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276 viewsCost Estimation Students
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Estimation by Analogy Formula
Euclidean Distance =
Square-root of ((target_parameter, — source_parameter, )? +
sss. + (target_parameter, — source_parameter, )*)
Question 1
Cases are being matched on the basis of two parameters — the number of inputs to and the
number of outputs from the application to be built. The new project is known to require 7
inputs and 15 outputs. In one of the past cases, Project A has 8 inputs and 17 outputs.
Project B has 5 inputs and 10 outputs. Which is closer match for the new project:
The Euclidean distance between new project and project A is
= Square-root of (7-8)? + (15-17))
= Square-root of (1+4)
= 2.24
The Euclidean distance between new project and project B is
= Square-root of (7-5)? + (15-10)2)
= Square-root of (4+25)
= 5.39
Project A has better match because it has less distance than project B to the new project.
Question 2
The following details are held about previously developed modules
Module | Inputs | Outputs | Days
a 1 10 2.6
b 10 1 39
ce 5 1 1.83The new module has 7 inputs and 7 outputs. Which of the modules from a to e is the closest
analogy in terms of Euclidean distance?
cocomo
1. The size of an organic software product has been estimated to be 32,000 lines of
source code. Assume that the average salary of the softwaré developer is Rs. 15,000 per
month. Determine the effort required to develop the software product, nominal
development time and the cost to develop the project. (For Organic type, values for a =
2.4, b= 1.05, c= 2.5, d= 0.38)
Ans 1. Effort =
(KLOC)=2.4 (32) ***= 91 person-months
Development Time = c (E) “= 2.5 (91) °** 2444 Months
Staff cost required = Effort x Average salary = 91 x 15,000 = Rs.14,65,000
2. Suppose you are developing a software product in the organic mode. You have
estimated the size of the product to be about 100,000 lines of code, Compute the
nominal effort and the development time. (For Organic type, values for a= 2.4, b = 1.05,
o=2.5,d=0.38)
Ans 2. Size''s 100 KLOG and project is Organic
Nominal effort = a (KLOC) *=2.4 (100) '**= 302.1 person-months
Nominal Development Time = ¢ (E) * = 2.5 (302.1) °** = 8.6 months
3. Suppose that a certain software product for business application costs Rs.
50,000 to buy off-the-shelf and that its size is 40 KLOC. Assuming that the
in-house developers cost Rs.6000 per programmer-month (including overheads),
compute the nominal effort, development time and total cost of the project. (For
Organic type, values for a = 2.4, b = 1.05, c= 2.5, d= 0.38)Ans 3.
Ans 4.
Ans 5.
Product is business application so classified as Organic type
Nominal effort = a (KLOC) *=2.4 (40) '°5= 115.5 person-months
In-house engineers cost Rs. 6000 /-
Total cost = Effort x Cost = 115.5 x 6,000 = Rs.6,93,000 /-
4. Suppose an organic project has 7.5 KLOC. Find effort, Development time,
Average staff and productivity. (For Organic type, values for a= 2.4, B= 1.05)c =
2.5, d= 0.38)
Effort = a (KLOC) °= 2.4 (7.5) '°°= 20 staff-months,
Development Time = ¢ (E) = 2.5 (20) °° = 8 Months
Average Staff =
fort / Time = 20/8 = 2.5 staff
Productivity = 7500 LOC / 20 staff-months =375 LOC / staff-months
5. Suppose an embedded project has {60 KLOC. Find effort, Development time,
Average staff and productivity. (For Embedded type, values for a = 3.6, b = 1.20,
c= 2.5, d= 0.32),
Effort =a (KLOC) *=3.6 (50) "= 394 staff-months
Developmient Time = c (E) *= 2.5 (394) °°? = 17 Months
‘Average Staff'= Effort / Time = 394/17 = 23 staff
Productivity = 50000 LOC / 394 staff-months = 127 LOC / staff-monthsIntermediate Model COCOMO |
Effort = EAF * ¢ * (size) *
EAF = Effort Adjustment Factor (Ranges between 0.9 to 1.4)
c= constant based on developmental mode (Organic = 3.2, Semi = 3.0, Embedded = 2.8)
size = 1000s Delivered Source Instruction (KDS!)
k = constant for the given mode
Nominal Development Time = 2.5 * (Effort) ==="
Where 2.5 is constant for all modes and exponentiis based on mode (Organic = 0.38, Semi
= 0.35, Embedded = 0.32)
1. Determine the effort, duration, staffing level for the following scenario
Estimated size 10,000 LOC =10 KLOC
‘Small project, familiar development
Analyst capability is Low = 1.19
Application experience is Low = 1.13
Programmer Capability is Low = 1.17
Programmer Experience is High = 0.95
(a=24,b=1.05, c=25,d=0.38)
Ans 1. As itis small project, familiar development — Organic Model
Effort = a (KLOC) °=2.4 (10) '°°= 26.9 person-months
Development Time = c (E) *= 2.5 (26.9) °** = 8.7 Months
Average Staff = Effort / Development Time = 26.9 / 8.7 = 8 people (approx)Ans 2.
Ans 3.
