in the kinematic viscosity
b) 60 stock: and VI as the weight percent of OCP increase.
1. 60 stock with 4 and 8 This is because OCP composed of long and
wt% of Lubrizol 21001 flexible polymer molecules that interact with the
with 2-8 wt% of OCP. base stocks and this interaction leads to increase
2. 60 stock with 4 and 8 the resistance to flow (Canter, 2011).
wt% of H-8722B with 2- The concentration of OCP must be limited,
8 wt% of OCP. because the additional effects may then arise from
3. 60 stock with 4 and 8 intermolecular forces and entanglements between
wt% of H-340 with 2-8 chains. Therefore, OCP is excellent in economical
wt% of OCP. efficiency, because it exhibits the effect even if it
c) 150 stock: is added in a small amount (Kaneshige, 2009).
1. 150 stock with 4 and 8 It is noticed that the increase in OCP
wt% of Lubrizol 21001 concentration, which blended with the base oils,
with 2-8 wt% of OCP. will improve the VI as shown in Figure 1. It
2. 150 stock with 4 and 8 wt% of H-8722B with 2- affects 40 stock by 154%, 60 stock by 90% and
8 wt% of OCP. 150 stock by 57%, by adding 10 wt% of OCP.
33
Talib Bahjat Kashmoula Influence of Some Additives on the Efficiency of Viscosity
Tiba Naif Jasim Index Improver for Base Lubricating Oils

Also, the improving in VI will be with a that at a specific concentration of Lubrizol 21001,
decreasing rate as the concentration of OCP when blended with the three types of base oil, the
increased. VI will be improved with the increasing of OCP
In the other hand, the three types of additives concentration.
(Lubrizol 21001, HiTEC 8722B, and HiTEC 340) Also it can be noticed that at all OCP
will blend with the three types of base oil in a concentrations the VI will be decreased as the
concentration range of 0-10 wt% and temperature concentration of Lubrizol 21001 increased.
range of 40-100oC. And their effects on the The efficiency of OCP is performed by
kinematic viscosity and VI were different as measuring the VI of blends before and after
shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. adding Lubrizol 21001. For 40 and 150 stock, the
For Lubrizol 21001, it has been found that decreasing rate of OCP efficiency is calculated to
the enhancement in the VI for 40 stock is more be about 7% and 10% by adding 4 and 8 wt% of
pronounced than for 60 and 150 stock as sketched Lubrizol 21001, respectively. While the
in Figure 2. The increasing in VI is about 35%, decreasing rate of the efficiency is obtained to be
10% and 8% for 40, 60 and 150 stock, about 10% and 16% when 60 stock is blended
respectively when adding 10 wt% of Lubrizol with 4 and 8 wt% of Lubrizol 21001, respectively.
21001. Also it has been noticed that the rate of So it is not preferred to use Lubrizol 21001as
improvement in the VI for 40 stock is in a range lubricating oil additive in the presence of OCP
of 7.5-10%, while it is 2% for 60 stock and 1.1- because it lowers the VI as well as the efficiency
2.2% for 150 stock with every 2 wt% added of of the VII.
Lubrizol 21001. For H-8722B its effect is drawn in Figures 8,
For the second type of additives which is H- 9 and 10. It can be indicated that the VI is
8722B, it has been found that the improving in the improved with increasing OCP concentration at
VI for 40 stock is very noticeable more than for the two concentrations of H-8722B because this
60 and 150 stock as shown in Figure 3. The additive is composed of long and flexible polymer
increasing in VI is about 22%, 5% and 2% for 40, molecules that interact with the base oil and OCP.
60 and 150 stock, respectively when adding 10 This interaction will cause greater volume and the
wt% of H-8722B. So it recommended using such base oil produces a proportionally greater
additive with light oil types like 40 stock because thickening effect which in turn raises the VI of
of its insignificance effect on both 60 and 150 the oil (Shawn, 2002). In the other hand at all
stock. OCP concentrations the VI will be decreased as
While for the third type of additives which is the concentration of H-8722B increased.
H-340, it can be seen from Figure 4 that the With respect to the efficiency of OCP, the 60
maximum VI is obtained at different stock showed the same behavior as in adding
concentrations of H-340. These concentrations are Lubrizol 21001 by having the highest decreasing
2 wt% for 40 stock and 150 stock whereas 2, 4 rate for the OCP efficiency which was about 7%
and 6 wt% for 60 stock. and 14% by adding 4 and 8 wt% of H-8722B,
These concentrations are very helpful in respectively. While for 150 stock the decreasing
selecting the base oil type and the recommended rate is obtained to be about 2% by adding 4 wt%
dosage of H-340 for producing effective and and being 4% by adding 8 wt% of H-8722B.
economic automotive gear oil. Such behavior of It is interesting to know that for 40 stock the
additive on the VI was also obtained by using the efficiency is increased by 5% when adding 4 wt%
PIB and PBR with the base oil types (Tanveer, and it increased by insignificant value when
2006). adding 8 wt% of H-8722B so it is better to use H-
But in order to study the influence of the three 8722B as lubricating oil additive in the presence
additives on the efficiency of OCP, two sets of of OCP by adding 4 wt% or less.
mixtures from a base stock, OCP and an additive Finally, the VI Figures from 11, 12 and 13
were prepared with an additive concentration of 4 showed the effect of H-340 on the three base oil
wt% in the first set and 8 wt% in the second with types and OCP.
the three types of base stocks (40, 60 and 150 It can be noticed that the VI is improved with
stock) and OCP concentration range of 2-8 wt%. increasing OCP concentration at the two
The effect of Lubrizol 21001 on the VI is concentrations of H-340. And at all OCP
sketched in Figures 5, 6 and 7. It can be shown
34
Number 1 Volume 20 January 2014 Journal of Engineering

