Fluid Mechanics Chapter Six Examples

Example 1: Find the pressure drop (P1-P2) across the entire pipeline shown in figure.
The flow rate of water (γ = 9800 N/m3 and υ = 1×10-6 m2/s) is 0.05 m3/s and the pipe
diameter is 100 mm. the total length of the cast iron pipe between points 1 and 2 is 30
m.

Solution: writing the energy equation between (1) and (2) gives,
p1 V12 p2 V2 2
  Z1  H P  HT  H L    Z2
 2g  2g
From continuity equation V1 = V2 = V
For series piping system,
L V2 V 2  Ltot. V
2
H L tot.   f   KL  f   KL 
D 2g 2g  D  2g
Solving for the total pressure drop from the energy equation yields,
 Ltot V
2
P1  P2   ( Z 2  Z1 )    f   KL 
 D  2g
Q 0.05  4
V   6.37 m/sec
A  (0.1) 2
V .D 6.37  0.1
NR    6.37  10 5  4000  Turbulent flow
 1  10 6

For cast iron  ε = 0.26 mm

ε 0.26
The relative roughness    0.0026
D 100
From the Moody diagram  f  0.025
Next, we determine the sum of the loss coefficient,
KL (full open globe valve) = 10
KL (90o elbow) = 0.75
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter Six Examples

  K L  10  2  0.75  11 .5
 0.025  30  (6.37 )
2
 P1  P2  9800  (4)  9800    11 .5  
 0.1  19.62
 39200  38500  345800 Pa  345.8 kPa
f .Ltot
Since  7.5 compared with  K L  11 .5 , the minor losses exceed the major
D
losses in this system. If the globe valve is replaced by fully open gate valve, however,
then  K L  0.19  2  0.75  1.69 and the major losses exceed the minor losses. If gate
valve is used instead of a globe valve, the pressure drop becomes P1-P2 =231.1 kPa.
This is a 33% reduction in pressure drop.

Example 2: Water (γ = 62.4 lb/ft3 and υ = 1.1×10-5 ft2/s) is pumped from one tank to
another at a rate of 0.25 ft3/sec, as shown in figure. The cast iron pipe has a total length
of 300 ft and a diameter of 2 in. If the pump has an efficiency of 80%, determine the
horse power that must be delivered by an electric motor to drive the pump.

Solution:
Energy equation between (1) and (2) located at the free surface of the two tanks
gives,
p1 V12 p2 V2 2
  Z1  H P  HT  H L    Z2
 2g  2g
 H P  (Z 2  Z1 )  H L
Where
L V2 V 2  Ltot V
2
HL   f   KL  f   KL 
D 2g 2g  D  2g
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter Six Examples

Q 4  0.25
V   11 .5 ft/sec
A  (122 ) 2
V .D 11 .5  122
NR    1.74  10 5  4000  Turbulent flow
1.1  10 5

For cast iron  ε = 0.00085 ft

ε 0.00085  12
The relative roughness    0.0051
D 2
From the Moody diagram  f  0.031
Next, we determine the sum of the loss coefficient,
 K L  K square edge  K fully open  2 K 90 o elbow  K fully open  K square edge
pipe entrance globe valve gate valve pipe exit
 K L  0.5  10  2  0.75  0.19  1.0  13.19
Solving for the pump head gives,
 0.031  300  (11 .5) 2
H P  50    13.19    50  141  191 ft of water
 2
12  2  32 .2
 .Q.H P 62.4  0.25  191
fluid power (h.p)    5.42 hp
550 550
5.42
The electric motor power output   6.77 h.p
0.8

Example 3: Water at 60 oF (γ = 62.4 lb/ft3 and υ = 1.21×10-5 ft2/s) flows from the large
reservoir shown in figure through a 75 ft long 2 in. diameter pipe made of cast iron (ε =
0.00085 ft). Determine water flow rate through the pipe.

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter Six Examples

Solution:
Writing E. E. between (1) and (2) yields,
p1 V12 p2 V2 2 V2
  Z1  H P  H T  H L    Z2  H L   ( Z 2  Z1 )  0
 2g  2g 2g
L V2 V 2  Ltot V
2
HL   f   KL  f   KL 
D 2g 2g  D  2g
 K L  K square edge  2 K 90 o elbow  K fully open  0.5  2  0.75  10  12
pipe entrance globe valve

 L V
2
  f tot   K L  1  ( Z 2  Z1 )  0
 D  2 g
 75  V 2
 f  12  1  50  0  450 f  13V 2  3220  0
 212  2  32.2
3220
V  …… (*)
450 f  13
Assuming f = 0.03 and substitute in eq. (*)
3220
V   11 .0 ft/s
450  0.03  13
V .D 11  122
NR    1.52  10 5  4000  Turbulent flow
 1.21  10 5

From the Moody diagram  f  0.03

Thus, we have a solution with no iteration required because the assumed value of f
is correct. Note that if we had assumed f = 0.04, the following results would have shown
that only one iteration would be required;
3220
V   10.2 ft/s
450  0.04  13
 N R  1.41  10 5  f new  0.03 Vnew  11 .0 ft/s  N R new  1.52  10 5
and finally, f  0.03
2
2
 Q  A.V     11 .0  0.24 ft /s
3
4  12 

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter Six Examples

Example 4: The water (γ = 9800 N/m3 and υ = 1.12×10-6 m2/s) requirements of a factory
are supplied by a lake through a 200 m long, 150 mm diameter cast iron pipe (ε = 0.26
mm), as shown in figure. What hydraulic power must be delivered by a pump if it is
installed in the pipeline to increase the flow rate by 50 %?

Solution:
First, we determine the current flow rate without a pump.
Writing E.E. between (1) and (2) yields,
p1 V12 p2 V2 2
  Z1  H P  HT  H L    Z2
 2g  2g
 Ltot V
2
HL   f   KL 
 D  2g
 K L  2  0.19  2  10  4  0.75  23.38
V2
HL   ( Z 2  Z1 )  0
2g
 Ltot V
2
 f   K L  1  ( Z 2  Z1 )  0
 D  2g
 200  V
2
f  23.38  1  50  0  1333 f  24.38 V 2  981  0
 0.15  19.62
981
V  …… (*)
1333 f  24.38
Assuming f1 = 0.03  V1  3.9 m/s
V .D 3.9  0.15
 N R1  1   5.22  10 5  4000  Turbulent flow
 1.12  10 6

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter Six Examples

ε 0.26
The relative roughness, r   0.00173
D 150
From the Moody diagram  f  0.022
From Eq. (*) V2  4.27 m/s  N R 2  5.72  10 5  f 3  0.022
 The final results is, f = 0.022, V = 4.27 m/s, and NR = 5.72×105

 Q  A.V  (0.15) 2  4.27  0.0755 m3 /s
4
This is the current flow rate without a pump. Increasing the flow rate by 50% by
addition of a pump requires a new velocity of Vnew = 1.5×4.27 = 6.41 m/s
Rewriting the E.E. with the inclusion of a pump and solving for the pump head
yields,
V2  Ltot V
2
HP  HL   ( Z 2  Z1 )   f   K L  1  ( Z 2  Z1 )
2g  D  2g
V2
H P  1333 f  24.38   50
2g
V .D 6.41  0.15
 NR    8.59  105  4000  Turbulent flow
 1.12  10  6
From the Moody diagram  f  0.022
(6.41) 2
H P  1333  0.022  24.38   50  62.3 m of water
19.62
The hydraulic power the pump must deliver to the water is now determined;
Pump hydraulic power   .Q.H P  9800  1.5  0.0755  62.3
 69100 watt  69.1 KW

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