What Is A Sentence In English Grammar?

In the alphabet of the English language, there are twenty-six letters. Alphabet is divided into two groups:

1. VOWELS: (A, E, l, O, U)
2. CONSONANTS: (The letters other than the vowels are called consonants.

What Is The Difference Between A Word And A Sentence?

Here is the quick difference between a word and a sentence:

Word

A meaningful combination of different letters is called a word. For example, Diary, Aslam, Train, etc.

Sentence

A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. –OR A completely meaningful combination of
different words is called a sentence.

Examples:

 John does his work.

 I know him.
 She acceded to my request.
 He hankers after riches.
 

What Is The Subject And Predicate In A Sentence?

Here is the quick difference between a subject and a predicate:

Subject             

The word or words denoting the person or thing about which something is said are called the subject of the
sentence.

Examples

 Birds fly.
 Dogs bark.
 Aslam is writing a letter.

Predicate

Thing denoted as the subject is called the Predicate of the sentence.

Examples

 Joe is playing with toys.

 This pen is very good.
 A man came to my house.
 Children make a noise.

What Is A Phrase And Clause In A Sentence?

Here is the definition of a phrase and a clause:

Phrase

A combination of words that makes sense, but not a complete sense, is called a Phrase.

Examples

 in the east
 in a corner
 on the river
 through thick and thin
 a bird in the hand

Clause

A sentence that is a part of a larger sentence is called a Clause. It contains a Subject and a Predicate.

Examples

 This is the house / where we live.

 She has a chain / which is made of gold.
 

The first sentence “Where we live” is a sentence because it has a subject “we” and a predicate “live”.
Similarly, “This is the house” is a sentence having this for its subject and “is” for its predicate. But both are
parts of a larger sentence and hence each of them is called a clause.

Types Of Sentence In English Grammar

Sentences may be classified either

1. On the basis of their meaning.

2. On the basis of their construction or structure.

On The Basis Of Their Meanings

Assertive or Declarative Sentences

Sentences that simply tell us that some action or event has taken place or not are called assertive or
declarative sentences.

Examples

 Joe is a hardworking boy.

 John is not writing a letter.
 They do not agree with your proposal.
 Gilbert has finished his work.
Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative sentences are sentences that ask questions.

Examples

 Where are you going?

 Is it raining outside?
 What is the time by your watch?
 How are you?
 

Imperative Sentences

Imperative sentences are sentences that express some request or order or advice. In these sentences the
subject ‘you’ is understood.

Examples

 Polish my shoes. (order)
 Please give me your pen. (request)
 Do not waste your time. (advice)
 

Exclamatory Sentences

Exclamatory sentences express some strong feelings of mind as joy, sorrow, surprise, or wonder. The mark
of exclamation (!) is always used at the end of these sentences or words.

Examples

 Hurrah! We have won the match. (joy)

 Alas! He is dead. (sorrow)
 What a beautiful bird! (wonder)
 

Optative Sentences

Optative sentences express some wish or prayer.

Examples

 May you succeed in the examination!

 Would that he were rich!
 May you live long!
 
 

TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE

Affirmative ————————————- Negative
 Always  ————— Never (Opposite word   of Verb, Adjective and Noun)

If we find the word “Always” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word “Never” instead of
that word [Always] and make the opposite word of the verb, adjective, and noun at the time of the
negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  I will always remember you.
Negative:  I will never forget you.
Affirmative:  He is always present.
Negative:  He is never absent.
Affirmative:  You should always speak the truth.
Negative:  You should never tell a lie.
 Sometimes——— (Not) always (Opposite word of Verb, Adjective, Noun)

If we find the word “Sometimes” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word not “Always”
instead of that word [Sometimes] and make the opposite word of the verb, adjective, and noun at
the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  He sometimes smokes.
Negative:  He does not always smoke.
Affirmative:  The rich are sometimes happy.
Negative:  The rich are not always happy.
Affirmative:  A scholar is sometimes wrong.
Negative:  A scholar is not always right.

 Must —————- cannot but/ cannot help

If we find the word “Must” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word “Cannot but/ cannot
help” instead of that word [Must] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  He must buy a grammar book.
Negative:  He cannot but buy a grammar book.
Or
He cannot help buying a grammar book.

Affirmative:  We must love one another.

Negative:  We cannot but love one another.
Or
We cannot help loving one another.

Affirmative:  You must listen to your teacher.

Negative:  You cannot but listen to your teacher.
 All ————— No (Opposite word of Adjective, Verb)

If we find the word “All” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word “No” instead of that
word [All] and make the opposite word of the verb, adjective, and noun at the time of the negative
sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  All men are mortal.
Negative:  No man is immortal.
Affirmative:  All must die.
Negative:  No one can escape death.
Affirmative:  All must submit to destiny.
Negative:  No one can escape his destiny.
 For good/ forever ———— Never (Opposite word of Verb)

If we find the word “For good/ forever” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word “Never”
instead of that word [For good/ forever] and make the opposite word of the verb at the time of the
negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  I have sold the house for ever.
Negative:  I will never buy the house.

Affirmative:  He has left the village forever.

Negative:  He will never come to the village again.
Affirmative:  I have given up smoking forever.
Negative:  I shall never smoke again.
 Every ——————– No (Opposite word of Verb, Adjective)

If we find the word “Every” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word “No” instead of that
word [Every] and make the opposite word of verb and adjective at the time of the negative
sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  Everybody is dependent.
 Negative:  Nobody is independent.
Affirmative:  Everyone loves flowers.
Negative:   No one hates flowers.
Affirmative:  Everyone loves him.
Negative:  No one hates him.
Or  There is no one who does not love him.
Or    There is no one but loves him.
 Have to/ has to ——————— cannot but / cannot but help v-ing

If we find the word “Have to/ has to” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word “Cannot
but/ cannot but help v-ing” instead of that word [Have to/ has to] at the time of negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  I have to buy a new house.
Negative:   I cannot but a new house.
OR  I cannot help buying a new house.
 As soon as ——————- No sooner had —than

If we find the word “As soon as” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word “No sooner had
—- than” instead of that word [As soon as] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  As soon as I arrived house, it began to rain.
Negative:  No sooner had I arrived house than it began to rain.

Affirmative:  As soon as the man saw the tiger, he ran away.

Negative:  No sooner had the man seen the tiger, he ran away.
 Many ———————- (Not) a few

If we find the word “Many” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word not “A few” instead
of that word [Many] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  I have many friends.
Negative:   I do not have a few friends.
Affirmative:  They gave me many gifts on my birthday.
Negative:  They did not give me a few gifts on my birthday.
A few ————————- (Not) many

If we find the word “A few” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word not “Many” instead
of that word [A few] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  I have bought a few books.
Negative:  I have not bought many books.
Affirmative:  He ate a few mangoes.
Negative:  He did not eat many mangoes.
 Much ——————– (Not) a little
If we find the word “Much” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word, not “Little” instead
of that word [Much] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  He wants much water.
Negative:  He does not want a little water.
Affirmative:  Ramesh has sold much honey.
Negative:   Ramesh has not sold a little honey.

A little ——————— (Not) much

If we find the word “A little” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word not “Much” instead
of that word [A little] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  I want a little milk.
Negative:  I do not want much milk.
Affirmative:  We sold a little honey.
Negative:  We did not sell much honey.
 Only (Person) ———————– None but

If we find the word “Only” after that any person in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word
“None but” instead of that word [Only] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  Only god can help us.
Negative:  None but God can help us.
Affirmative:  Only he can do the sum.
Negative:  None but he can do the sum.
  Only (Thing) ———————— Nothing but

If we find the word “Only” after that anything in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word
“Nothing but” instead of that word [Only] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  Only the moon was visible.
Negative:  Nothing but the moon was visible.
Affirmative:  I played only cricket.
Negative:   I played nothing but cricket.
Affirmative:  I like only mango.
Negative:  I like nothing but mango.
 Only (Number/age) ——— Not more than/ not less than

If we find the word “Only” after that any number and age in an affirmative sentence, we will write
the word “Not more than/ not less than” instead of that word [Only] at the time of the negative
sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  Amit is only 16 years old.
Negative:  Amit is not less than 16 years old.
Affirmative:  You got only 50 % marks in English.
Negative:   You got not more than 50 % marks in English.
 Both___ and  ———————– Not only __ but also

If we find the word “Both___ and” after that any number and age in an affirmative sentence, we will
write the word “Not only __ but also” instead of that word [Both___ and  ] at the time of negative
sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  Both Rita and Gita were beautiful.
Negative:  Not only Rita but also Gita was beautiful.
Affirmative:  Ramen is both honest and faithful.
Negative:  Ramen is not only honest but also faithful.
 As- as ————— Not less- than/ not com (adj) than

If we find the word “As___ as” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word “Not less- than/
not com (adj) than” instead of that word [As___ as] at the time of negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  Rupali is as beautiful as Sonali.
Negative:  Rupali is not less beautiful than Sonali.
Affirmative:  Hasan is as strong as Karim.
Negative:  Hasan is not less strong than Karim.
OR  Karim is not stronger than Hasan.
 For the last time ————— Never

If we find the word “For good/ forever” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word “Never”
instead of that word [For good/ forever] and make the opposite word of the verb at the time of the
negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  I warn you for the last time.
Negative:  I shall never warn you again.
Affirmative:  They came here for the last time.
Negative:  They will never come here.
  Alone (Person) ————— None but

If we find the word “Alone” after that any person in an affirmative sentence, we will write the word
“None but” instead of that word [Alone] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  God alone can help me in this situation.
Negative:  None but God can help me in this situation.
Affirmative:  Mother alone loves her child.
Negative:  None but mother loves her child.
 Too—-to                                        So—that

If we find “Too—to” in an affirmative sentence, we will use “So—– that” instead of that word [Too
— to] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  He is too weak to walk.
Negative:  He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Affirmative:  The child was too tiny to climb up the tree.
Negative:  The child was so tiny that he could not climb up the tree.