concentrations the VI will be decreased as the For 40 stock:

concentration of H-340 increased.
As for the efficiency of OCP, this additive
would strongly decrease the OCP efficiency of (5)
the 60 stock, the decreasing rate for the OCP
which was about 37% and 28% by adding 4 and 8
wt% of H-340, respectively. While for 150 stock For 60 stock:
the decreasing rate is obtained to be about 10% by
adding 4 wt% and being about 14% by adding 8 (6)
wt% of H-340.
It is a coincidence that for 40 stock the
For 150 stock:
efficiency at 4 wt% of H-340 is increased just like
in H-8722B which it was by about 5% and it also
(7)
decreased when adding 8 wt% of H-340. So it is
better to use H-340 as lubricating oil additive in
the presence of OCP by adding 4 wt% or less. b. At 8 wt% of Lubrizol 21001:
For 40 stock:
5. CORRELATIONS FOR VI
(8)
A number of VI correlations have been
obtained in this section using the regression For 60 stock:
analysis and depending on the results which
presented in the previous section of this study. (9)
The functional relationships are between the
VI and the concentration of OCP for three types For 150 stock:
of base lubricating oil and for each type of
additives. (10)
From Table 2 three correlations between VI
and the OCP concentration where obtained as
Also for H-8722B the functional relationships
shown below:
were obtained using the regression analysis
depending on Tables 5 and 6. The correlations are
For 40 stock:
given bellow:
a. At 4 wt% of H-8722B:
For 40 stock:
(2)

For 60 stock:
(11)
(3)
For 60 stock:

For 150 stock: (12)

(4)
For 150 stock:

For Lubrizol 21001 it has been noticed that (13)

the correlations at 4 wt% of this additive is
different from the correlations of 8 wt%. From
b. At 8 wt% of H-8722B:
Tables 3 and 4 the functional relationships were
For 40 stock:
obtained as follows:
(14)
a. At 4 wt% of Lubrizol 21001:
35
Talib Bahjat Kashmoula Influence of Some Additives on the Efficiency of Viscosity
Tiba Naif Jasim Index Improver for Base Lubricating Oils

