LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering

Assignment 3 – Shallow Foundations Date: Feb 14th,2023

Question # 1. The column loads from a building at a site are shown in Fig. The results shown for the stiff
clay are averaged values obtained from triaxial undrained and one-dimensional consolidation tests.
Design a suitable size for the foundation to support the column using LRFD. The maximum tolerable
settlement is 20 mm (0.75 in).

Solution:
Strategy: Determine the foundation size to satisfy the LRFD stability check and the total settlement should
not exceed 20 mm. Total settlement will be summation of elastic settlement and primary consolidation
settlement but before proceeding you have make sure how many layers will be under consideration for
these values by calculating Hcr .

𝐵
𝐻𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ∅′ 𝑝
𝑒𝑥𝑝[𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛∅′ 𝑝 ]
2 cos(45°+ )
2

∅′𝑝 24.75° 𝜋
𝐴 = (45° − ) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = (45° − ) = 0.57
2 2 180

3
𝐻𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 24.75°
𝑒𝑥𝑝[0.57 𝑡𝑎𝑛24.75° ] = 0.73 < 𝐻1 = 3 By assuming Df = 2m.
2 cos(45°+ )
2

Calculate elastic settlement and primary consolidation settlement only for stiff clay only.

𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔: 𝑄𝐷𝐿 = 400 𝐾𝑁 𝑄𝐿𝐿 = 200 𝐾𝑁

𝑀𝑥 30 × (1.2 + 2)
𝑒𝐿 = ( )= = 0.16 𝑚 [𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑓 = 2𝑚)
𝑉𝑛 600

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LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering

𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.

Assume B = 3m, L =4.5 m (Rectangular Footing), B’ = 3 m, L’ = 4.5 – 2(0.16) = 4.18

𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑏
= 𝐵′ /𝐿′ → 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.6 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠
4𝐿2 4𝐿2

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.

𝐴𝑏 −0.38
𝜇𝑠 = 0.45 ( ) = 0.45(0.72)−0.38 = 0.51
4𝐿2

𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜇𝑒𝑚𝑏 = 1, Assume ν= 0.45

𝑃 800(1−0.452)×0.51×1
𝜌𝑒 = (1 − 𝜈′2 )𝜇𝑠 𝜇𝑒𝑚𝑏 𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 0.00135 𝑚 = 1.35 𝑚𝑚
𝐸′𝐿 80×1000×3

Assume : 𝛾= 21.7 KN/m3

𝜎 ′ 𝑧𝑜 = 21.7 (2 + 1.5) = 75.95 𝐾𝑃𝑎

(𝜎 ′ 𝑧𝑜 𝐴𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑜. 1

LRFD: Load = 1.2 (400) + 1.6 (200) = 800 KN

𝑃
𝑞𝑠 = 𝐴 = 63.8 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟. 𝐵 = 1.5 𝑚, 𝐿 = 2.09 𝑚,
𝑧 = 1.5 𝑚, 𝑞𝑠 = 63.8 → 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∆𝜎𝑧 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 4 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∆𝜎𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4 × 12.2 = 48.8 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝜎′𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝜎′𝑧𝑜 + ∆𝜎𝑧 = 75.95 + 48.8 = 124.75 𝐾𝑃𝑎.

𝜎′𝑧𝑐 = 𝜎′𝑧𝑜 × 𝑂𝐶𝑅 = 75.95 × 8 = 607.6 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠: 𝑤 = 15%, 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝐺𝑠 = 2.7
𝑒𝑜 = 𝑤 × 𝐺𝑠 = 0.15 × 2.7 = 0.405
𝐻𝑜 𝜎′𝑓𝑖𝑛 3 124.75
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜎′𝑧𝑐 > 𝜎′𝑓𝑖𝑛 → 𝜌𝑝𝑐 = 1+𝑒𝑜
𝐶𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜎′𝑧𝑜
= 1+0.405 × 0.04 × log 75.95
= 0.0184 𝑚 = 18.4 𝑚𝑚

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1.35 + 18.4 =

19.75 𝑚𝑚 < 20 𝑚𝑚 → 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡.

