N GNANAMANIKANDAN CELL:9488634623

CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST E:MAIL: [email protected]

NEURO FOUNDATION
SALEM HUMAN FIGURE DRAWING AND INTERPRETATION

S.NO CHARACTERISTIC INTERPRETATION

ACTIVITY
1. Hysteric or manic tendencies; pressure for motor activity; restlessness
Active same sex figures
(Hammer- Levy)
2. Figure depicted in motion Fantasy activity (Anderson- Machover)
3. Male receiving something of value from
Dependence on maternal figure(Haammer)
the female
AGE
4. Older figure than the subject Identification with parents of the same sex
5. Emotional fixation at the age depicted or wish to return to youth
Younger figure than the subject
(Machover);Immaturity (Hammer)
ALTERNATION
6. Change of detail in the drawing Change is a defence against spontaneous reaction to the situation as
symbolized by the detail first depicted (Hammer)
7. Erasures (Def: the removal of writing, Anxiety, restlessness: possible neurotic tendency (Machover); conflict
recorded material, or data) area (hammer- Levy, Machover)
8. Excessive erasure Indecision, self-dissatisfaction (Hammer)
9. Infrequent erasure Regression (Machover)
ANOMALIES
10. Area depicted as broken, cut, damaged, Feelings of emasculation anxiety or masculine inadequacy (Hammer)
or otherwise impaired
11. Bizarre details Schizophrenia (Hammer- Levy, Machover)
12. Body distortions Psychotic tendencies (Hammer-Levy)
13. Deviant drawings with little evidence of Character disorder such as Antisocial Personality (Psychopathy) or
anxiety Psychosis (Hammer-Levy)
14. Dishelmed or unkempt figure Felt lack of status, low self-esteem (Hammer-Levy)
15. Distortion of part Conflict related to that part (Hammer-Levy)
16. Elongated anatomical area Phallic Symbol (Hammer)
17. Internal Organs Shown Schizophrenia (Hammer); Somatic Delusions (Anderson –
Machover)
18. Less pathology shown by drawing than Improved prognosis (Hammer)
Rorschach
19. More pathology indicated by drawings Less favorable prognosis (Hammer)
than in Rorschach
20. Omission of part Conflict related to that part (Hammer- Levy, Machover)
21. Pathological Drawings, less pathological Latent Severe Pathology (Hammer)
than the Rorschach
22. Pathological Rorschach, less pathological Good prognosis (Hammer)
drawing
23. Pathology that is equally distributed in all Worst Prognosis (Hammer)
drawings and in Rorschach
24. Transparency Poor judgement (Anderson- Machover)
25. Unessential details emphasized Schizophrenia (Machover)
APPURTENANCE
(An accessory or other item associated with a particular activity or style of living)
26. Aggressive content such as daggers, guns Possible delinquent tendencies (Hammer)
or spears
27. Belt emphasized Sexual Conflicts (Hammer)
28. Body Emphasized under the clothing Egocentric – Schizoid (Machover)
29. Buckle Dependency (Anderson- Machover)
30. Buttons Dependency (Hammer- Halpern); dependency, immaturity,
inadequacy (Hammer- Levy); Maternal Dependency (Anderson-
Machover)
31. Buttons on clothing over the breasts of Deprivation of affection, dependence, possible identification with
the figure the mother (Hammer- Levy)
32. Buttons of cuffs Obsessional element accompanying dependency (Machover)
33. Buttons inconspicuous (as in on cuffs) Obsessive Compulsive (Hammer – Levy)
34. Buttons in midline Maternal dependence (Machover); somatic preoccupation (Hammer-
Levy)
35. Buttons plus hat Regression (Machover)
36. Cane Impotency (Anderson- Machover); involutional resistance to sexual
decline, virility striving (Machover)
37. Cigarette Sexual Preoccupation, virility striving
38. Cigarette between the lips Sophisticated oral eroticism (Machover)
39. Clothing carefully rendered Egocentric, immature, over concern for material criteria for social
status (Hammer- Levy)