  Superlative degree (The best) ———— No other

If we find “Superlative degree (The best)” in an affirmative sentence, we will use “No other” instead
of that word [Superlative degree (The best)] at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  Arun is the best boy in the class.
Negative:  No other boy in the class is as good as Arun.
Affirmative:  Tendulkar is the best batsman in India.
Negative:  No other batsman in India is as good as Tendulkar.

 Than any other/ than all other ————- No other

If we find “Than any other/ than all other” in an affirmative sentence, we will use “No other”
instead of that word [Than any other/ than all other at the time of the negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:   Sumit is better than any other boy in the class.
Negative:  No other boy in the class is as good as Sumit.
Affirmative:  Mumbai is bigger than all other cities in India.
Negative:  No other city in India is as big as Mumbai.

 Using helping verb + not without

For Example:
Affirmative:  You have power.
Negative:  You are not without power.
Affirmative:  I hate you.
Negative:  I am not without hate for you.
Affirmative:  We respect you.
Negative:  We are not without respect for you.

  Using of “Not fail to”

For Example:
Affirmative:  He plays football.
Negative:  He does not fail to play football.
Affirmative:  Speak the truth.
Negative:  Don’t fail to speak the truth.
Affirmative:  I saw the Victoria Memorial Hall.
Negative:  I did not fail to see the Victoria Memorial Hall.

 Making double Negative

Every will be “No” and “Un” will be added with verb

For Example:
Affirmative:  He answered every question.
Negative:  He left no question unanswered.
Affirmative:  You read every story.
Negative:  You left no story unread.
Affirmative:  The boy solved every problem.
Negative:  The boy left no problem unsolved.

 If the sentences are universal truth, you should make the sentences interrogative negative.

For Example:
Affirmative:  The sun rises in the east.
Negative:  Does not the sun rise in the east?
Affirmative:  The earth is round.
Negative:  Is not the earth round?
Affirmative:  Honesty is the best policy.
Negative:  Is not honesty the best policy?

 Am, is, are, was, were + adjective ————– negative and opposite word of adjective

If we find the word “Am, is, are, was, were + adjective” in an affirmative sentence, we will write the
word “Not” instead of that word [Am, is, are, was, were + adjective] and make the opposite word of
adjective at the time of negative sentence.
For Example:
Affirmative:  Man is mortal.
Negative:  Man is not immortal.
Affirmative:   She is present.
Negative:  She is not absent.

Affirmative:  My brother is a good boy.

Negative:  My brother is not bad boy.
There is a shortcut method to memorize the rules of inter-change of sentences
from affirmative to negative sentences.
Affirmative                      Negative
1.  Always  ———– Never (Opposite word   of Verb, Adjective and Noun)
2.  Sometimes   —— (Not) always (Opposite word of Verb, Adjective, Noun)
3. Must ——————————  Cannot but/ cannot help
4.  All ———————————   No (Opposite word of Adjective, Verb)
5.  For good/ forever ————   Never (Opposite word of Verb)
6.  Every —————————— No (Opposite word of Verb, Adjective)
7. Have to/ has to —————– Cannot but / cannot but help v-ing
8. As soon as ———————— No sooner had —than
9. Many —————————— (Not) a few
10. A few —————————— (Not) many
11. Much —————————— (Not) a little
12. A little —————————– (Not) much
13. Only (Person) ——————– None but
14. Only (Thing) ———————- Nothing but
15. Only (Number/age) ———— Not more than/ not less than
16. Both___ and  ——————– Not only __ but also
17. As- as —————————— Not less- than/ not com (adjective) than
18. For the last time —————- Never
19. Alone (Person) —————— None but
20. (Too—-to) ———————— So—that
21. Superlative degree (The best) ———— No other
22. Than any other/ than all other ————- No other
23. Using helping verb + not without
24. Using of “ Not fail to”
25. Making double Negative
26. If the sentences are universal truth, you should make the sentences interrogative negative.
27. Am, is, are, was, were + adjective ————– negative and opposite word of adjective
Interchange of Assertive and Exclamatory Sentences

ASSERTIVE                                    EXCLAMATORY
 a/an  very/great/fine ——— what 

If we find the word “A/An” before “Very/great” in assertive sentence, we will start exclamatory sentences

with the word “What”. We will write exclamatory sentences following this structure
What + a/an + adjective + subject + verb!
For Example:
Assertive:  It is a very interesting story book.
Exclamatory:  What an interesting book it is!
Assertive:  It is a fine morning.
Exclamatory:  What a fine morning it is!
Assertive:   The boy is a great fool.
Exclamatory:  What a fool the boy is!
  Very/ great/ fine —————— How

If we find the word “Very/great” without “A/An” placed before very and great in assertive sentence, we
will start writing exclamatory sentences with the word “How”. We will start exclamatory sentences
following this structure
How + adjective + subject + verb!
For Example:
Assertive:   The flower was very nice.
Exclamatory:  How nice the flower was!
Assertive:   The morning was very cool yesterday.
Exclamatory:  How cool the morning yesterday was!
Assertive:  The boy is very tall.
Exclamatory:  How tall the boy is!

Now I am discussing the rules based on exclamatory sentences.

EXCLAMATORY                                     ASSERTIVE          

 Alas ————— It is a matter of sorry/ regret that …… or We mourn that……..
If we find the word “Alas” in exclamatory sentence, we will write “It is a matter of sorry/ regret that …… or
We mourn that…” instead of that word [Alas]. After that we will write the rest part of exclamatory
sentence. Finally we will place full stop [.] instead of exclamatory sign [!].
For Example:
Exclamatory:  Alas! Ranjit failed in the examination.
Assertive:  It is a matter of sorry that Ranjit failed in the examination.
Exclamatory:  Alas! Your grandfather has died today.
Assertive:  It is matter of regret that your grandfather has died today.
Exclamatory:  Alas! He has lost his new cycle.
Assertive:   We mourn that he has lost his new cycle.
  Bravo ———————– It is a matter of praise that …….

If we find the word “Bravo” in exclamatory sentence, we will write “It is a matter of praise that
…….” instead of that word [Bravo]. After that we will write the rest part of exclamatory sentence. At last we
will place full stop [.] instead of exclamatory sign [!].
For Example:
Exclamatory:  Bravo! Raja has played well.
Assertive:   It is a matter of praise that Raja has played well.
Exclamatory:  Bravo! He has won the first prize.
Assertive:  It is a matter of praise that he has won the first prize.
 Fie ————- It is a matter of shame/contempt that…… Or It is shameful that……….

If we find the word “Fie” in exclamatory sentence, we will write “It is a matter of shame/contempt that……
Or It is shameful that……….” instead of that word [Fie]. After that we will write the rest part of exclamatory
sentence. At last we will place full stop [.] instead of exclamatory sign [!].
For Example:
Exclamatory:   Fie! He does not respect the seniors.
Assertive:   It is matter of shame that he does not respect the seniors.
Exclamatory:   Fie! You have cheated your best friend.
Assertive:   It is shameful that you have cheated your best friend.

Exclamatory:   Fie! Bijoy quarrels with his elder brother.

Assertive:   It is matter of contempt that Bijoy quarrels with his elder brother.
  Hurrah ————– It is a matter of joy that …. OR We rejoice that …….

If we find the word “Hurrah” in exclamatory sentence, we will write “It is a matter of joy that …. OR We
rejoice that …….” instead of that word [Hurrah]. After that we will write the rest part of exclamatory
sentence. At last we will place full stop [.] instead of exclamatory sign [!].
For Example:
Exclamatory:   Hurrah! We have won the match.
Assertive:   It is matter of joy that we have won the match.
Exclamatory:   Hurrah! My elder brother has got a new job.
Assertive:  It is a matter of joy that my elder brother has got a new job.
Exclamatory:  Hurrah! Tamal stood first in the exam.
Assertive:  We rejoice that Tamal stood first the exam.
  If + unreal conditional  —————— I wish + unreal conditional
If we find “unreal conditional sentence with if” in exclamatory sentence we will write “I wish” instead of
the word [If]. After that we will add “unreal conditional sentence” and finally place full stop [.] instead of
exclamatory sign [!].
For Example:

Exclamatory:   If I were a king!