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LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering
Question # 2. Design a square foundation to be embedded 1.0 m (3 ft) in the sand layer at a site with a
soil profile as shown in the figure below to support a dead load of 100 kN (22.5 kips) and a live load of 150
kN (34 kips). Establish whether the clay layer will influence the bearing capacity. The design criteria are FS
= 3 for ASD and maximum tolerable settlement is 25 mm (1 in). Neglect the side wall effects.

Solution:

Strategy: Determine the foundation size to satisfy the ASD stability check and the total settlement should
remain below the allowable maximum settlement. Total settlement will be summation of elastic
settlement and primary consolidation settlement but before proceeding you have make sure how many
layers will be under consideration for these values by calculating H cr value.

Step 1: Assemble design parameters

𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑄𝐷𝐿 = 100 𝐾𝑁 𝑄𝐿𝐿 = 150 𝐾𝑁

𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍: 𝑺𝒂𝒏𝒅: 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠: ∅′ 𝑝 = 37°, [𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑]
𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁
𝛾 = 16.5 𝑚3 , 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 17 𝑚3 , 𝐸′ = 45 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜈 ′ = 0.3

𝑺𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚: 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠: 𝑆𝑢 = 60 𝐾𝑃𝑎 , ∅′ 𝑝 = 26°, 𝐸𝑢 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜈𝑢 = 0.35

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠: 𝐶𝑐 = 0.3, 𝐶𝑟 = 0.05, 𝑂𝐶𝑅 = 5

𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠: 𝑤 = 35%, 𝐺𝑠 = 2.7
𝐺 +𝑒
𝑠
𝑒𝑜 = 𝑤 × 𝐺𝑠 = 0.35 × 2.7 = 0.945 → 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ( 1+𝑒 ) 𝛾𝑤 = 18.3 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 → (∅′𝑝 )𝑝𝑠 =
9 9
8
(∅′𝑝 )𝑡𝑟 = 8
× 37 = 41.625°

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 → (∅′𝑝 )𝑝𝑠
9 9
= (∅′𝑝 )𝑡𝑟 = × 26 = 29.25°
8 8

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LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering

Step 2: Assume foundation size.

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 150 𝑚𝑚 × 150 𝑚𝑚, 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = 150 + 300 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵 = 𝐿 = 0.5 𝑚

Step 3: Calculate load combinations using ASD:

𝑃 = 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 = 100 + 150 = 250 𝐾𝑁

Step 4: Determine if failure surface will be confined to top layer for bearing capacity calculations:

Short Term Analysis:

𝐵
𝐻𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ∅′ 𝑝
𝑒𝑥𝑝[𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛∅′ 𝑝 ] where, ∅′ 𝑝 = 0
2 cos(45°+ )
2

0.5
𝐻𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 0 = 0.35 𝑚 < 3 𝑚
2 cos(45°+ )
2

Long Term Analysis:

𝐵
𝐻𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ∅′ 𝑝
𝑒𝑥𝑝[𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛∅′ 𝑝 ]
2 cos(45°+ )
2

∅′𝑝 41.625° 𝜋
𝐴 = (45° − ) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = (45° − ) = 0.422
2 2 180

0.5
𝐻𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 41.625°
𝑒𝑥𝑝[0.422 𝑡𝑎𝑛 41.625° ] = 0.89 𝑚 < 3 𝑚
2 cos(45°+ )
2

The clay layer will not be influenced by bearing capacity because 𝐻𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 < 𝐻1 . Calculate elastic
settlement and primary consolidation settlement only for Sand.

Step 5: Calculate settlement.

𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

Sand:
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.

𝐴𝑏 = 0.52 = 0.25 𝑚 2
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 2𝐿 = 2𝐵 = 0.5 𝑚 𝐿 = 𝐵 =
0.25 𝑚.
𝐴𝑏 0.25 𝐴
4𝐿2
= 4×0.252 = 1 → 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.6 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 4𝐿𝑏2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.