40. Clothing detailed elaboration Homosexual trend (Anderson- Machover)
41. Clothing elaborated and groomed Emphasis on possession and social prestige.
42. Clothing Foppish (overclothed) Egocentricity, antisocial personality – psychopathology; tendency to
need social approval and dominance (Machover)
43. Clothing ill-fitting Unsatisfactory social status (Hammer)
44. Clothing Transparent (Body Visible) Voyeurism (Machover)
45. Collar tight Problems with control of anger (Hammer- Levy)
46. Disguise (Clown, etc) Dissatisfaction with self (Hammer-Levy)
47. Earrings Exhibitionism; Sexual preoccupation (Machover)
48. Fireplace (with fire in it ) Need for emotional Security and warmth (Hammer- Levy)
49. Gun Aggressive tendency, hostility (Hammer- Levy); Sexual Preoccupation
(Machover)
50. Handkerchief and of coat pocket Sexual inadequacy (Machover)
emphasized
51. Hat erase Fantasy related to the female genitalia (Hammer – Buck)
52. Hat, no cloths Regression (Machover)
53. Hat plus buttons Regression (Machover)
54. Hat- transparent Primitive sexual behaviour (Machover)
55. High heels on males, male subjects Homosexual tendencies (Machover)
56. Knife Aggressive tendencies, Hostiliy (Hammer)
57. Mask Cautious, secretive, possible feelings of depersonalization and
estrangement (Hammer)
58. Pants transparent (Legs seen through) Homosexual anxiety (Machover)
59. Pipe Sexual Preoccupation, virility striving (Machover)
60. Pipe between the lips Sophisticated oral eroticism (Machover)
61. Pocket Deprivation of affection (Hammer- MAchover); internal dependence
(Anderson- Machover)
62. Pocket emphasized Dependent Psychopath (Machover)
63. Pockets – several (male figure to male Passive homosexual tendency (Hammer - Levy)
subject )
64. Shoelaces, wrinkles, other unnecessary Obsessive compulsive (Hammer- levy)
detailing
65. Skirt ankle length on female (male Maternal figure (Machover)
Subject)
66. Straw, toothpick between lips Primitive oral eroticism (Machover)
67. Tie Masculine striving (Hammer), Sexual Inadequacy (Machover)
68. Tie, flying or swept up Overt sexual aggression, Sexual Preoccupation (Machover)
69. Transparencies Breaks in judgement, voyeurism (depending on the area) (Machover)
70. Trouser fly (zip) Preoccupation with masturbation (Machover)
71. Uniform of cowboy or soldier on male Need for greater status and recognition than subject feels he
figure or male subject possesses (Hammer)
72. V-neckline on female by male subject Breast fixation, voyeuristic tendencies (Machover)
73. Weapons Aggressiveness
74. Yo-yo Immaturity, masturbatory fixation (Hammer- Levy)
CONTEXT
75. Clouds Anxeity, depression (Anderson – Machover)
76. Doodling of subject’s name Egotism, Narcissism (Hammer)
77. Fence to lean on or ground line Need of support or help (Hammer)
78 Ground Line Insecurity
79. Strong wind in scene of human figure Felt subjection to strong environmental pressure or stress, fear of
drawing psychosis (Hammer)
80. Sun added to the human figure drawing Need of affection, nurturing warmth (Hammer)
CONTINUITY
81. Broken lines Insecurity, anxiety (Hammer- Buck)
82. Disconnected lines, displaced parts Psychotic Trends
DRAWING VARIATIONS
83. Draw a person variation Draw a member of minority group technique (reveals attitudes not
only in minority group but also subject’s projected negative attitudes
towards self) (Hammer)
ELABORATION
84. Details emphasized that is unessential Schizophrenia (Hammer)
85. Details that are excessive Obsessive Compulsive tendencies (Hammer); Obsessive features
(Machover)
86. Detailing Compulsivity (Hammer- Levy)
87. Detailing Minute Constricted , pedantic (Hammer –Wachner)
88. Reworking, in addition to excessive Compulsivity (Hammer-Levy)
detailing
EXTREMITIES
89. Ankles and wrists are small Effeminacy( traits in a human boy or man that are more often
associated with feminine nature, behavior, mannerisms, style
or gender roles rather than with masculine nature, behavior,
mannerisms, style or roles) (Machover)
90. Feet and hands that are dim or omitted Schizoid (Machover)
91. Feet and hands that are drawn first Depression, discouragement (Hammer- Levy)
92. Feet omitted Discouragement, withdrawal (Machover)
93. Feet small, in male subjects Effeminacy, Insecurity (Anderson- Machover)
94. Finger omitted or over extended Masturbation guilt (Anderson- Machover)
95. Fingernails, fingers, joints carefully Compulsive body image problem as an early schizophrenic
depicted (Hammer – Levy)
96. Fingers articulated carefully and cut off Repressed aggression, withdrwal (Machover)
by a line
97. Finger , claw Overt aggression , paranoid (Machover)
98. Fingers – grape Immaturity, infantile traits (Machover)
99. Fingers with joints and nails carefully Obsessive control of aggression (Machover)
indicated
100. Fingers large Assaultiveness (Hammer- Katz)
101. Fingers fewer than five Dependency and helplessness (Hammer)
102. Fingers - long Overt aggression (Hammer) , Regression (Machover)
103. Fingers more than five Aggression and ambition (Machover )
104. Fingers, no hands Assaultiveness (hammer – Katz ; Machover); Infantile Aggression
(Machover)
105. Fingers, petal Immaturity and infantile traits (Machover)
106. Fingers, Scissors Subject is castration or views mother or parental figure as castrating
(Haammer)
107. Fingers , shaded Guilt (as theft or masturbation) (Machover)
108. Fingers, spear Overt aggression, paranoia (Machover)
109. Fingers, Stick Assaultiveness (Hammer – Katz- Machover)