Assertive:  I wish I were a king.
Exclamatory:  Had I a computer! Or If I had a computer!
Assertive:  I wish I had a computer.
Exclamatory:  If I could fly.
Assertive:   I wish I could fly.
  If + real conditional ———————— I hope + real conditional

If we find “real conditional sentence with if” in exclamatory sentence we will write “I hope” instead of the
word [If]. Then we will add the “real conditional sentence” and finally place full stop [.] instead of
exclamatory sign [!].
For Example:
Exclamatory:   If you study better for next examination!
Assertive:  I hope you study better for next examination.

Exclamatory:   If you read the book well!

Assertive:  I hope you read the book well.
Exclamatory:  If you practice the lesson!
Assertive: I hope you practice the lesson.
 Would that/ O that —————- I wish …..

If we find “Would that/ O that” in exclamatory sentence, we will write “I wish” instead of that word [Would
that/ O that]. ]. After that we will write the rest part of exclamatory sentence. At last we will place full stop
[.] instead of exclamatory sign [!].
 For Example:
Exclamatory:   Would that I could be a child again!
Assertive:  I wish I could be a child again.
Exclamatory:  O that I were a poet!
Assertive:  I wish I were a poet.
Exclamatory:  O that I could be a teacher!
Assertive:  I wish I could be a teacher.                
Exclamatory:  Would that you were a cricketer!
Assertive:  I wish you were a cricketer!

SHORT CUT METHOD TO MEMORIZE THE RULES

Interchange of Assertive and Exclamatory Sentences
Assertive                                               Exclamatory
01. a/an  very/great/fine—————— what 
02. Bravo ——————————It is a matter of praise that …
Exclamatory                                 Assertive 
 01. Alas ————— It is a matter of sorry/ regret that …… or We mourn that
2. Bravo ———————– It is a matter of praise that …….
03. Fie ————- It is a matter of shame/contempt that…… Or It is shameful that……….
04. Hurrah ———–It is a matter of joy that …. OR We rejoice that …….
05. If + unreal conditional  —————— I wish + unreal conditional
06. If + real conditional ———————— I hope + real conditional
07. Would that/ O that —————- I wish …..

about – exactly destruction – construction innocent – guilty professional – amateur

above – below devil – angel inside – outside protect – attack
absence – presence dictatorship – republic insult – compliment protection – attack
abundance – lack die – live intelligent – silly public – private
accept – refuse different – alike intentional – accidental pull – push
accidental – intentional be interested in – bore pupil – teacher
difficult – easy
active – lazy interesting – boring push – pull
dirty – clean
add – subtract interrupt – continue
admit – deny
disease – health Q
adult – child
distant – near J question – answer
divide – unite junior – senior quick – slow
advanced – elementary
division – unity quiet – loud
affirmative – negative
afraid – brave
divorce – marry K R
divorce – marriage kind – cruel
after – before raise – lower
divorced – married
against – for
domestic – foreign L rainy – sunny
alike – different lack – abundance rear – front
down – up
alive – dead lady – gentleman receive – send
downstairs – upstairs
all – none land – take off reduce – increase
drama – comedy
allow – forbid land – water refuse – agree
dry – humid
already – not yet large – small regret – satisfaction
dull – interesting
always – never last – first remember – forget
dusk – dawn
ancient – modern late – early repair – damage
ancestor – descendant
agree – refuse
E laugh – cry reply – ask
early – late lazy – active reply – question
amateur – professional lead – follow republic – dictatorship
east – west
amuse – bore learn – teach rest – work
easy – difficult
ancestor – descendant rich – poor
elementary – advanced leave – arrive
angel – devil left – right right – left
emigrate – immigrate
animal – human lend – borrow right – wrong
emigration –
annoy – satisfy less – more rise – sink
immigration
answer – ask let – forbid rough – gentle
empty – full
answer – question lie – stand rough – smooth
end – begin
antonym – synonym life – death rude – polite
end – beginning
apart – together light – dark rural – urban
ending – beginning
approximately –
exactly
enemy – friend
enjoy – hate
light – heavy
like – hate
S
argue – agree liquid – solid sad – happy
enter – leave
arrival – departure little – big sadness – happiness
entrance – exit
arrive – depart little – much safe – dangerous
equal – different
artificial – natural live – die safety – danger
even – odd
ascent – descent long – short salt – sugar
evening – morning
ask – answer lose – win same – different
everybody – nobody
asleep – awake loser – winner satisfaction – regret
everything – nothing
attack – defend satisfy – annoy
exactly – approximately loud – quiet
attack – defense love – hate save – spend
excited – calm
attic – cellar exciting – boring lovely – terrible scream – whisper
autumn – spring exclude – include low – high security – danger
awake – asleep exit – entrance lower – raise seldom – often
awful – nice expensive – cheap bad luck – good luck sell – buy
export – import good luck – bad luck send – receive
B exposure – shelter M senior – junior
back – in front of extreme – moderate major – minor separate – connect
background – foreground male – female serious – funny
backward – forward F man – woman servant – master
bad – good fail – succeed many – few set free – arrest
bad luck – fortune failure – success marriage – divorce shallow – deep
beauty – ugliness false – true married – divorced sharp – blunt
before – after far – near marry – divorce shelter – exposure
begin – end fast – slow master – servant short – long
beginning – end fat – slim maximum – minimum shout – whisper
behind – in front of fear – courage mean – generous shut – open
below – above female – male melt – freeze sick – healthy
best – worst few – many men – women silent – noisy
better – worse final – first mend – break silly – intelligent
beautiful – ugly find – lose mess – order simple – complicated
big – small finish – begin midnight – noon sink – rise
birth – death finish – start minimum – maximum single – married
bitter – sweet first – final minor – major sister – brother
black – white fix – break miss – hit sit – stand
blunt – sharp flat – hilly miss – catch slim – fat
body – soul floor – ceiling moderate – extreme slow – fast
bore – amuse follow – lead modern – ancient small – big
boring – exciting forbid – allow monarchy – republic smooth – rough
borrow – lend for – against moon – sun soft – hard
bottom – top foreground – background more – less solid – liquid
boy – girl foreign – domestic morning – evening some – many
brave – cowardly foreigner – native mountain – valley sometimes – often
break – fix forget – remember much – little son – daughter
broad – narrow form – destroy soul – body
brother – sister fortune – bad luck N sour – sweet
build – destroy forward – backward narrow – broad south – north
busy – lazy free – arrest nasty – nice special – general
buy – sell freeze – melt native – foreigner spring – autumn
natural – artificial
C frequently –
occasionally near – distant
stand – sit
start – stop
calm – excited fresh – old/stale negative – affirmative start – finish
careful – careless friend – enemy nephew – niece stop – start
careless – careful front – rear never – always stand – lie
catch – miss in front of – back new – ancient strange – normal
ceiling – floor full – empty nice – awful stranger – native
cellar – attic funny – serious niece – nephew strict – gentle
centre – outskirts future – past night – day strong – weak
certainly – probably no – yes student – teacher
changeable – constant G nobody – everybody stupid – clever
cheap – expensive general – particular noisy – quiet suburb – centre
child – adult generous – mean noon – midnight succeed – fail
children – parents gentle – violent none of – al lot of success – failure
clean – dirty gentleman – lady normal – strange subtract – add
clear – cloudy giant – tiny north – south sugar – salt
clever – stupid girl – boy not yet – already summer – winter
close – open give – take nothing – everything sun – moon
closed – open go – come notice – ignore sunny – cloudy
cloudy – clear good – bad now – then
cold – hot T
cold – heat
grown-up – child
guest – host
O true – false
come – go guilty – innocent occasionally – trust – suspect
comedy – drama H frequently
complicated – simple happiness – sadness occupied – vacant U
compliment – insult odd – even ugliness – beauty
happy – sad
compulsory – voluntary off – on ugly – beautiful
handsome – ugly
connect – separate often – seldom under – over
hard – easy
consonant – vowel old – modern unite – divide
harvest – plant
constant – changeable on – off unity – division
hate – enjoy
construction – destruction open – closed up – down
health – disease
continue – interrupt open – closed upstairs – downstairs
healthy – ill
cool – warm opponent – supporter urban – rural
heat – cold
correct – wrong order – mess useful – useless
heaven – hell
courage – fear ordinary – special useless – useful
heavy – light
courageous – cowardly other – same
hell – heaven
cowardly – brave
create – destroy
here – there out – in
outside – inside
V
high – deep vacant – occupied
cruel – human outskirts – centre
high – low valley – mountain
cry – whisper over – under
hilly – flat vertical – horizontal
cry – laugh
hit – miss P victory – defeat
D hopeful – desperate parents – children village – town
damage – repair hopeless – hopeful part – whole violent – gentle
danger – security horizontal – vertical partial – total visitor – host
dangerous – safe host – guest particular – general voluntary –
dark – light hot – cold pass – fail compulsory
daughter – son huge – tiny past – future vowel – consonant
dawn – dusk human – animal peace – war
day – night humane – cruel permit – forbid W
dead – alive humid – dry plant – harvest war – peace
death – birth hungry – thirsty plenty – lack warm – cool
deep – shallow husband – wife pleasant – awful waste – save
defeat – victory I polite – rude water – land
defence – attack in front of – back poor – rich weak – powerful
defend – attack ignore – notice poverty – wealth wealth – poverty
delicious – awful ill – healthy powerful – weak wealthy – poor
deny – admit immigrate – emigrate presence – absence wedding – divorce
depart – arrive immigration – emigration present – past well- ill
departure – arrival import – export pretty – ugly west – east
descendant – ancestor in – out private – public wet – dry
descent – ascent include – exclude probably – certainly whisper – scream
desperate – hopeful increase – reduce white – black
destroy – build whole – part
wide – narrow
S.No. Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form s / es/ ies ‘ing’ form