𝐴𝑏 −0.38
𝜇𝑠 = 0.45 ( ) = 0.45(1)−0.38 = 0.45
4𝐿2

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LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering
𝐷𝑓 4 𝐴𝑏 1 4
𝜇𝑒𝑚𝑏 = 1 − 0.04 {1 + ( )} = 1 − 0.04 ( ) {1 + (1)} = 0.63
𝐵 3 4𝐿2 0.25 3

𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 (𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1). [𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛]

𝑃 250(1−0.32)×0.45×0.63×1
𝜌𝑒 = (1 − 𝜈′2 )𝜇𝑠 𝜇𝑒𝑚𝑏 𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 0.0057 𝑚 = 5.7 𝑚𝑚
𝐸′𝐿 45×1000×0.25

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
Most of the stress increase from the load will be distributed within a depth of 2B below the foundation.
Assume an effective depth below the foundation of 2.0 × 0.5 = 1 m.
Footing is embedded 1 m below the ground surface and 𝜎′𝑧𝑜 is calculated in the layer 1 m below the
base of footing but in the middle of the layer thus z = 1+ 0.5 = 1.5 m.

𝜎′𝑧𝑜 = (16.5 × 1.5) = 24.75 𝐾𝑃𝑎 [Above water table]

𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝑃 250
𝑞𝑎 = 𝐴 = 0.52 = 1000 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟. 𝐵 = 0.25 𝑚, 𝐿 = 0.25 𝑚, 𝑧
= 1.5 𝑚 → 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∆𝜎𝑧 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 4 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∆𝜎𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4 × 12.676 =
50.71 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝜎′𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝜎′𝑧𝑜 + ∆𝜎𝑧 = 24.75 + 50.71 = 75.46 𝐾𝑃𝑎.

𝜎′𝑧𝑐 = 𝜎′𝑧𝑜 × 𝑂𝐶𝑅 = 24.75 × 5 = 123.75 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝐻𝑜 𝜎′𝑓𝑖𝑛 1 75.45
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜎′𝑧𝑐 > 𝜎′𝑓𝑖𝑛 → 𝜌𝑝𝑐 = 1+𝑒𝑜
𝐶𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜎′𝑧𝑜
= 1+0.945 × 0.05 × log 24.75 = 0.0124 𝑚 = 12.4 𝑚𝑚

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 5.7 + 12.4 =

18.1 𝑚𝑚 < 25 𝑚𝑚 → 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡.

Step 6: Check bearing capacity in sand (Long Term)

𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛 41.625° 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45° + 41.625°⁄2) = 80.8

𝑁𝑞 − 1 = 80.8 − 1 = 79.8
41.625×𝜋
𝑁𝛾 = 0.1054 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (9.6 × 180
) = 112.7 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝐵′
𝑆𝑞 = 1 + 𝐿′
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∅′𝑝 = 1 + 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 41.625° = 1.89

𝐵′
𝑆𝛾 = 1 − 0.4 𝐿′
= 0.6

5
LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering
𝐷𝑓 1
𝑑𝑞 = 1 + 2 tan ∅′ 𝑝 (1 − sin ∅′𝑝 )2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 1 + 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 41.625°(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 41.625°)2 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) ×
𝐵′ 0.5
𝜋
] = 1.40
180

𝑑𝛾 = 1

𝑞𝑢 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓 (𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝑆𝑞 𝑑𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵′ 𝑁𝛾 𝑆𝛾 𝑑𝛾 = (16.5 × 1 × 79.8 × 1.89 × 1.4) + (0.5 × 16.5 × 0.5 ×
112.7 × 0.6 × 1.0) = 3763 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑢 3763
𝐹𝑆 = = = 3.8 > 3
𝑞𝑎−𝛾𝐷𝑓 1000−1×16.5

NOTE: We can only check the bearing capacity of sand in long term conditions because it is a coarse
grained soil.

Check stability of assumed foundation size.