110. Fists clenched or closed Rebellion (close to body – repressed; out from the body – overt);
repressed aggression (Machover)
111. Foot emphasized Assaultiveness (Hammer – Katz – Machover )
112. Foot of male emphasized Involutionla impotency (Machover)
113. Foot, hallic Sexual inadequacy or preoccupation (Machover)
114. Hands of female figure in pelvic area, Female regarded as sexually rejecting (Hammer)
male subject
115. Hand at the genital area Auto- eroticism (Machover)
116. Hand, mitten Repressed aggression (Machover)
117. Hands behind or in the pockets Evasion, guilt, lack of confidence. Hands in pocket may be a
psychopath (Machover)
118. Hands dim Lack of confidence in productivity or social contact (Machover)
119. Hands emphasized Externalized aggression (Hammer – Levy)
120. Hands Exaggerated Compensation for difficulty with interpersonal relations or
masturbatory guilt (Hammer- Levy)
121. Hands extended behind in the anal area Homoerotic guilt (Hammer)
122. Hands and feet dim or omitted Schizoid (Machover)
123. Hands hidden Difficulty with interpersonal relationships or masturbatory guilt
(Hammer – levy)
124. Hands, large Compensation for felt weakness, guilt (Machover)
125. Hands omitted Inadequacy, withdrawal (Hammer)
126. Hands omitted on female figure Maternal figure regarded as rejecting, unloving , unsupportive
(Hammer)
127. Hands powerful Aggressiveness (Hammer)
128. Hands , shaded Anxiety over difficulty with interpersonal relationships , or
masturbatory guilt (Hammer), guilt over aggression or masturbatory
guilt (Machover)
129. Joints and knuckles emphasized Feeling of body disorganization, maternal dependence, psychosexual
immaturity , schizoid, schizophrenic (Machover)
130. Joints , fingers, fingernails carefully Compulsive body image problem in early schizophrenia (Hammer-
depicted Levy)
131. Legs and feel drawn first Depression, discouragement (Hammer- Levy)
132. Toes exposed Aggressiveness (Machover)
133. Wrists and ankles, small Effeminacy (Machover)
FACE
134. Brow (Eyebrow) bushy Uninhibited (Machover)
135. Brow (Eyebrow) , trim Disdain, refinement (Machover)
136. Chin emphasized Compensation for inadequacy, indecision, fear of responsibility (Dim
line elsewhere, fantasy, compensation). (Machover)
137. Chin emphasized on the opposite sex Dependency on the opposite sex; opposite sex regarded as stronger
(Machover)
138. Chin enlarged Aggressive drive(Hammer- Levy)
139. Chin, exaggerated Compensation for felt weakness ,indecision (Hammer- Levy)
140. Eye, a circle (no pupil) Egocentric hysteric (Anderson); egocentricity, immaturity, regression
(Machover)
141. Eye, a dot with pressure, unenclosed Ideas of reference ,paranoia (Anderson- Machover)
142. Eye emphasized Externalized aggression (Hammer- Levy); Paranoia (Machover)
143. Eye prominent Assaultiveness (Hammer- Katz- Machover)
144. Eyes, small Self- absorption , voyeurism with guilt (Hammer – Levy)
145. Eyes Large, staring Paranoid trend (Hammer- Levy)
146. Eyes, large and long lashes Homosexuality (Hammer –Levy)
147. Eyes reinforced Assaultiveness (Hammer – Levy)
148. Face dim Self – conscious, shy (Hammer- Levy)
149. Facial expression May express the attitude the subject feels other people have towards
him, rather than his attitude towards them (Manner); prevailing mood
and attitude (Machover)
150. Facial expression placating Insecurity (hammer – Machover)
151. Facial expression – self preoccupied Schizoid (Machover)
152. Facial scars on the same sex figure May indicate expression of aggression from the environment or
impaired self-esteem, may symbolize psychic trauma (Hammer)
153. Features childlike Infantile social behavior (Machover)
154. Features effeminate, male subject Homosexual trend (Anderson- Machover)
155. Features, mask like Cautious, secretive, possible feelings of depersonalization and
estrangement (Hammer)
156. Features overemphasized Inadequacy with compensatory fantasy (Machover)
157. Features, Primitive and Tiny Schizophrenic (Machover)
158. Lashes and eyes large Homosexuality (Hammer-Levy)
159. Lashes long Coquettishness, seductiveness, self- display (Anderson-Machover)
160. Lashes on Male Effeminacy, homoerotic tendencies (Machover), homosexual
Tendencies (Hammer)
161. Lips full on male Effeminacy (Machover)
162. Mouth Clown like Forced amiability, inappropriate affect (Machover)
163. Mouth Concave, oral-receptive Passive Dependency (Machover)
164. Mouth emphasized Alcoholism, depression, regression (Machover)
165. Mouth Heavy Line Oral-aggression, sadism (Machover)
166. Mouth markedly full, open or oval Dependent, oral erotic (Hammer-Levy)
167. Mouth omitted in female subject Possible scolding maternal figure (Machover)
168. Mouth open Orality (Hammer)
169. Mouth line single Oral aggressive (Hammer-Levy)
170. Nose Broad, flared or hooked Contemptuous attitude, tendency to think in terms of derisive social
stereotypes (Hammer –Levy)
171. Nose Cut-off Castration fears or wishes (Anderson- Machover)
172. Nose Large Involutional Melancholia, sexual impotency (in adolescents: felt
inadequate male role with striving for it) (Hammer-Levy )
173. Nose Long Impotence (Machover); virility wish (Hammer – Levy)
174. Nose Shaded Castration, mabe projected on opposite sex (Machover)
175. Nose strong Masculine assortion, or need for it (Anderson – Machover)
176. Nostrils Primitive Aggression (Machover)
177. Teeth shown Oral aggressive, sadistic (Hammer – Levy), oral aggression , simple
schizophrenia(Machover)