1. The kinematic viscosity and viscosity index of the

For 60 stock: light oil (40 stock) is affected more than the
medium oil (60 stock) and the heavy oil (150
(15) stock) and this can be attributed to the fact that
the rate of change with temperature depends
For 150 stock: largely on the type of base oil.
2. The kinematic viscosity of the mixtures prepared
(16) from base oil, viscosity index improver and
additives will decrease with increasing
temperature as their resistance to flow will
For H-340 the correlations at 4 wt% of this
decrease.
additive is different from the correlations of 8
3. The used additives (Lubrizol 21001, H-8722B
wt%. These functional relationships were
and H-340) are packages contain a polymeric
obtained depending on Tables 7 and 8 as follows:
chain behaves as a viscosity index improver. So
a. At 4 wt% of H-340:
when those additives are blended with only the
For 40 stock:
base oil the viscosity index will increase slightly
and this is recommended in monograde oils.
(17)
While when those additives are blended with the
base oil and with a viscosity index improver like
For 60 stock: OCP, the obtained oil will be a multigrade oil.
4. The viscosity index for both 40 and 150 stock
(18) when blended with 2 wt% of H-340 additive will
increase by about 4% and at higher concentrations
For 150 stock: it will decrease. While for 60 stock at 2, 4 and 6
wt% of H-340 the viscosity index will increase
(19) negligibly and then decrease at higher
concentrations.
b. At 8 wt% of H-340: 5. The efficiency of OCP (VII) is decreased with an
For 40 stock: increasing rate when blended with 4 and 8 wt% of
Lubrizol 21001 for all the three base oil types.
(20) 6. The efficiency of OCP is increased by 5% when
adding 4 wt% of H-8722B in 40 stock and
increase by insignificant value when adding 8
For 60 stock:
wt%. For 60 stock the OCP efficiency decreased
by a rate of about 7% and 14% by adding 4 and 8
(21)
wt% of H-8722B, respectively. While for 150
stock the efficiency of OCP decreased the
For 150 stock: decreasing rate is obtained to be about 2% by
adding 4 wt% and being 4% by adding 8 wt% of
(22) H-8722B. So it is better to use this additive with
lubricating oil in the presence of OCP by adding 4
For the correlations above the error wt% or less.
percentage is in the range of 2-3%. These 7. H-340 would strongly decrease the efficiency of
functional relationships are applicable only for OCP for 60 stock, the decreasing rate was about
this set of blends and it can be applied usefully for 37% and 28% by adding 4 and 8 wt% of H-340,
determining the VI values at any OCP respectively. For 150 stock the decreasing rate is
concentration or vise versa. obtained to be about 10% by adding 4 wt% and
being about 14% by adding 8 wt% of H-340.
6. CONCLUSIONS: While for 40 stock the efficiency at 4 wt% of H-
From the proposed study, the following 340 is increased by about 5% and decreased
conclusions have been extracted: insignificantly when adding 8 wt% of H-340. It is
recommended to use H-340 as lubricating oil

36
Number 1 Volume 20 January 2014 Journal of Engineering

additive in the presence of OCP by adding 4 wt% Tanveer, Sabiha and Ram Prasad, Indian Journal
or less. of Chemical Technology, Vol.13, pp. 398-403,
8. Many correlations were obtained for the July, 2006.
VI with respect to the concentration of
OCP. And it has been found that there is Zuidema, H.H., "The Performance of Lubricating
no unified correlation can represent this Oils", 2nd Edition, 1959.
system as whole.
8. Tables and Figures:
7. REFERENCES:
Table 1 VI of Base Lubricating Oil
An American National Standard, “Standard
Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Base Lubricating oil type VI
Transparent and Opaque Liquids”, D445-03, 40 stock 106
Part 71, 1990. 97
60 stock
Bill Hires, "How to Select a Lubricating Oil 150 stock 90
for Farm Engines", October, 1993.
Table 2 VI Values of Base Oil Blended with
Brouwer, L.E.J., "The Petroleum OCP
Handbook", 5th Edition, pp. 116-235, 1966. OCP VI of 40 VI of 60 VI of 150
wt% stock stock stock
Canter N., “Viscosity Index Improvers”, 0 106 97 90
September, 2011. http://www.STLE.ORG
2 178 119 105
HiTEC-8722B_PDS.pdf, 2011. 4 223 143 117
http://www.aftonchemical.com 6 248 162 126
8 262 176 133
HiTEC-340_PDS.pdf, 2011. 10 270 185 138
http://www.aftonchemical.com
Table 3 VI Values of Base Oil and 4 wt% of
Hobson, G.D., "Modern Petroleum
Lubrizol 21001 with Different Concentrations
Technology", 5th Edition, Applied Science
of OCP at Different Temperatures
Publishers Ltd., London, 1984.
OCP VI of 40 VI of 60 VI of 150
Kaneshige R., Matsuda A., Ikeda S., Okada wt% stock stock stock
K. and Kawasaki M., “Viscosity Modifier of 2 176 114 103
Lubricating Oil for Power Transmission 4 218 128 110
system and Lubricating Oil Composition for 6 236 142 116
Power Transmission System”, 22 January
8 245 152 122
2009. http://www.freshpatents.com