1 abash abashed abashed abashes abashing

2 abate abated abated abates abating

3 abide abode abode abides abiding

4 absorb absorbed absorbed absorbs absorbing

5 accept accepted accepted accepts accepting

6 accompany accompanied accompanied accompanies accompanying

7 ache ached ached aches aching

8 achieve achieved achieved achieves achieving

9 acquire acquired acquired acquires acquiring

10 act acted acted acts acting

11 add added added adds adding

12 address addressed addressed addresses addressing

13 adjust adjusted adjusted adjusts adjusting

14 admire admired admired admires admiring

15 admit admitted admitted admits admitting

16 advise advised advised advises advising

17 afford afforded afforded affords affording

18 agree 1000 English Verbs Forms

agreed agreed agrees agreeing

19 alight alit alit alights alighting

List of English Verbs in all Tenses
20 allow allowed allowed allows allowing

21 animate animated animated animates animating

Proper use of verbs is very important to speak and write correct English. Following is the list of Verbs in it's
22 announce announced announced announces announcing
forms
23 answer answered answered answers answering

24 apologize apologized apologized apologizes apologizing

25 appear appeared appeared appears appearing

26 applaud applauded applauded applauds applauding

27 apply applied applied applies applying

28 approach approached approached approaches approaching

29 approve approved approved approves approving

30 argue argued argued argues arguing

31 arise arose arisen arises arising

32 arrange arranged arranged arranges arranging

33 arrest arrested arrested arrests arresting

34 ask asked asked asks asking

35 assert asserted asserted asserts asserting

36 assort assorted assorted assorts assorting

37 astonish astonished astonished astonishes astonishing

38 attack attacked attacked attacks attacking

39 attend attended attended attends attending

40 attract attracted attracted attracts attracting

41 audit audited audited audits auditing

42 avoid avoided avoided avoids avoiding

43 awake awoke awoken awakes awaking

44 bang banged banged bangs banging

45 banish banished banished banishes banishing

46 bash bashed bashed bashes bashing

47 bat batted batted bats batting

48 be (am,are) was / were been is being

49 bear bore born bears bearing

50 bear bore borne bears bearing

51 beat beat beaten beats beating

52 beautify beautified beautified beautifies beautifying

53 become became become becomes becoming

54 befall befell befallen befalls befalling

55 beg begged begged begs begging

56 begin began begun begins beginning

57 behave behaved behaved behaves behaving

58 behold beheld beheld beholds beholding

59 believe believed believed believes believing

60 belong belonged belonged belongs belonging

61 bend bent bent bends bending

62 bereave bereft bereft bereaves bereaving

63 beseech besought besought beseeches beseeching

64 bet bet bet bets betting

65 betray betrayed betrayed betrays betraying

66 bid bade bidden bids bidding

67 bid bid bid bids bidding

68 bind bound bound binds binding

69 bite bit bitten bites biting

70 bleed bled bled bleeds bleeding

71 bless blessed blessed blesses blessing

72 blossom blossomed blossomed blossoms blossoming

73 blow blew blown blows blowing

74 blur blurred blurred blurs blurring

75 blush blushed blushed blushes blushing

76 board boarded boarded boards boarding

77 boast boasted boasted boasts boasting

78 boil boiled boiled boils boiling

79 bow bowed bowed bows bowing

80 box boxed boxed boxes boxing

81 bray brayed brayed brays braying

82 break broke broken breaks breaking

83 breathe breathed breathed breathes breathing

84 breed bred bred breeds breeding

85 bring brought brought brings bringing

86 broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasts broadcasting

87 brush brushed brushed brushes brushing

88 build built built builds building

89 burn burnt burnt burns burning

90 burst burst burst bursts bursting

91 bury buried buried buries burying

92 bust bust bust busts busting

93 buy bought bought buys buying

94 buzz buzzed buzzed buzzes buzzing

95 calculate calculated calculated calculates calculating

96 call called called calls calling

97 canvass canvassed canvassed canvasses canvassing

98 capture captured captured captures capturing

99 caress caressed caressed caresses caressing

100 carry carried carried carries carrying

101 carve carved carved carves carving

102 cash cashed cashed cashes cashing

103 cast cast cast casts casting

104 catch caught caught catches catching

105 cause caused caused causes causing

106 cease ceased ceased ceases ceasing

107 celebrate celebrated celebrated celebrates celebrating

108 challenge challenged challenged challenges challenging

109 change changed changed changes changing

110 charge charged charged charges charging

111 chase chased chased chases chasing

112 chat chatted chatted chats chatting

113 check checked checked checks checking

114 cheer cheered cheered cheers cheering

115 chew chewed chewed chews chewing

116 chide chid chid/chidden chides chiding

117 chip chipped chipped chips chipping

118 choke choked choked chokes choking

119 choose chose chosen chooses choosing

120 classify classified classified classifies classifying

121 clean cleaned cleaned cleans cleaning

122 cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cleaves cleaving

123 click clicked clicked clicks clicking

124 climb climbed climbed climbs climbing

125 cling clung clung clings clinging

126 close closed closed closes closing

127 clothe clad clad clothes clothing

128 clutch clutched clutched clutches clutching

129 collapse collapsed collapsed collapses collapsing

130 collect collected collected collects collecting

131 colour coloured coloured colours colouring

132 come came come comes coming

133 comment commented commented comments commenting

134 compare compared compared compares comparing

135 compel compelled compelled compels compelling

136 compete competed competed competes competing

137 complain complained complained complains complaining

138 complete completed completed completes completing

139 conclude concluded concluded concludes concluding

140 conduct conducted conducted conducts conducting

141 confess confessed confessed confesses confessing

142 confine confined confined confines confining

143 confiscate confiscated confiscated confiscates confiscating

144 confuse confused confused confuses confusing

145 congratulate congratulated congratulated congratulates congratulating

146 connect connected connected connects connecting

147 connote connoted connoted connotes connoting

148 conquer conquered conquered conquers conquering

149 consecrate consecrated consecrated consecrates consecrating

150 consent consented consented consents consenting

151 conserve conserved conserved conserves conserving

152 consider considered considered considers considering

153 consign consigned consigned consigns consigning

154 consist consisted consisted consists consisting

155 console consoled consoled consoles consoling

156 consort consorted consorted consorts consorting

157 conspire conspired conspired conspires conspiring

158 constitute constituted constituted constitutes constituting

159 constrain constrained constrained constrains constraining

160 construct constructed constructed constructs constructing

161 construe construed construed construes construing

162 consult consulted consulted consults consulting

163 contain contained contained contains containing

164 contemn contemned contemned contemns contemning

165 contend contended contended contends contending

166 contest contested contested contests contesting

167 continue continued continued continues continuing

168 contract contracted contracted contracts contracting

169 contradict contradicted contradicted contradicts contradicting

170 contrast contrasted contrasted contrasts contrasting

171 contribute contributed contributed contributes contributing

172 contrive contrived contrived contrives contriving

173 control controlled controlled controls controlling

174 convene convened convened convenes convening

175 converge converged converged converges converging

176 converse conversed conversed converses conversing

177 convert converted converted converts converting

178 convey conveyed conveyed conveys conveying

179 convict convicted convicted convicts convicting

180 convince convinced convinced convinces convincing

181 coo cooed cooed coos cooing

182 cook cooked cooked cooks cooking

183 cool cooled cooled cools cooling

184 co-operate co-operated co-operated co-operates co-operating

185 cope coped cope copes coping

186 copy copied copied copies copying

187 correct corrected corrected corrects correcting

188 correspond corresponded corresponded corresponds corresponding

189 corrode corroded corroded corrodes corroding

190 corrupt corrupted corrupted corrupts corrupting

191 cost cost cost costs costing

192 cough coughed coughed coughs coughing

193 counsel counselled counselled counsels counselling

194 count counted counted counts counting

195 course coursed coursed courses coursing

196 cover covered covered covers covering

197 cower cowered cowered cowers cowering

198 crack cracked cracked cracks cracking

199 crackle crackled crackled crackles crackling

200 crash crashed crashed crashes crashing

201 crave craved craved craves craving

202 create created created creates creating

203 creep crept crept creeps creeping

204 crib cribbed cribbed cribs cribbing

205 cross crossed crossed crosses crossing

206 crowd crowded crowded crowds crowding

207 crush crushed crushed crushes crushing

208 cry cried cried cries crying

209 curb curbed curbed curbs curbing

210 cure cured cured cures curing

211 curve curved curved curves curving

212 cut cut cut cuts cutting

213 cycle cycled cycled cycles cycling

214 damage damaged damaged damages damaging