178. Teeth well defined Aggressiveness (Hammer).
FIGURE TYPES
179. Cartoon Figure, Clown Adolescents with feelings of inadequacy or rejection; internalized
hostility ; self-contempt (Hammer- Levy)
180. Drawing of male first (in female subjects) Female protest, feminine role rejection (Machover)
181. Maternal Figure than a female sex object Dependence on maternal figures (Hammer)
(Male subjects)
182. Opposite sex drawn first Sexual role conflict (Machover)
183. Parental figures rather than self-images In children, as well as in adults – preoccupation with the past who are
unable to emancipate themselves from their parents
184. Peanut man, snowman or stick man Evasion of body problems (Machover)
185. Peanut man, snowman in a person who is Exhibitionistic tendencies; Secretive (Anderson – Machover)
capable of more advanced drawings
186. Puppet Compliance; feelings of being dominated by outside forces.
187. Robot for male figures (Male Subject ) Depersonalization; feelings of being controlled by outside forces
(Hammer)
188. Stick figures May express evasion or negativism. (Hammer)
189. Type of person drawn Ideal self –perception of others; self-portrait. (Hammer)
190. Witches Hostility towards women, expressed overtly (Hammer-Levy)
HAIR
191. Balding male figure Felt lack of virility (Hammer)
192. Beard, moustache, other facial hair (male Doubts about virility with compensatory virility striving; sexual
subject) inadequacy (Hammer- Levy)
193. Hair area significance Virility Striving (Machover)
194. Hair emphasis Infantile or regressed sex drive (Anderson- Machover); sensuality or
sensual needs (Hammer- Machover)
195. Hair emphasis (shaded) Virility symbol (Machover); with heavy shading possible anxiety over
sensual needs (Hammer-Machover)
196. Hair on female, not on male Regression (Machover)
197. Hair given much attention Narcissism; possible homosexual tendency (Hammer)
198. Hair on jaw Schizoid (Machover)
199. Hair Mussed Sexual immorality
120. Hair parted in the middle Feminine identification dealt with by narcissism and obsessive
compulsive mechanism (Hammer- Levy)
121. Hair reinforced Assaultiveness (Hammer-Katz)
122. Sparse, unpressured hair Inadequate virility (Machover)
123. Hair white on male figure Felt lack of masculinity and virility (Hammer)
HEAD
124. Ear emphasized or enlarged Auditory hallucinations ; ideas of reference; paranoid or schizoid
(Machover); auditory hallucinations in paranoid ; ear injury or hearing
disability; paranoia, sensitivity to attitudes of others (Anderson-
Machover); passive homosexual conflict or tendency (Hammer-
Levy)
125. Ears Large Sensitivity to criticism (Children as subjects). (Hammer – Jolles)
126. Head dim Self conscious , shy (Hammer-Levy)
127. Head drawn last Conflict over interpersonal relationship (Machover); possible thought
disorder (Hammer-Levy)
128. Head enlarged Concern about sufficiency of intellect (brain damaged, retarded) over
ideational (including paranoid, pride of intellect (Machover);
emphasis on fantasy (children as subjects) (hammer-jolles);
intellectual aspirations (with possible grandiosity), introspective or
fantasy preoccupied, somatic head symptoms (Hammer-Levy)
129. Head large on figures of opposite sex Opposite sex regarded as smarter or as possessing greater social
authority (Machover)
130. Head malformed Organicity (Anderson – Machover)
131. Head split Feminine mechanism dealt with by Narcissism and Obsessive
Compulsive mechanism (Hammer-Levy)
LIMBS
132. Arm and leg distortion or reinforcement, Sexual role conflict (Hammer- Levy)
left side, male figure, male subject
133. Armless figure in male, male subject Strong genital drive associated with guilt ; wish to be castrated
134. Arms close to that body Tension (Machover)
135. Arms extended from body and over long Externalized aggression (Hammer-Levy)
136. Arms crossed, short Rejecting maternal or paternal figure of the opposite sex (Machover)
137. Arms shaded, heavy on the opposite sex Opposite sex viewed as punishing (Machover)
138. Arms and legs of the male figure large Assaultiveness (Hammer-Katz)
139. Arms and legs tapering Effeminacy (Machover)
140. Arms long, ends powerful Need for autonomy (Children as subjects) (Hammer – Jolles)
141. Arms long and weak Dependency, nurturance needs (Anderson-Machover)