Effort Adjustment Factor =
19° 1.13" 1.17" 0,95 = 1.49
Effort = 26.9 * 1.49 = 40 person-months
Development Time = 2.5 * (40) °°= 10.2 months
Average Staff = 40 PM / 10.2 PM = 3.9 (4 approx) people
2. Suppose the project to be developed is a flight control system (mission critical)
with 319,000 DSI in embedded mode. Reliability must be very high (RELY = 1.40)
Effort = EAF * ¢ * (size) "= 1.40 * 3.6 * (319) '®°= 5093 PM (approx)
Duration = 2.5 * (5093) °**= 38.4 months (approx)
Average Staffing = 5093 PM / 38.4 months = 133 people (approx)
3. An embedded software system on microcomputer hardware is to be developed.
Basic COCOMO predicts a 45 person-Month effort requirement. Attributes RELY
(1.15), STOR (1.21), TIME (1:10), TOOL (1.10). Assume total cost of
person-month is Rs 50,000
Intermediate COCOMO predicts 45 * 1.15 * 1.21 * 1.10 * 1.10 = 76 person-months
Total Cost = 76 * 50,000 = Rs. 38, 00, 000COCOMoO II
Estimation of person months
pm =A (size) x (em,) x (em) X....-. x (em,)
Ais a constant which is set at 2.94
Size is measured in kdsi
sfis exponent scale factor
em is effort multiplier
sf = B + 0.01 x > (exponent driver ratings)
Bis a constant set at 0.91
Five scale factors to be considered; 6 rating levelseach
Precedentedness (PREC)
Development Flexibility (FLEX)
Architecture/ Risk Resolution (RESL)
Team Cohesion (TEAM)
Process Maturity (PMAT)
COCOMO II scale factor values
Driver | VeryLow | Low | Nominal | High | Very High | Extra High
PREC 62 4.96 372 2.48 1.24 0
FLEX 5.07 4.05 3.04 2.03 1.01 0
RESL 7.07 5.65 424 283 141 0
TEAM 5.48 4.38 3.29 219 14 0PMAT 78 6.24 468 3.12 1.56 0
Question 1
Consider a company is developing a software package for an educational institute
that would automate various bookkeeping activities associated with the institutes
academic activities such as course registration and grading. It has already installed
other software applications that automates it various activity areas such as stores
and purchase, accounting and faculty payroll, which are already operational, The
size of the code that is expected to be written for the academic package is 10,000
SLOC. The package to be developed is very similar to a software developed by the
same vendor for a different client. The software has to seamlessly work with other
applications running at the institute and use the existing DBMS and hardware
components. The requirements for the academic package are clear and unlikely to
change. The development team put together by, the vendor is collocated and
cohesive. Other aspects of the project such’ as required-reliability and product
complexity, required reusability, platform difficulty) personnel capability, facilities
available and schedule pressure are nominal.
Determine the effort required by the vendor/assuming it uses ad hoc development
practices. Compare the effort to what would-be incurred if the vendor has high
process maturity.
Solution
PREC : Very High
FLEX : Low
RESL: High
Team’? Very High’
PMAT *\Very Low (ad hoc practices) and Very High (mature process practices)
For the organisation with ad hoc practices
sf = 0.91 + 0.01 (1.24 + 4.05 + 2.83 + 1.1 +7.8)=0.91 + 0.17 =
1.08
For the organisation with mature process practices,sf = 0.91 + 0.01 (1.24 + 4.05 + 2.83 + 1.1 + 1.56) = 0.91 +0.1 =
1.01
Effort required by the ad hoo organisation
= 2.94 x (10)1.08 x 1 = 2.94 x 12.022 = 35.34 man-months
Effort required by the highly mature organisation
= 2.94 x (10)1.01 x 1 = 2.94 x 10.23 = 30.08 man-monthsFunction Point Analysis
Measurement Parameters
Examples
Number of External Inputs (EI)
Input Screen , Tables
Number of External Outputs (EO)
Output Screen, Reports
Number of External Inquiries (EQ)
Prompts, Interrupts
Number of Internal Files (ILF)
Databases, Directories
Number of External Interfaces (EIF)
Shared Databases, Shared Routines
External user types Lowcomplexity | Average complexity | High complexity
External input types 3 4 6
External output types 4 5 7
External inquiry types 3 4 6
Logical internal file types 7 10 15
External interface file types |S 7 10
Measurement Parameters | Count
Low Average High
complexity | complexity | complexity
Number of External
Inputs (El)Number of _ External
Outputs (EO) 4 5 7
Number of External
Inquiries (EQ) 3 4 6
Number of Internal Files | __
(uur) 7 19 15
Number of External | _
Interfaces (EIF) ‘ 7 10
Count Total
FP. = Count Total * Complexity Adjustment Factor{CAF] or (VAF)
0.65 + 0.01 * F (f)]
70
Where F (f} ranges from 0 to 70 such that 0 (f))
Question 1
Compute the FP, productivity, documentation, cost per function for the following data;
Number of user inputs = 24
Number of user outputs = 46
Number of inquiries = 8
Number of Files = 4
Number of external interfaces = 2
Effort = 36.9 pm
Technical Documents = 265 pages
User Documents = 122 pages
Cost = $7744 /month
Various processing complexity factors are: 4, 1, 0, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2,2,4,5.
Ans:Measurement Parameters Count
‘Complexity
Number of External Inputs (EI) 24 96
4
Number of External Outputs (EO) 46 230
5
Number of External Inquiries (Q) | 8 32
4
Number of Internal Files (ILF) 4 40
10
Number of External Interfaces (EIF) | 2 4
7
4
Count Total a2
So sum of all f(i