215 damp damped damped damps damping

216 dance danced danced dances dancing

217 dare dared dared dares daring

218 dash dashed dashed dashes dashing

219 dazzle dazzled dazzled dazzles dazzling

220 deal dealt dealt deals dealing

221 decay decayed decayed decays decaying

222 decide decided decided decides deciding

223 declare declared declared declares declaring

224 decorate decorated decorated decorates decorating

225 decrease decreased decreased decreases decreasing

226 dedicate dedicated dedicated dedicates dedicating

227 delay delayed delayed delays delaying

228 delete deleted deleted deletes deleting

229 deny denied denied denies denying

230 depend depended depended depends depending

231 deprive deprived deprived deprives depriving

232 derive derived derived derives deriving

233 describe described described describes describing

234 desire desired desired desires desiring

235 destroy destroyed destroyed destroys destroying

236 detach detached detached detaches detaching

237 detect detected detected detects detecting

238 determine determined determined determines determining

239 develop developed developed develops developing

240 die died died dies dying

241 differ differed differed differs differing

242 dig dug dug digs digging

243 digest digested digested digests digesting

244 dim dimmed dimmed dims dimming

245 diminish diminished diminished diminishes diminishing

246 dine dined dined dines dining

247 dip dipped dipped dips dipping

248 direct directed directed directs directing

249 disappear disappeared disappeared disappears disappearing

250 discover discovered discovered discovers discovering

251 discuss discussed discussed discusses discussing

252 disobey disobeyed disobeyed disobeys disobeying

253 display displayed displayed displays displaying

254 dispose disposed disposed disposes disposing

255 distribute distributed distributed distributes distributing

256 disturb disturbed disturbed disturbs disturbing

257 disuse disused disused disuses disusing

258 dive dived dived dives diving

259 divide divided divided divides dividing

260 do did done does doing

261 donate donated donated donates donating

262 download downloaded downloaded downloads downloading

263 drag dragged dragged drags dragging

264 draw drew drawn draws drawing

265 dream dreamt dreamt dreams dreaming

266 dress dressed dressed dresses dressing

267 drill drilled drilled drills drilling

268 drink drank drunk drinks drinking

269 drive drove driven drives driving

270 drop dropped dropped drops dropping

271 dry dried dried dries drying

272 dump dumped dumped dumps dumping

273 dwell dwelt dwelt dwells dwelling

274 dye dyed dyed dyes dyeing

275 earn earned earned earns earning

276 eat ate eaten eats eating

277 educate educated educated educates educating

278 empower empowered empowered empowers empowering

279 empty emptied emptied empties emptying

280 encircle encircled encircled encircles encircling

281 encourage encouraged encouraged encourages encouraging

282 encroach encroached encroached encroaches encroaching

283 endanger endangered endangered endangers entangling

284 endorse endorsed endorsed endorses endorsing

285 endure endured endured endures enduring

286 engrave engraved engraved engraves engraving

287 enjoy enjoyed enjoyed enjoys enjoying

288 enlarge enlarged enlarged enlarges enlarging

289 enlighten enlightened enlightened enlightens enlightening

290 enter entered entered enters entering

291 envy envied envied envies envying

292 erase erased erased erases erasing

293 escape escaped escaped escapes escaping

294 evaporate evaporated evaporated evaporates evaporating

295 exchange exchanged exchanged exchanges exchanging

296 exclaim exclaimed exclaimed exclaims exclaiming

297 exclude excluded excluded excludes excluding

298 exist existed existed exists existing

299 expand expanded expanded expands expanding

300 expect expected expected expects expecting

301 explain explained explained explains explaining

302 explore explored explored explores exploring

303 express expressed expressed expresses expressing

304 extend extended extended extends extending

305 eye eyed eyed eyes eyeing

306 face faced faced faces facing

307 fail failed failed fails failing

308 faint fainted fainted faints fainting

309 fall fell fallen falls falling

310 fan fanned fanned fans fanning

311 fancy fancied fancied fancies fancying

312 favour favoured favoured favours favouring

313 fax faxed faxed faxes faxing

314 feed fed fed feeds feeding

315 feel felt felt feels feeling

316 ferry ferried ferried ferries ferrying

317 fetch fetched fetched fetches fetching

318 fight fought fought fights fighting

319 fill filled filled fills filling

320 find found found finds finding

321 finish finished finished finishes finishing

322 fish fished fished fishes fishing

323 fit fit/fitted fit/fitted fits fitting

324 fix fixed fixed fixes fixing

325 fizz fizzed fizzed fizzes fizzing

326 flap flapped flapped flaps flapping

327 flash flashed flashed flashes flashing

328 flee fled fled flees fleeing

329 fling flung flung flings flinging

330 float floated floated floats floating

331 flop flopped flopped flops flopping

332 fly flew flown flies flying

333 fold folded folded folds folding

334 follow followed followed follows following

335 forbid forbade forbidden forbids forbidding

336 force forced forced forces forcing

337 forecast forecast forecast forecasts forecasting

338 foretell foretold foretold foretells foretelling

339 forget forgot forgotten forgets forgetting

340 forgive forgave forgiven forgives forgiving

341 forlese forlore forlorn forlese forlesing

342 form formed formed forms forming

343 forsake forsook forsaken forsakes forsaking

344 found founded founded founds founding

345 frame framed framed frames framing

346 free freed freed frees freeing

347 freeze froze frozen freezes freezing

348 frighten frightened frightened frightens frightening

349 fry fried fried fries frying

350 fulfil fulfilled fulfilled fulfils fulfilling

351 gag gagged gagged gags gagging

352 gain gained gained gains gaining

353 gainsay gainsaid gainsaid gainsays gainsaying

354 gash gashed gashed gashes gashing

355 gaze gazed gazed gazes gazing

356 get got got gets getting

357 give gave given gives giving

358 glance glanced glanced glances glancing

359 glitter glittered glittered glitters glittering

360 glow glowed glowed glows glowing

361 go went gone goes going

362 google googled googled googles googling

363 govern governed governed governs governing

364 grab grabbed grabbed grabs grabbing

365 grade graded graded grades grading

366 grant granted granted grants granting

367 greet greeted greeted greets greeting

368 grind ground ground grinds grinding

369 grip gripped gripped grips gripping

370 grow grew grown grows growing

371 guard guarded guarded guards guarding

372 guess guessed guessed guesses guessing

373 guide guided guided guides guiding

374 handle handled handled handles handling

375 hang hung hung hangs hanging

376 happen happened happened happens happening

377 harm harmed harmed harms harming

378 hatch hatched hatched hatches hatching

379 hate hated hated hates hating

380 have had had has having

381 heal healed healed heals healing

382 hear heard heard hears hearing

383 heave hove hove heaves heaving

384 help helped helped helps helping

385 hew hewed hewn hews hewing

386 hide hid hidden hides hiding

387 hinder hindered hindered hinders hindering

388 hiss hissed hissed hisses hissing

389 hit hit hit hits hitting

390 hoax hoaxed hoaxed hoaxes hoaxing

391 hold held held holds holding

392 hop hopped hopped hops hopping

393 hope hoped hoped hopes hoping

394 horrify horrified horrified horrifies horrifying

395 hug hugged hugged hugs hugging

396 hum hummed hummed hums humming

397 humiliate humiliated humiliated humiliates humiliating

398 hunt hunted hunted hunts hunting

399 hurl hurled hurled hurls hurling

400 hurry hurried hurried hurries hurrying

401 hurt hurt hurt hurts hurting

402 hush hushed hushed hushes hushing

403 hustle hustled hustled hustles hustling

404 hypnotize hypnotized hypnotized hypnotizes hypnotizing

405 idealize idealized idealized idealizes idealizing

406 identify identified identified identifies identifying

407 idolize idolized idolized idolizes idolizing

408 ignite ignited ignited ignites igniting

409 ignore ignored ignored ignores ignoring

410 ill-treat ill-treated ill-treated ill-treats ill-treating

411 illuminate illuminated illuminated illuminates illuminating

412 illumine illumined illumined illumines illumining

413 illustrate illustrated illustrated illustrates illustrating

414 imagine imagined imagined imagines imagining

415 imbibe imbibed imbibed imbibes imbibing

416 imitate imitated imitated imitates imitating

417 immerse immersed immersed immerses immersing

418 immolate immolated immolated immolates immolating

419 immure immured immured immures immuring

420 impair impaired impaired impairs impairing

421 impart imparted imparted imparts imparting

422 impeach impeached impeached impeaches impeaching

423 impede impeded impeded impedes impeding

424 impel impelled impelled impels impelling

425 impend impended impended impends impending

426 imperil imperilled imperilled imperils imperilling

427 impinge impinged impinged impinges impinging

428 implant implanted implanted implants implanting

429 implicate implicated implicated implicates implicating

430 implode imploded imploded implodes imploding

431 implore implored implored implores imploring

432 imply implied implied implies implying

433 import imported imported imports importing

434 impose imposed imposed imposes imposing

435 impress impressed impressed impresses impressing

436 imprint imprinted imprinted imprints imprinting

437 imprison imprisoned imprisoned imprisons imprisoning

438 improve improved improved improves improving