142. Arms omitted Guilt, withdrawal (depressive, schizophrenic )(Machover); withdrawal
(Hammer-Levy)
143. Arms omitted or short arms on opposite Rejection by maternal or paternal figure of the opposite sex
sex (Machover)
144. Arms overextended, reaching Dependency, desire for affection (Machover)
145. Arms pressed to sides Difficulty in social contact, fear if aggressive impulses (Hammer);
passivity as defence against aggressive impulses (Hammer-Levy)
146. Arms reinforced Assaultiveness (Hammer – Katz)
147. Arms short Lack of ambition (Machover)
148. Arms strong – Male subject Aggressive, energetic (Anderson- Machover)
149. Arms thin, weak Lack of achievement (Machover)
150. Elbows and joints and stressed Compulsive, dependent, indecisive (Hammer-Levy)
151. Joints emphasized Schizoid or schizophrenic (Machover); somatic preoccupation
(Anderson- Machover)
152. Legs and arms of male figure, large Assaultiveness (Hammer- Katz)
153. Legs and arms tapering Effeminacy (Machover)
154. Legs long Need for autonomy (children as subject)-(Hammer- Jolles)
155. Legs masculine on female figure Sexual role conflict (Machover)
156. Legs omitted Discouragement, withdrawal (Machover)
157. Legs reinforced Assaultiveness (Hammer-Katz)
LINE FORM
158. Angular body Aggression, criticality, masculinity (Anderson – Machover)
159. Circular stroke Dependency, feminine tendency, lack of assertion (Hammer-
Alschuler & Hattwick); dependent, emotional (Hammer Aschuler &
Hattwick )- Children as subjects.
160. Curved lines on body of male Effeminacy (Machover)
161. Emphasis on circles in depicting body Effeminate, narcissistic, submissive.(Anderson-Machover)
162. Few curves, many sharps edges Aggressive, poorly adjusted.(Hammer-Krout)
163. Straight lines Aggressiveness(Hammer-Krout)
164. Straight-line strokes Assertiveness (children as subject)(Hammer-Alschuler and Hattwick)
LINE QUALITY
165. Combination of firm, heavy and light Assaultiveness (Hammer-Levy)
lines
166. Constricted stroking Tension, withdrawal.(Hammer-Levy)
167. Dim line Timidity (Machover)
168. Energetic, unhesitant stroke Tension, withdrawal.(Hammer-Levy)
169. Fading line Hysteric tendency (Machover)
170. Fluctuating line Tension (Machover)
171. Heavy thick lines Aggression; depersonalization, fears(Machover)
172. Horizontal stroke Emphasis on fantasy; feminity, weakness.(Hammer-Levy)
173. Indeterminate vacillating stoke Insecurity, lack of perseverance(Hammer-Levy)
174. Jagged lines Hostility (Hammer-Krout)
175. Length of stroke movement Decreases in excitable subjects, increases in inhibited ones.(Hammer-
Mira)
176. Line break Conflict area (Machover)
177. Long stokes Controlled behaviour (children as subjects).(Hammer-Alschuler and
Hattwich)
178. Reinforced line Anxiety, insecurity (Hammer-Buck)conflict area (Hammer-Levy,
Machover); repression, particularly with reference to area
reinforced.(Hammer)
179. Rhythmic stroking Responsive, uninhibited.(Hammer-Levy)
180. Short sketchy strokes Anxiety, uncertainty.(Hammer-Levy)
181. Short strokes Impulsive behaviour (children as subject).(Hammer-Alschuler and
Hattwick)
182. Sketchy lines Anxiety, timidy(Hammer)
183. Thin, elongated line Tension (Hammer)
184. Unbroken reinforced line outlining figure Isolation (Hammer-Levy)
185. Uninterrupted straight lines Decisive (Hammer-Levy)
186. Vertical stroke Assertive, determined, hyperactive (Hammer-Levy)
187. Very faint line Depressed, inadequate (Hammer) withdrawn schizophrenia
(Machover)
MARGIN
188. Drawing near margin Dependency, lack of self-confidence (Hammer)
MULTIPLE CRITERIA
189. Bizarre features; confusion full face and Schizophrenia (Machover)
profile; ear emphasis on joints; failure to
recognize grotesqueness of drawing;
giraffe neck; gross disproportion; internal
organ shown; proportion; omission of
arms sexual organ indicated; primitive
features with tiny features; unessential
detail emphasized; very faint line
190. Breaks in line; erasures, omission; Conflict Area (Machover)
reinforcement; shading
191. Breast emphasis; buckles; buttons; Dependency. (Machover)
concave mouth; midline emphasis;
pockets
192. Breast Emphasis; Buckles Emphasis; Homosexual Trend (Anderson- Machover)
effeminate features; elaboration of
clothing details; high heels on male
figures- male subject