𝑞 3763
𝑞𝑎 = 𝐹𝑆𝑢 + 𝛾𝐷𝑓 = 3 + 16.5 × 1 = 1270.83 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑞𝑎 × 𝐵 = 1270.83 × 0.5 × 0.5 = 317.71 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝐴𝑆𝐷: 𝑃𝑎 (= 317.71 𝐾𝑃𝑎 ) > 𝑃 (= 250 𝐾𝑃𝑎 ) → 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

Question # 3. A high-rise building is supported on a footing 58 m wide × 75 m long × 3 m thick resting on

a very stiff deposit of saturated clay. The footing is located at 3 m below ground level. The average stress
at the base of the footing is 350 kPa. Groundwater level is at 12 m below the surface. Field and laboratory
tests gave the following results:

eo = 0.57, Cc = 0.16, Cr = 0.035, OCR = 10, φ’p = 280, φ’cs = 24O, Eu = 100 MPa, νu = 0.45, E’ = 90
MPa, and ν’ = 0.3.
Determine the total settlement and the safety factor against bearing capacity failure. Assume an effective
thickness of 2B below the bottom of the footing for settlement calculations. The shear strength
parameters were obtained from direct simple shear tests.

Solution: Plot a graph between Depth and Su

6
LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (3𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) 𝑖𝑠 87 𝐾𝑃𝑎,
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 156 𝐾𝑃𝑎 → 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑔. 𝑆𝑢 = 121.5 𝐾𝑃𝑎.

𝐺 +𝑒 2.7+0.57
𝑠
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ( 1+𝑒 𝑜
) 𝛾𝑤 = ( ) × 9.8 = 20.4 𝐾𝑁⁄ 3 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ).
𝑜 1+0.57 𝑚
𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.

𝐴𝑏 = 58 × 75 = 4350 𝑚 2
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 2𝐿 = 75 𝑚, 2𝐵 = 58 𝑚  𝐿 =
37.5, 𝐵 = 29 𝑚.
𝐴𝑏 𝐵 29 𝐴𝑏
= = = 0.77 → 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.6 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠
4𝐿2 𝐿 37.5 4𝐿2

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.

𝐴
𝜇𝑠 = 0.45 (4𝐿𝑏2 )−0.38 = 0.45(0.77)−0.38 = 0.496
𝐷𝑓 4 𝐴𝑏 3 4
𝜇𝑒𝑚𝑏 = 1 − 0.04 {1 + ( )} = 1 − 0.04 ( ) {1 + (0.77)} = 0.99
𝐵 3 4𝐿2 29 3

𝐴𝑤 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 2(58 + 75) × 3 = 798 𝑚 2

𝐴 0.54 798 0.54
𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1 − 0.16 ( 𝐴𝑤) = 1 − 0.16 × (4350) = 0.94
𝑏

𝑃 1.5225×106 (1−0.452 )×0.496×0.99×0.94

𝜌𝑒 = (1 − 𝜈𝑢 2 )𝜇𝑠 𝜇𝑒𝑚𝑏 𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 0.1495 𝑚 = 149.5 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝑢 𝐿 100×1000×37.5

𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 2𝐵 → 2.0 × 58 = 116 𝑚.

Divide the effective depth into 10 equal layers of thickness 12 m. Calculate the
vertical stress increase and overburden pressure at the center of each layer. You can
use the program STRESS to calculate the vertical stress increase.

𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑝 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤.

7
LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering

Layer Depth Thickness σ'zo Δσz σ'fin (KPa) σ'zc ρpc (m) ρpc (mm)
(m) (m) (KPa) (KPa) (KPa)
1 6 12 183.6 348.356 531.956 1836 0.123593 123.5932
2 18 12 340.2 317.964 658.164 3402 0.07667 76.67001
3 30 12 467.4 258.436 725.836 4674 0.051136 51.13561
4 42 12 594.6 198.844 793.444 5946 0.033517 33.51744
5 54 12 605.2 151.488 756.688 6052 0.025954 25.95384
6 66 12 732.4 116.6 849 7324 0.017164 17.16365
7 78 12 859.6 91.32 950.92 8596 0.01173 11.72992
8 90 12 986.8 72.876 1059.676 9868 0.008278 8.278001
9 102 12 1114 59.204 1173.204 11140 0.006016 6.01599
10 114 12 1241.2 48.888 1290.088 12412 0.004488 4.488267
Sum= 358.5459

∆𝜎𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑.