439 inaugurate inaugurated inaugurated inaugurates inaugurating

440 incise incised incised incises incising

441 include included included includes including

442 increase increased increased increases increasing

443 inculcate inculcated inculcated inculcates inculcating

444 indent indented indented indents indenting

445 indicate indicated indicated indicates indicating

446 induce induced induced induces inducing

447 indulge indulged indulged indulges indulging

448 infect infected infected infects infecting

449 infest infested infested infests infesting

450 inflame inflamed inflamed inflames inflaming

451 inflate inflated inflated inflates inflating

452 inflect inflected inflected inflects inflecting

453 inform informed informed informs informing

454 infringe infringed infringed infringes infringing

455 infuse infused infused infuses infusing

456 ingest ingested ingested ingests ingesting

457 inhabit inhabited inhabited inhabits inhabiting

458 inhale inhaled inhaled inhales inhaling

459 inherit inherited inherited inherits inheriting

460 initiate initiated initiated initiates initiating

461 inject injected injected injects injecting

462 injure injured injured injures injuring

463 inlay inlaid inlaid inlays inlaying

464 innovate innovated innovated innovates innovating

465 input input input inputs inputting

466 inquire inquired inquired inquires inquiring

467 inscribe inscribed inscribed inscribes inscribing

468 insert inserted inserted inserts inserting

469 inspect inspected inspected inspects inspecting

470 inspire inspired inspired inspires inspiring

471 install installed installed installs installing

472 insult insulted insulted insults insulting

473 insure insured insured insures insuring

474 integrate integrated integrated integrates integrating

475 introduce introduced introduced introduces introducing

476 invent invented invented invents inventing

477 invite invited invited invites inviting

478 join joined joined joins joining

479 jump jumped jumped jumps jumping

480 justify justified justified justifies justifying

481 keep kept kept keeps keeping

482 kick kicked kicked kicks kicking

483 kid kidded kidded kids kidding

484 kill killed killed kills killing

485 kiss kissed kissed kisses kissing

486 kneel knelt knelt kneels kneeling

487 knit knit knit knits knitting

488 knock knocked knocked knocks knocking

489 know knew known knows knowing

490 lade laded laden lades lading

491 land landed landed lands landing

492 last lasted lasted lasts lasting

493 latch latched latched latches latching

494 laugh laughed laughed laughs laughing

495 lay laid laid lays laying

496 lead led led leads leading

497 leak leaked leaked leaks leaking

498 lean leant leant leans leaning

499 leap leapt leapt leaps leaping

500 learn learnt learnt learns learning

501 leave left left leaves leaving

502 leer leered leered leers leering

503 lend lent lent lends lending

504 let let let lets letting

505 lick licked licked licks licking

506 lie lay lain lies lying

507 lie lied lied lies lying

508 lift lifted lifted lifts lifting

509 light lit lit lights lighting

510 like liked liked likes liking

511 limp limped limped limps limping

512 listen listened listened listens listening

513 live lived lived lives living

514 look looked looked looks looking

515 lose lost lost loses losing

516 love loved loved loves loving

517 magnify magnified magnified magnifies magnifying

518 maintain maintained maintained maintains maintaining

519 make made made makes making

520 manage managed managed manages managing

521 march marched marched marches marching

522 mark marked marked marks marking

523 marry married married marries marrying

524 mash mashed mashed mashes mashing

525 match matched matched matches matching

526 matter mattered mattered matters mattering

527 mean meant meant means meaning

528 measure measured measured measures measuring

529 meet met met meets meeting

530 melt melted melted melts melting

531 merge merged merged merges merging

532 mew mewed mewed mews mewing

533 migrate migrated migrated migrates migrating

534 milk milked milked milks milking

535 mind minded minded minds minding

536 mislead misled misled misleads misleading

537 miss missed missed misses missing

538 mistake mistook mistaken mistakes mistaking

539 misuse misused misused misuses misusing

540 mix mixed mixed mixes mixing

541 moan moaned moaned moans moaning

542 modify modified modified modifies modifying

543 moo mooed mooed moos mooing

544 motivate motivated motivated motivates motivating

545 mould moulded moulded moulds moulding

546 moult moulted moulted moults moulting

547 move moved moved moves moving

548 mow mowed mown mows mowing

549 multiply multiplied multiplied multiplies multiplying

550 murmur murmured murmured murmurs murmuring

551 nail nailed nailed nails nailing

552 nap napped napped naps napping

553 need needed needed needs needing

554 neglect neglected neglected neglects neglecting

555 nip nipped nipped nips nipping

556 nod nodded nodded nods nodding

557 note noted noted notes noting

558 notice noticed noticed notices noticing

559 notify notified notified notifies notifying

560 nourish nourished nourished nourishes nourishing

561 nurse nursed nursed nurses nursing

562 obey obeyed obeyed obeys obeying

563 oblige obliged obliged obliges obliging

564 observe observed observed observes observing

565 obstruct obstructed obstructed obstructs obstructing

566 obtain obtained obtained obtains obtaining

567 occupy occupied occupied occupies occupying

568 occur occurred occurred occurs occurring

569 offer offered offered offers offering

570 offset offset offset offsets offsetting

571 omit omitted omitted omits omitting

572 ooze oozed oozed oozes oozing

573 open opened opened opens opening

574 operate operated operated operates operating

575 opine opined opined opines opining

576 oppress oppressed oppressed oppresses oppressing

577 opt opted opted opts opting

578 optimize optimized optimized optimizes optimizing

579 order ordered ordered orders ordering

580 organize organized organized organizes organizing

581 originate originated originated originates originating

582 output output output outputs outputting

583 overflow overflowed overflowed overflows overflowing

584 overtake overtook overtaken overtakes overtaking

585 owe owed owed owes owing

586 own owned owned owns owning

587 pacify pacified pacified pacifies pacifying

588 paint painted painted paints painting

589 pardon pardoned pardoned pardons pardoning

590 part parted parted parts parting

591 partake partook partaken partakes partaking

592 participate participated participated participates participating

593 pass passed passed passes passing

594 paste pasted pasted pastes pasting

595 pat patted patted pats patting

596 patch patched patched patches patching

597 pause paused paused pauses pausing

598 pay paid paid pays paying

599 peep peeped peeped peeps peeping

600 perish perished perished perishes perishing

601 permit permitted permitted permits permitting

602 persuade persuaded persuaded persuades persuading

603 phone phoned phoned phones phoning

604 place placed placed places placing

605 plan planned planned plans planning

606 play played played plays playing

607 plead pled pled pleads pleading

608 please pleased pleased pleases pleasing

609 plod plodded plodded plods plodding

610 plot plotted plotted plots plotting

611 pluck plucked plucked plucks plucking

612 ply plied plied plies plying

613 point pointed pointed points pointing

614 polish polished polished polishes polishing

615 pollute polluted polluted pollutes polluting

616 ponder pondered pondered ponders pondering

617 pour poured poured pours pouring

618 pout pouted pouted pouts pouting

619 practise practised practised practises practising

620 praise praised praised praises praising

621 pray prayed prayed prays praying

622 preach preached preached preaches preaching

623 prefer preferred preferred prefers preferring

624 prepare prepared prepared prepares preparing

625 prescribe prescribed prescribed prescribes prescribing

626 present presented presented presents presenting

627 preserve preserved preserved preserves preserving

628 preset preset preset presets presetting

629 preside presided presided presides presiding

630 press pressed pressed presses pressing

631 pretend pretended pretended pretends pretending

632 prevent prevented prevented prevents preventing

633 print printed printed prints printing

634 proceed proceeded proceeded proceeds proceeding

635 produce produced produced produces producing

636 progress progressed progressed progresses progressing

637 prohibit prohibited prohibited prohibits prohibiting

638 promise promised promised promises promising

639 propose proposed proposed proposes proposing

640 prosecute prosecuted prosecuted prosecutes prosecuting

641 protect protected protected protects protecting

642 prove proved proved proves proving

643 provide provided provided provides providing

644 pull pulled pulled pulls pulling

645 punish punished punished punishes punishing

646 purify purified purified purifies purifying

647 push pushed pushed pushes pushing

648 put put put puts putting

649 qualify qualified qualified qualifies qualifying

650 quarrel quarrelled quarrelled quarrels quarrelling

651 question questioned questioned questions questioning

652 quit quit quit quits quitting

653 race raced raced races racing

654 rain rained rained rains raining

655 rattle rattled rattled rattles rattling

656 reach reached reached reaches reaching

657 read read read reads reading

658 realize realized realized realizes realizing

659 rebuild rebuilt rebuilt rebuilds rebuilding

660 recall recalled recalled recalls recalling

661 recast recast recast recasts recasting

662 receive received received receives receiving

663 recite recited recited recites reciting