193. Breast Emphasis; buttons; fingerless Insecurity (Machover)
hands; gape or petal fingers; midline
emphasis
194. Combination of firm; heavy and light Assaultiveness (Hammer- Katz)
lines large arms and fingers; reinforced
arms, eyes, fingers and hair; stance with
leg wide
195. Curved lines on body of male, full lips , Effeminacy (Machover)
high heels shoes, lashes, small ankles, feet
and wrists, tampering arms and legs , all
on male figure
196. Ear and eyes emphasized; large grandiose Paranoid (Machover)
figure; larger head; speared of talon
fingers
197. Fingers without hands; foot emphasis; Machover includes differentiating assaultive from non-assaultive
heavy lines ; prominent eye; stick fingers, subjects, as confirmed by Katz. (Hammer)
wide stance
198. Ground Lines; Placating facial Insecurity (Machover)
expression; shaded shoes
199. Hands in Pocket; heavy shading; large Antisocial Personality (Psychopath – Machover)
figure
200. Powerful hands; squared shoulders; Aggressiveness (Hammer)
weapons; well defined teeth
NECK
201. Adam’s apple Masculinity striving, sexual role confusion (Opposite sex, that sex is
regarded as not virile). (Machover)
202. Neck Emphasis Need for defensive intellectual control (Children as subjects).
(hammer-Halpern)
203. Neck excessively large Awareness of physical impulses, with an effort to control them.
(Hammer-Buck)
204. Neck like Giraffe Schizophrenic (Machover)
205. Neck long (elongated) Hysterical swallowing inhibition problem in control of anger or of
primitive drives; schizoid tendency. (Hammer- Levy)
206. Neck Long , thin Inhibition, regression (Machover)
207. Neck Narrow Depression (Hammer- Levy)
208. Neck Omissions Immaturity, lack of impulse control, regression (Machover)
209. Neck short, thick Self –indulgence, uninhibited impulse expression (Anderson-
Machover)
NORMS
210. Ability to draw recognizable figure of Five years of age (Bender- Gessell)
man
211. Arms connected with trunk rather than Six years of age (Hammer- Halpern)
head
212. Change from segmented to unit body Eight years of age (Hammer- Halpern)
213. Hands and fingers Five to six years of age (Hammer-Halpern)
214. Row of buttons Six to seven years of age (Hammer- Halpern)
215. Sexual differentiation of figures Five years of age (Hammer- Halpern)
216. Shoulders Eight years of age (Hammer- Halpern)
217. Two-dimensional arms and legs Eight years of age (Hammer- Halpern)
NUDITY
218. Idealized nude figures Voyeurism (Hammer- Levy)
219. Nude figures with sexual parts Rebellion against sexual mores (Hammer – Levy)
220. Same sex figures nude and carefully Body narcissism, egocentricity, immaturity (Hammer-Levy)
rendered
PLACEMENT
221. Area Variations High on page- optimism, low on page -depression, middle –
aggression, left – self oriented or introversive, right – environment
oriented or extroverted (Machover)
222. Below midpoint drawings Concretistic, depressed mood, feelings of inadequacy (Hammer-
Buck)
223. Centered drawings Emotional, self-centered (Children as subjects); security (Hammer-
Alschuler-Hattwick)
224. Elevation of drawing above the midpoint Aloofness; fantasy rather than reality satisfaction (Hammer- Buck)
225. Feet on the base of the page Need for stability because of disturbance produced by a conflict
(Hammer )
226. High on page figure Insecurity, unrealistic euphoria (Machover)
227. Large, centered figure Manic tendencies, paranoid grandiosity (Machover)
228. Large figure shifted to the left Aggressive psychopath with feelings of inadequacy (Machover)
229. Left side of page figure Environment oriented (Machover)
230. Middle placement Overt aggression (Machover)
231. Right side of the page figure Environment oriented (Machover)
232. Upper left corner drawings Regression (Buck)
POSTURE
233. Back of the male to the observer, male Desire to be a woman, feminine identification (Hammer- Levy)
subject
234. Confusion of full-face and profile (profile Mental retardation (“Mental defective”); primitive cultural origin;
forehead and nose, full face eyes and Schizophrenics. (Machover)
mouth )
235. Face turned towards page, so that the Withdrawal tendency (Hammer)
back of the head shows
236. Full faced figure Exhibitionistic tendencies; social accessibility (Machover), social
communication, social communications, social dependency
(Anderson – Machover)