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟
58 75
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵 = 2
= 29 𝑚 , 𝐿 = 2
= 37.5 𝑚.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∆𝜎𝑧 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 4 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∆𝜎𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑜𝑓 58 𝑥 37.5 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒.
𝜎𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝜎′𝑧𝑜 + ∆𝜎𝑧

𝜎′𝑧𝑐 = 𝜎′𝑧𝑜 × 𝑂𝐶𝑅

𝐻𝑜 𝜎′𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜎′𝑧𝑐 > 𝜎′𝑓𝑖𝑛 → 𝜌𝑝𝑐 = 1+𝑒𝑜
𝐶𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜎′𝑧𝑜

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 149.5 + 358.6 =

508.1 𝑚𝑚.
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚.
𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 − 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝑻𝑺𝑨
𝑞𝑢 = 5.14 𝑆𝑢 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝑐
𝐵′ 58
𝑆𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 = 1 + 0.2 × = 1.15
𝐿′ 75

𝑑𝑐 = 1

(𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠)

𝑞𝑢 = 5.14 𝑆𝑢 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝑐 = 5.14 × 121.5 × 1.15 × 1 = 720.7 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑢 720.7
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑞𝑎−𝛾𝐷𝑓
= 350−3×20.4 = 2.5

8
LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering
𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 − 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝑬𝑺𝑨

𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛 28° 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45° + 28°⁄2) = 14.7, 𝑁𝑞 − 1 = 14.7 − 1 = 13.7

28×𝜋
𝑁𝛾 = 0.1054 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (9.6 × 180
) = 11.5 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)

𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆:

𝐵′ 58
𝑆𝑞 = 1 + 𝐿′
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∅′𝑝 = 1 + (75) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 28° = 1.41

𝐵′ 58
𝑆𝛾 = 1 − 0.4 𝐿′
= 1 − 0.4 × (75) = 0.69
𝐷𝑓 3 𝜋
𝑑𝑞 = 1 + 2 tan ∅′ 𝑝 (1 − sin ∅′𝑝 )2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵′ = 1 + 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 28°(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 28°)2 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (58) × 180] = 1.02

𝑑𝛾 = 1

𝑞𝑢 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓 (𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝑆𝑞 𝑑𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵′ 𝑁𝛾 𝑆𝛾 𝑑𝛾 = (20.4 × 3 × 13.7 × 1.41 × 1.02) + (0.5 ×

[(20.4 × 9) + (10.6 × 49] × 11.5 × 0.69 × 1.0) = 3995 𝐾𝑃𝑎
3995
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠: 𝐹𝑆 = = 65.28
350 − 3 × 20.4
𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 :
𝐿′ 75
𝑆𝑞 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∅′𝑝 = 1 + ( ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 28° = 1.69, 𝑆𝛾 = 0.48, 𝑑𝑞 = 1.01, 𝑑𝛾 = 1, 𝑞𝑢 = 3869 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝐵′ 58
3869
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠: 𝐹𝑆 = = 13.39
350 − 3 × 20.4
Question # 4. Calculate the size of a square footing on a soil profile consisting of a medium-dense sand
layer with N values, as shown in the table below.

The dead load is 500 kN and the live load is 200 kN. The footing is embedded 0.5 m into the sand.
Groundwater is 4 m below the surface. Use γ = 18.5 KN/m3. Consider both ASD with FS = 3 and LRFD.
[HINT: Please refer to Slide 47 , 48/64 and Table 10.6 on Slide 49/64_Lecture Notes].

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒: 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛) . 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐵 = 1𝑚 , 𝐿 = 1𝑚

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐵 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒.

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑁 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 0 𝑡𝑜 5 𝑚.

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 32𝑁1𝐵

𝑁1 = 𝑐𝑁 𝑁
1 1
95.8 2 95.8 2
𝑐𝑁 = [ 𝜎′ ] = (18.5∗1.5) = 1.9 < 2 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 1.9
𝑧𝑜

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LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering

𝑁1 = 𝑐𝑁 𝑁 = 1.9 ∗ 28 = 53

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 32 ∗ 53 ∗ 𝐵 = 1696 𝐵 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑨𝑺𝑫:
𝑃
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = (𝐹𝑆) ∗ 𝐵 2

700
1696 𝐵 = 3 ∗ 𝐵2
𝐵 = 1.07𝑚

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 1.1 𝑚 𝑥 1.1 𝑚

LRFD:

𝑃𝑢 = 1.25𝐷𝐿 + 1.75𝐿𝐿 = 1.25(500) + 1.75(200) = 975𝑘𝑁

𝑃𝑢 ≤ 𝜑𝑅

𝑅 = 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐴 = 1696 𝐵 ∗ 𝐵 2 = 1696 𝐵 3

𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.1 → 𝜑 = 0.45 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑃𝑇

1
975 3
𝐵 = (1696×0.45) = 1.09 𝑚

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1.1 𝑚 𝑥 1.1 𝑚 .