664 recognize recognized recognized recognizes recognizing

665 recollect recollected recollected recollects recollecting

666 recur recurred recurred recurs recurring

667 redo redid redone redoes redoing

668 reduce reduced reduced reduces reducing

669 refer referred referred refers referring

670 reflect reflected reflected reflects reflecting

671 refuse refused refused refuses refusing

672 regard regarded regarded regards regarding

673 regret regretted regretted regrets regretting

674 relate related related relates relating

675 relax relaxed relaxed relaxes relaxing

676 rely relied relied relies relying

677 remain remained remained remains remaining

678 remake remade remade remakes remaking

679 remove removed removed removes removing

680 rend rent rent rends rending

681 renew renewed renewed renews renewing

682 renounce renounced renounced renounces renouncing

683 repair repaired repaired repairs repairing

684 repeat repeated repeated repeats repeating

685 replace replaced replaced replaces replacing

686 reply replied replied replies replying

687 report reported reported reports reporting

688 request requested requested requests requesting

689 resell resold resold resells reselling

690 resemble resembled resembled resembles resembling

691 reset reset reset resets resetting

692 resist resisted resisted resists resisting

693 resolve resolved resolved resolves resolving

694 respect respected respected respects respecting

695 rest rested rested rests resting

696 restrain restrained restrained restrains restraining

697 retain retained retained retains retaining

698 retch retched retched retches retching

699 retire retired retired retires retiring

700 return returned returned returns returning

701 reuse reused reused reuses reusing

702 review reviewed reviewed reviews reviewing

703 rewind rewound rewound rewinds rewinding

704 rid rid rid rids ridding

705 ride rode ridden rides riding

706 ring rang rung rings ringing

707 rise rose risen rises rising

708 roar roared roared roars roaring

709 rob robbed robbed robs robbing

710 roll rolled rolled rolls rolling

711 rot rotted rotted rots rotting

712 rub rubbed rubbed rubs rubbing

713 rule ruled ruled rules ruling

714 run ran run runs running

715 rush rushed rushed rushes rushing

716 sabotage sabotaged sabotaged sabotages sabotaging

717 sack sacked sacked sacks sacking

718 sacrifice sacrificed sacrificed sacrifices sacrificing

719 sadden saddened saddened saddens saddening

720 saddle saddled saddled saddles saddling

721 sag sagged sagged sags sagging

722 sail sailed sailed sails sailing

723 sally sallied sallied sallies sallying

724 salute saluted saluted salutes saluting

725 salvage salvaged salvaged salvages salvaging

726 salve salved salved salves salving

727 sample sampled sampled samples sampling

728 sanctify sanctified sanctified sanctifies sanctifying

729 sanction sanctioned sanctioned sanctions sanctioning

730 sap sapped sapped saps sapping

731 saponify saponified saponified saponifies saponifying

732 sash sashed sashed sashes sashing

733 sashay sashayed sashayed sashays sashaying

734 sass sassed sassed sasses sassing

735 sate sated sated sates sating

736 satiate satiated satiated satiates satiating

737 satirise satirised satirised satirises satirising

738 satisfy satisfied satisfied satisfies satisfying

739 saturate saturated saturated saturates saturating

740 saunter sauntered sauntered saunters sauntering

741 save saved saved saves saving

742 savor savored savored savors savoring

743 savvy savvied savvied savvies savvying

744 saw sawed sawn saws sawing

745 say said said says saying

746 scab scabbed scabbed scabs scabbing

747 scrabble scrabbled scrabbled scrabbles scrabbling

748 scald scalded scalded scalds scalding

749 scale scaled scaled scales scaling

750 scam scammed scammed scams scamming

751 scan scanned scanned scans scanning

752 scant scanted scanted scants scanting

753 scar scarred scarred scars scarring

754 scare scared scared scares scaring

755 scarify scarified scarified scarifies scarifying

756 scarp scarped scarped scarps scarping

757 scat scatted scatted scats scatting

758 scatter scattered scattered scatters scattering

759 scold scolded scolded scolds scolding

760 scorch scorched scorched scorches scorching

761 scowl scowled scowled scowls scowling

762 scrawl scrawled scrawled scrawls scrawling

763 scream screamed screamed screams screaming

764 screw screwed screwed screws screwing

765 scrub scrubbed scrubbed scrubs scrubbing

766 search searched searched searches searching

767 seat seated seated seats seating

768 secure secured secured secures securing

769 see saw seen sees seeing

770 seek sought sought seeks seeking

771 seem seemed seemed seems seeming

772 seize seized seized seizes seizing

773 select selected selected selects selecting

774 sell sold sold sells selling

775 send sent sent sends sending

776 sentence sentenced sentenced sentences sentencing

777 separate separated separated separates separating

778 set set set sets setting

779 sever severed severed severs severing

780 sew sewed sewn sews sewing

781 shake shook shaken shakes shaking

782 shape shaped shaped shapes shaping

783 share shared shared shares sharing

784 shatter shattered shattered shatters shattering

785 shave shove shaven shaves shaving

786 shear shore shorn shears shearing

787 shed shed shed sheds shedding

788 shine shone shone shines shining

789 shirk shirked shirked shirks shirking

790 shit shit shit shits shitting

791 shiver shivered shivered shivers shivering

792 shock shocked shocked shocks shocking

793 shoe shod shod shoes shoeing

794 shoot shot shot shoots shooting

795 shorten shortened shortened shortens shortening

796 shout shouted shouted shouts shouting

797 show showed shown shows showing

798 shrink shrank shrunk shrinks shrinking

799 shun shunned shunned shuns shunning

800 shut shut shut shuts shutting

801 sight sighted sighted sights sighting

802 signal signaled signaled signals signalling

803 signify signified signified signifies signifying

804 sing sang sung sings singing

805 sink sank sunk sinks sinking

806 sip sipped sipped sips sipping

807 sit sat sat sits sitting

808 ski skied skied skis skiing

809 skid skidded skidded skids skidding

810 slam slammed slammed slams slamming

811 slay slew slain slays slaying

812 sleep slept slept sleeps sleeping

813 slide slid slid/slide slides sliding

814 slim slimmed slimmed slims slimming

815 sling slung slung slings slinging

816 slink slunk slunk slinks slinking

817 slip slipped slipped slips slipping

818 slit slit slit slits slitting

819 smash smashed smashed smashes smashing

820 smell smelt smelt smells smelling

821 smile smiled smiled smiles smiling

822 smite smote smitten smites smiting

823 smooth smoothed smoothed smoothes smoothing

824 smother smothered smothered smothers smothering

825 snap snapped snapped snaps snapping

826 snatch snatched snatched snatches snatching

827 sneak sneaked sneaked sneaks sneaking

828 sneeze sneezed sneezed sneezes sneezing

829 sniff sniffed sniffed sniffs sniffing

830 soar soared soared soars soaring

831 sob sobbed sobbed sobs sobbing

832 solicit solicited solicited solicits soliciting

833 solve solved solved solves solving

834 soothe soothed soothed soothes soothing

835 sort sorted sorted sorts sorting

836 sow sowed sowed sows sowing

837 sparkle sparkled sparkled sparkles sparkling

838 speak spoke spoken speaks speaking

839 speed sped sped speeds speeding

840 spell spelt spelt spells spelling

841 spend spent spent spends spending

842 spill spilt spilt spills spilling

843 spin span/spun spun spins spinning

844 spit spat/spit spat/spit spits spitting

845 split split split splits splitting

846 spoil spoilt spoilt spoils spoiling

847 spray sprayed sprayed sprays spraying

848 spread spread spread spreads spreading

849 spring sprang sprung springs springing

850 sprout sprouted sprouted sprouts sprouting

851 squeeze squeezed squeezed squeezes squeezing

852 stand stood stood stands standing

853 stare stared stared stares staring

854 start started started starts starting

855 state stated stated states stating

856

857 stay stayed stayed stays staying

858 steal stole stolen steals stealing

859 steep steeped steeped steeps steeping

860 stem stemmed stemmed stems stemming

861 step stepped stepped steps stepping

862 sterilize sterilized sterilized sterilizes sterilizing

863 stick stuck stuck sticks sticking

864 stimulate stimulated stimulated stimulates stimulating

865 sting stung stung stings stinging

866 stink stank stunk stinks stinking

867 stir stirred stirred stirs stirring

868 stitch stitched stitched stitches stitching

869 stoop stooped stooped stoops stooping

870 stop stopped stopped stops stopping

871 store stored stored stores storing

872 strain strained strained strains straining

873 stray strayed strayed strays straying

874 stress stressed stressed stresses stressing

875 stretch stretched stretched stretches stretching

876 strew strewed strewn strews strewing

877 stride strode stridden strides striding

878 strike struck struck/stricken strikes striking

879 string strung strung strings stringing

880 strive strove striven strives striving

881 study studied studied studies studying

882 submit submitted submitted submits submitting

883 subscribe subscribed subscribed subscribes subscribing

884 subtract subtracted subtracted subtracts subtracting

885 succeed succeeded succeeded succeeds succeeding

886 suck sucked sucked sucks sucking

887 suffer suffered suffered suffers suffering

888 suggest suggested suggested suggests suggesting

889 summon summoned summoned summons summoning

890 supply supplied supplied supplies supplying

891 support supported supported supports supporting

892 suppose supposed supposed supposes supposing

893 surge surged surged surges surging

894 surmise surmised surmised surmises surmising