237. Off balance figure Preschizophrenic tendencies (Hammer).
238. Profile figure Evasiveness (Machover)
239. Profile head, full face body Social anxiety with need for contact (Machover)
240. Profile head and legs, full face and trunk Poor judgement (Machover)
241. Reclining or seated (same sex figure) Emotional exhaustion, lack of drive, low energy (Hammer – Levy)
242. Rigid Posture, profile figure Defensive Restriction of activity (Hammer- Buck )
243. Seated figure Inhibition, lack of drive (Hammer)
244. Self-conscious stance Timid (Machover)
245. Stance tight Schizoid (Machover)
246. Stance unbalanced Tensions (Machover)
247. Stance wide Aggressive tendencies
248. Stiff posture Rigid emotional controls (Hammer- Levy)
PRESSURE
249. Excessive pressure Antisocial personalities (psychopaths); organic (including
retardation), paranoid tendencies (Hammer-Payne)
250. Faint lines Apprehensive neurotics, catatonics and schronic schizophrenia
(Hammer- Pftester)
251. Firm lines Ambition, drive (Hammer- Levy)
252. Fluctuating pressure Cyclothymic, impulsive, unstable (Hammer-Levy)
253. Heavy lines Assaultiveness (Hammer-Katz-Machover)
254. Heavy pressure Energy, assaultiveness (Hammer); extreme tension (Hammer- Buck);
antisocial personalities (Psychopaths ); Epileptics, organics (Hammer
– Pftester)
255. Light lines Low energy (Hammer-Levy)
256. Light Pressure Low energy level, repression, restraint, (Hammer- Alschuler and
Hattwich)
257. Pressure Aggression , sadism (Machover)
258. Pressured lines Aggressive, assertiveness (Anderson – Machover)
259. Uneven line pressure Anxiety, insecurity (Machover)
260. Varied pressure Emotionally unstable, moody (Anderson – Machover)
261. Very Faint Lines Schizophrenia (Machover)
SEQUENCE
262. Drawing opposite sex first Homosexuality, sexual identification conflict, strong attachment to or
dependency upon parent or person of the opposite sex (Hammer-
Levy)
263. Extreme discontinuity in figures (as head, Psychopathology of the incipient kind (Hammer)
then feet, shoulders, then legs, etc.)
264. Normal Succession in drawing Absence of thought disorder, adequate reality contact (Anderson –
Machover)
SEX
265. Average emphasis on female Genuine satisfaction in sexual role (Hammer)
characteristics, female subjects – neither
or over or underemphasized
266. Emphasis on female sex characteristics, Aggressive use of female characteristics, coquettishness (Hammer-
female subjects Machover)
267. Female Characteristic underemphasized More extensive sexual experiences up to promiscuity; unsatisfactory
erotic experiences (Hammer- Fischer & Fischer)
SHADING
268. Heavy Shading Aggressive tendency; antisocial personality (Psychopaths).
(Machover)
269. Profuse, smudgy shading Psychotic Potential (Hammer)
270. Shading Anxiety (Anderson- Machover); Aggression , Anxiety (Machover),
Conflict area (Hammer- Levy- Machover)
271. Shading in sexual areas Anxiety relative to sexual functions (Hammer- Levy)
272. Smudgy Shading Anal-erotic interests (Anderson – Machover)
SIMPLIFICATION
273. Abstract of stick figure Evasion ; insecurity ; self –distrustful (Hammer- Levy)
274. Inadequate detailing Depression ; lack of energy ; withdrawal tendency (Hammer)
SIZE
275. Decreased size of figures More common in men over thirty and women over forty (Hammer-
Lechner and Gunderson)
276. Drawing the fills the page Compensatory fantasy aggrandizement (Hammer)
277. Figure too large for the page Aspirations exceeds opportunities, environment viewed as excessively
constraining (Hammer- Machover)
278. Large, grandiose figure Paranoid (Machover)
279. Large Same sex figure Aggressive, expansive (Hammer- Levy)
280. Large size drawings Antisocial Personality (Psychopath). (Machover); Narcissim
(Hammer- Levy)
281. Obese subjects who draw slim figures Improved prognosis for successful treatment of obesity (Hammer)
282. Opposite sex figure larger Possible passive tendency (Hammer – Levy ); opposite sex viewed as
more powerful (Machover)
283. Size of the drawing large Expansiveness, grandiosity, self-esteem (Hammer)
284. Small figures Anxiety , emotional dependence, feelings of discomfort and
restriction (Hammer- Weschner, Hattwick, Elkisch); Constricted ego
(Machover)
285. Small same sex figure Feelings of inadequacy (Hammer- Levy)
286. Tiny Drawings Feelings of inadequacy, withdrawal tendencies (Hammer)
SPACE
287. Figures and apart in draw a family picture Lack of closeness in family situations (Hammer)
SYMMETRY
288. Disturbed symmetry Inadequacy ; incoordination . (Machover)