Question # 5. The footing for a bridge pier is to be founded in sand, as shown in the figure below. The clay
layer is normally consolidated, with Cc = 0.25, (su)f = 40 kPa and φ’cs = 30°. Determine the factor of safety
against bearing capacity failure and the total settlement (elastic compression and primary consolidation)
of the pier. The friction angle for the dense sand was obtained from direct shear tests.

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LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝐵 = 3𝑚, 𝐷𝑓 = 5 𝑚, 𝐺𝑊𝐿 𝑖𝑠 3 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒. 𝑁𝑜 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐺𝑊𝐿.

𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅: ∅′ 𝑝 = 36°, 𝑁𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝐸 ′ = 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜈 ′ = 0.35,

𝐺 +𝑒 2.7+0.52 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁
𝑠
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ( 1+𝑒 ) 𝛾𝑤 = (
1+0.52
) × 9.8 = 20.8 3 ,
𝑚
𝛾 ′ = 20.8 − 9.8 = 11.0 𝑚3
,

𝐺 +𝑒 2.7+0.95 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁
𝑠
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚: 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ( 1+𝑒 ) 𝛾𝑤 = (
1+0.95
) × 9.8 = 18.3
𝑚3
, 𝛾 ′ = 18.3 − 9.8 = 8.5 𝑚3
, 𝑐𝑐 = 0.25, 𝐸𝑢 =
15 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜈𝑢 = 0.45
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝐵
𝐻𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ∅′ 𝑝
𝑒𝑥𝑝[𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛∅′ 𝑝 ]
2 cos(45°+ )
2

∅′𝑝 36° 𝜋
𝐴 = (45° − ) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = (45° − ) = 0.47
2 2 180

3
𝐻𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 36°
𝑒𝑥𝑝[0.47 𝑡𝑎𝑛36° ] = 4.65 > 𝐻1 = 9 − 5 = 4 𝑚
2 cos(45°+ )
2

𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦.

𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑺𝒂𝒏𝒅:
𝐴𝑏 = 3 × 10 = 30 𝑚 2
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 2𝐿 = 10, 2𝐵 = 3 𝑚 𝐿 =
5 𝑚, 𝐵 = 1.5𝑚.
𝐴𝑏 𝐵 1.5 𝐴
4𝐿2
= 𝐿
= 5
= 0.3 → 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.6 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 4𝐿𝑏2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠
𝐴
𝜇𝑠 = 0.45 (4𝐿𝑏2 )−0.38 = 0.45(0.3)−0.38 = 0.71
𝐷𝑓 4 𝐴𝑏 5 4
𝜇𝑒𝑚𝑏 = 1 − 0.04 {1 + ( )} = 1 − 0.04 ( ) {1 + (0.3)} = 0.81
𝐵 3 4𝐿2 1.5 3

𝐴𝑤 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 2(3 + 10) × 5 = 130 𝑚 2

𝐴 0.54 130 0.54
𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1 − 0.16 ( 𝐴𝑤) = 1 − 0.16 × ( 30 ) = 0.65
𝑏

𝑃 12×103(1−0.352 )×0.71×0.81×0.65
𝜌𝑒 = (1 − 𝜈′2 )𝜇𝑠 𝜇𝑒𝑚𝑏 𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 0.0143 𝑚 = 14.3 𝑚𝑚
𝐸′𝐿 55×1000×5

𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚:
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 2: 1. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑠 (3 + 4) ×
(10 + 4) = 7𝑚 × 14 𝑚

𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐷𝑓 = 9 𝑚

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LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering
𝐴𝑏 = 7 × 14 = 98 𝑚 2
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 2𝐿 = 14, 2𝐵 = 7 𝑚 𝐿 = 7 𝑚, 𝐵 = 3.5 𝑚.
𝐴𝑏 𝐵 3.5 𝐴
4𝐿2
= 𝐿
= 7
= 0.5 → 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.6 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 4𝐿𝑏2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠
𝐴
𝜇𝑠 = 0.45 (4𝐿𝑏2 )−0.38 = 0.45(0.5)−0.38 = 0.59
𝐷𝑓 4 𝐴𝑏 9 4
𝜇𝑒𝑚𝑏 = 1 − 0.04 {1 + ( )} = 1 − 0.04 ( ) {1 + (0.5)} = 0.83
𝐵 3 4𝐿2 3.5 3

𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 (𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1).

𝑃 12×103 (1−0.452 )×0.59×0.83×1
𝜌𝑒 = (1 − 𝜈𝑢 2 )𝜇𝑠 𝜇𝑒𝑚𝑏 𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 0.0446 𝑚 = 44.6 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝑢 𝐿 15×1000×7

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 2: 1. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑠 (3 +
4) × (10 + 4) = 7𝑚 × 14 𝑚
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠
𝜎′𝑧𝑜 = (20.8 × 8) + (11 × 1) + (8.5 × 0.5) = 182 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑃 12×103
𝐴𝑆𝐷: 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)  𝑞𝑎 = 𝐴 = 3×10
= 400 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
7 10
𝐵 = = 3.5 𝑚, 𝐿 = = 7 𝑚, 𝑧 = 9.5 𝑚 → 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
2 2

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∆𝜎𝑧 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 4 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∆𝜎𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4 × 35.961 = 144 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝜎′𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝜎′𝑧𝑜 + ∆𝜎𝑧 = 182 + 144 = 326 𝐾𝑃𝑎.
𝐻𝑜 𝜎 ′ 𝑓𝑖𝑛 1 326
𝜌𝑝𝑐 = 1+𝑒𝑜
𝐶𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜎 ′ 𝑧𝑜
= 1+0.95 × 0.25 𝑙𝑜𝑔 182 = 0.0324 𝑚 = 32.5 𝑚𝑚

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 14.3 + 44.6 + 32.5 =
91. 4 𝑚𝑚.
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅.

𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛 36° 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45° + 36°⁄2) = 37.8

𝑁𝑞 − 1 = 37.8 − 1 = 36.8
36×𝜋
𝑁𝛾 = 0.1054 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (9.6 × 180
) = 43.9 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝐵′ 3
𝑆𝑞 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∅′𝑝 = 1 + ( ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 36° = 1.22
𝐿′ 10

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LE/CIVL 3210 Geotechnical Engineering
𝐵′ 3
𝑆𝛾 = 1 − 0.4 𝐿′
= 1 − 0.4 (10) = 0.88
𝐷𝑓 5 𝜋
𝑑𝑞 = 1 + 2 tan ∅′ 𝑝 (1 − sin ∅′𝑝 )2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵′ = 1 + 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 36°(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 36°)2 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3) × 180] = 1.41

𝑑𝛾 = 1

𝑞𝑢 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓 (𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝑆𝑞 𝑑𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵′ 𝑁𝛾 𝑆𝛾 𝑑𝛾 = (20.8 × 5 × 36.8 × 1.22 × 1.41) + (0.5 × 20.8 × 3 ×
43.9 × 0.88 × 1.0) = 7788.9 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑢 7788.9
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑞𝑎−𝛾𝐷𝑓
= 400−20.8×5 = 26.3

𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚.

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑠 (3 + 4) × (10 + 4) = 7𝑚 × 14 𝑚

Short term:

𝑞𝑢 = 5.14 𝑆𝑢 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝑐
𝐵′ 7
𝑆𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 𝐿′ = 1 + 0.2(14) = 1.1

𝑑𝑐 = 1.0 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦.

𝑞𝑢 = 5.14 𝑆𝑢 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝑐 = 5.14 × 40 × 1.1 × 1 = 226.2 𝐾𝑃𝑎
12000
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 7×14
= 122.45𝐾𝑃𝑎.
𝑞𝑢 226.2
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑞𝑎
= 122.45 = 1.84

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