McCrum, N.G., C.P. Buckley and C.B. Table 4. VI Values of Base Oil and 8 wt% of
Bucknall, "Principles of Polymer Lubrizol 21001 with Different Concentrations
Engineering", 2nd Ed., New York, 1997. of OCP at Different Temperatures

Shawn D., Tsai H. and Orban j., “Lubricants Base OCP VI of 40 VI of 60 VI of 150
stock and Additive Effects on Diesel Engine wt% stock stock stock
Emissions”, National Renewable Energy 2 174 106 101
Laboratory, 2002. 4 200 113 108
6 216 125 113
8 228 132 117
37
Talib Bahjat Kashmoula Influence of Some Additives on the Efficiency of Viscosity
Tiba Naif Jasim Index Improver for Base Lubricating Oils

Table 5. VI Values of Base Oil and 4 wt% of

H-8722B with Different Concentrations of
OCP at Different Temperatures

OCP VI of 40 VI of 60 VI of 150
wt% stock stock stock
2 141 108 97
4 175 118 102
6 194 132 112
8 219 149 121

Table 6. VI Values of Base Oil and 8 wt% of

H-8722B with Different Concentrations of
OCP at Different Temperatures

OCP VI of 40 VI of 60 VI of 150 Fig. 1 Effect of OCP on VI of the Three Types

wt% stock stock stock of Base Lubricating Oil
2 139 100 95
4 163 114 99
6 181 120 108
8 206 128 116

Table 7. VI Values of Base Oil and 4 wt% of

H-340 with Different Concentrations of OCP
at Different Temperatures

OCP VI of 40 VI of 60 VI of 150
wt% stock stock stock
2 134 99 96
4 161 100 99
6 178 103 103
8 207 107 107
Fig. 2 Effect of Lubrizol 21001 on VI of the
Three Types of Base Lubricating Oil

Table 8. VI Values of Base Oil and 8 wt% of

H-340 with Different Concentrations of OCP
at Different Temperatures

OCP VI of 40 VI of 60 VI of 150
wt% stock stock stock
2 131 98 95
4 147 99 97
6 168 101 100
8 190 104 104
38
Number 1 Volume 20 January 2014 Journal of Engineering

Fig. 3 Effect of H-8722B on VI of the Three Fig. 5 Effect of OCP on VI of 40 stock + 0, 4

Types of Base Lubricating Oil and 8 wt% of Lubrizol 21001

115
40stock
60stock
150stock
Viscosity Index (VI)

100

85
0 2 4 6 8 10
H-340, Wt%
Fig. 4 Effect of H-340 on VI of the Three Types Fig.6 Effect of OCP on VI of 60 stock + 0, 4
of Base Lubricating Oil and 8 wt% of Lubrizol 21001

39
Talib Bahjat Kashmoula Influence of Some Additives on the Efficiency of Viscosity
Tiba Naif Jasim Index Improver for Base Lubricating Oils

Fig. 7 Effect of OCP on VI of 150 stock + 0, 4

Fig. 9 Effect of OCP on VI of 60 stock + 0, 4
and 8 wt% of Lubrizol 21001
and 8 wt% of H-8722B

Fig. 8 Effect of OCP on VI of 40 stock + 0, 4 Fig.10 Effect of OCP on VI of 150 stock + 0, 4

and 8 wt% of H-8722B and 8 wt% of H-8722B

40
Number 1 Volume 20 January 2014 Journal of Engineering

Fig. 11 Effect of OCP on VI of 40 stock + 4 and Fig. 13 Effect of OCP on VI of 150 stock +
8 wt% of H-340
4 and 8 wt% of H-340

Notations and Abbreviations

COCP Concentration of Olefin Copolymer,

g/cm3

ACE European Automobile Manufacturers

A Association

API American Petroleum Institute

OCP Olefin Copolymer

OEM Original Element Manufacturer

Fig. 12. Effect of OCP on VI of 60 stock + 4 PBR Poly Butadiene Rubber

and 8 wt% of H-340
PIB Polyisobutylene

SAE Society of Automotive Engineers

VI Viscosity Index

VII Viscosity Index Improver

41