289. Excessive symmetry Depression; intellectualization; Obsessive – Complusivity (Hammer)
290. Gross disproportion Schizophrenia (Machover)
291. Lack of Symmetry Insecurity (Hammer)
292. Marked Symmetry Paranoid Schizophrenia (Machover)
293. Over symmetrical Drawings Compulsivity (Machover)
TASK ORIENTATION
294. Ability to appropriately evaluate psychotic Criterion for retained reality contact (Hammer- Levy)
looking drawing and criticize it
295. Acceptance of tasks with minimum Depressed state (Hammer)
protest, good initial performance followed
my obvious fatigue and discontinuation of
task
296. Apologetic of drawing Lack of confidence (Machover)
297. Decreased pace and productivity as Fatigability, possibility associated with depression (Hammer)
drawing continues
298. Emphasis on the left side of the figure Feminine identification (Hammer- Levy)
299. Levelling Circumstantiality (Machover)
300. Left to right strokes Extroversion, need for support (Hammer- Levy)
301. Persistence with drawing despite Good prognosis, presence of drive (Hammer – Buck )
difficulties
302. Refusal or reluctance to draw figure of Sexual role conflict (Hammer- Levy )
opposite sex
303. Resistance in drawing figures Evasion of problems, reluctance to reveal sex (Anderson- Machover)
304. Right to left strokes Introversion ; isolation (Hammer)
305. Sitting on the edge of the chair Desire to escape from the situation, fear, loneliness, mistrust
(Hammer)
306. Strokes away from the subjects Aggression, extroversion (Hammer- Levy)
307. Stroking in (Towards the body) Introversive (Hammer- Levy)
308. Stylistic drawing, caricatured, facetious , Exhibitionistic ; Secretive tendencies (Anderson – Machover)
simplified
309. Unawareness of grotesqueness in the Schizophrenic tendency in the drawings (Machover)
figure
TRUNK
310. Body line heavy Apprehension with neurosis ; depersonalization fears (Machover)
311. Body line reinforced Explosive personality (emotional instability) . (Machover)
312. Body lower area of the female visible Involutional sex problems, sexual fantasies, sexual preoccupation
(Machover)
313. Body omitted (No trunk); appendages Denial or repression of physical drives (children as
attached to the head subjects)(Hammer-Holles); immaturity ; or regression, retardation ,
primitive character structure (Machover)
314. Breast area emphasized Dependency, emotional and sexual immaturity (Machover) ;
homosexual trend (Anderson- Machover)
315. Breast Emphasized , female subjects Feminine identification with dominant mother (Anderson –
Machover).
316. Breast small Maternal figures unnurturing (Machover)
317. Buttocks emphasized Homosexual Trend (Anderson – Machover)
318. Buttocks and hips on male figure Homosexual trend (Hammer- Levy)
unusually Emphasized or large and
rounded
319 Genetalia, Expecially male Analysands , primitive culture , schizophrenia (Anderson- Machover)
320. Hip Emphasized Homosexual Trends (Machover)
321. Hip emphasis on male figure , male Homosexual Trend (Anderson)
subject
322. Hipline break Sexual conflict (Hammer- Levy)
323. Hips and buttocks unusually emphasized Homosexual trend (Hammer- Levy)
or large and rounded
324. Measurement lines or stick Exhibitionism , Perfectionism (Machover)
325. Midline emphasis (stressed midline) Conversion or somatic preoccupation; maternal dependence; possible
schizoid (Machover)
326. Navel Dependency (Anderson- Machover), Dependency (Children as
subjects). (Hammer- Halparen)
327. Organs Shown (Internal Anatomy) Manic ; schizophrenic (Hammer- Levy); Schizophrenia; Somatic
delusions (Machover)
328. Sexual area distorted or omitted Sexual conflict (Hammer- Levy)
329. See organs shown Analysands, professional artists, schizophrenics (Machover)
330. Shoulders drooping Dejection; feelings of guilt; lack of vitality (Hammer)
331. Shoulders exaggerated or other masculine Feelings of masculine insufficiency (Hammer- Levy)
details
332. Shoulders wide on female, male subject) Sexual conflict (Machover)
333. Stick frame or body measurement lines Exhibitionism , Perfectionism (Machover)
334. Torso of female, upper half emphasized Dependence on maternal figure (Machover)
(Male Subjects)
335. Trunk Angular or square Masculine tendencies (Machover)
336. Trunk not closed at the bottom Sexual preoccupation (Machover)
337. Trunk rounded Feminine traits (Machover)
338. Trunk rounded, narrow waist on male Homosexual trend (Hammer-Levy)
figure, male subject
339. Waist, a heavy lines Sex consciousness (Machover)
340. Waist Narrow, trunk rounded on male Homosexual Trend (Hammer – Levy)
figure, male subject