895 surpass surpassed surpassed surpasses surpassing

896 surround surrounded surrounded surrounds surrounding

897 survey surveyed surveyed surveys surveying

898 survive survived survived survives surviving

899 swallow swallowed swallowed swallows swallowing

900 sway swayed swayed sways swaying

901 swear swore sworn swears swearing

902 sweat sweat sweat sweats sweating

903 sweep swept swept sweeps sweeping

904 swell swelled swollen swells swelling

905 swim swam swum swims swimming

906 swing swung swung swings swinging

907 swot swotted swotted swots swotting

908 take took taken takes taking

909 talk talked talked talks talking

910 tap tapped tapped taps tapping

911 taste tasted tasted tastes tasting

912 tax taxed taxed taxes taxing

913 teach taught taught teaches teaching

914 tear tore torn tears tearing

915 tee teed teed tees teeing

916 tell told told tells telling

917 tempt tempted tempted tempts tempting

918 tend tended tended tends tending

919 terminate terminated terminated terminates terminating

920 terrify terrified terrified terrifies terrifying

921 test tested tested tests testing

922 thank thanked thanked thanks thanking

923 think thought thought thinks thinking

924 thrive throve thriven thrives thriving

925 throw threw thrown throws throwing

926 thrust thrust thrust thrusts thrusting

927 thump thumped thumped thumps thumping

928 tie tied tied ties tying

929 tire tired tired tires tiring

930 toss tossed tossed tosses tossing

931 touch touched touched touches touching

932 train trained trained trains training

933 trample trampled trampled tramples trampling

934 transfer transferred transferred transfers transferring

935 transform transformed transformed transforms transforming

936 translate translated translated translates translating

937 trap trapped trapped traps trapping

938 travel travelled travelled travels travelling

939 tread trod trodden treads treading

940 treasure treasured treasured treasures treasuring

941 treat treated treated treats treating

942 tree treed treed trees treeing

943 tremble trembled trembled trembles trembling

944 triumph triumphed triumphed triumphs triumphing

945 trust trusted trusted trusts trusting

946 try tried tried tries trying

947 turn turned turned turns turning

948 type typed typed types typing

949 typeset typeset typeset typesets typesetting

950 understand understood understood understands understanding

951 undo undid undone undoes undoing

952 uproot uprooted uprooted uproots uprooting

953 upset upset upset upsets upsetting

954 urge urged urged urges urging

955 use used used uses using

956 utter uttered uttered utters uttering

957 value valued valued values valuing

958 vanish vanished vanished vanishes vanishing

959 vary varied varied varies varying

960 verify verified verified verifies verifying

961 vex vexed vexed vexes vexing

962 vie vied vied vies vying

963 view viewed viewed views viewing

964 violate violated violated violates violating

965 vomit vomited vomited vomits vomiting

966 wake woke woken wakes waking

967 walk walked walked walks walking

968 wander wandered wandered wanders wandering

969 want wanted wanted wants wanting

970 warn warned warned warns warning

971 waste wasted wasted wastes wasting

972 watch watched watched watches watching

973 water watered watered waters watering

974 wave waved waved waves waving

975 wax waxed waxed waxes waxing

976 waylay waylaid waylaid waylays waylaying

977 wear wore worn wears wearing

978 weave wove woven weaves weaving

979 wed wed wed weds wedding

980 weep wept wept weeps weeping

981 weigh weighed weighed weighs weighing

982 welcome welcomed welcomed welcomes welcoming

983 wend went went wends wending

984 wet wet wet wets wetting

985 whip whipped whipped whips whipping

986 whisper whispered whispered whispers whispering

987 win won won wins winning

988 wind wound wound winds winding

989 wish wished wished wishes wishing

990 withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdraws withdrawing

991 work worked worked works working

992 worry worried worried worries worrying

993 worship worshipped worshipped worships worshipping

994 wring wrung wrung wrings wringing

995 write wrote written writes writing

996 yawn yawned yawned yawns yawning

997 yell yelled yelled yells yelling

998 yield yielded yielded yields yielding

999 zinc zincked zincked zincs zincking

1000 zoom zoomed zoomed zooms zooming

What are the figures of speech?

A figure of speech is a deviation from the ordinary use of words in order to increase their effectiveness.

Basically, it is a figurative language that may consist of a single word or phrase. It may be a simile, a
metaphor or personification to convey the meaning other than the literal meaning.

Types of Figure Of Speech

1. Simile - In a simile, two things which are completely unlocked are compared with each other. A
simile is introduced by words such as like, so, as etc.
Examples - 
 The flower is as pretty as a picture.
 He is as sober as a judge.
 The floor was as slippery as an eel.
 They looked like peas in a pod.
 He eats like a pig.

2. Metaphor - When you compare two unlike or different things or ideas, it is known as a metaphor. It
is an informal or implied simile in which the words ‘like’ ‘as’ are avoided. For example, He is like a Giant
- Simile and He is a Giant - Metaphor. 
Examples -
 You are the apple of my eye.
 Ocean’s sound is music to my ear.
 Heart of gold.
 He is a night owl.
 Time is money.

3. Personification - In Personification, non-living things,  abstract ideas or qualities are mentioned as

humans or living things.
Example -
 Angry clouds surrounded the island.
 Earth was thirsty for water.
 The flowers talked to them in the garden.
 The wind howled that night.
 The snowflakes danced at night.

4. Apostrophe - In this figure of speech, the writer mentions the absent or inanimate objects as alive
and writes about them.
Example -
 “O, Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?”
 “Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are”
 “Walter, remember when the world was young and all the girls knew Walter's name?
Walter, isn't it a shame the way our little world has changed.”

5. Oxymoron - An Oxymoron is when two words are used together in a sentence but they seem to be in
contrast with each other. An oxymoron is a figure of speech that willingly uses two differing ideas. This
contradiction creates a paradoxical image in the reader or listener's mind that creates a new concept or
meaning for the whole.
Example -
 Life is bittersweet.
 They knew they could feel the joyful sadness on his arrival.
 Sweet sorrow.
 Peace force.
 Free market.
 Jumbo ant.

6. Hyperbole - Hyperbole is when you use words to exaggerate what you mean or emphasize a point. It
is used to make something seem bigger or more important than it actually is.
Example - 
 It has been ages since I have had a proper meal.
 Usain Bolt runs faster than the wind.
 I could do this forever.
 She’s older than this world.
 Everybody knows me.

7. Pun - A pun is generally used in plays where one word has two different meanings. It is used to
create humour. Humorous use of words of different meanings or the words of the same sound but
different meanings is known as Pun.
Example -
 A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tired.
 Where do you find giant snails? On the ends of the giants' fingers.

8. Alliteration - It is a series of words, which commence with the same letter. Alliteration consists of the
repetition of a sound or of a letter at the beginning of two or more words.
For Example -
 Dirty dolphins dove across the ocean.
 Purple pandas painted portraits. 
 She sells seashells.
 Nick needed new notebooks.
 Fred fried frogs’ legs on Friday.
9. Onomatopoeia - It is the figure of speech where the word is used to describe a sound. When we
explain any action by putting the sounds into language, it is known as onomatopoeia. It is generally
used in fiction or in nursery rhymes, for eg- Old Macdonald had a farm E-I-E-I-O. Words like whoosh,
splat, buzz, oink, click, etc., are used to create this effect. 
Example -
 I could hear the leaves rustling and the wind howling. 
 Bam! He hit the truck at the speed of 80 kmph.

10. Anaphora - When many phrases or verses start with the same word, it is known as anaphora.
Example -
 I came, I saw, I conquered.
 We shall not stop. We shall go on and on. We shall move forward.

11. Assonance- When we use repetition of vowel sounds, it is known as assonance. 

Example -
 Thee

12. Euphemism - It is known as a euphemism when we replace blunt, offensive, or harsh terms with
soft, mild, vague, or indirect terms.
Example - 
 Using letting you go instead of firing
 Using a little thin on top instead of getting bald
 Using  passed away instead of killed or died
 Using stick to the truth instead of calling someone a liar

13. Irony - If you use terms that contrast with what you say and what you do, it is known as irony. It’s
like a difference between what is said and what is meant.
Example -
A traffic cop got a ticket for parking in a no-parking zone.
The Titanic was said to be unsinkable but got sunk on its first trip.
When the viewer knows who the killer is in the movie, but the actor doesn’t know that.
14. Synecdoche - If a part is represented by a whole or a whole is represented by a part, it is known as
synecdoche.
Example -
 Colgate – any toothpaste
 Wheels – a car
 Employed people – workers
 The traffic – many vehicles 

15. Understatement - When you try to say or show something of no importance or less importance.
Example - 
 Referring a big wound to just a scratch
 Saying it little dry instead of desert
 Referring big destruction to just an accident

The degree of comparison relates to adjectives and adverbs in

English grammar.
We can write all adjectives and adverbs in one of three degrees (Positive/ comparative and superlative
degree).
Classification of Degree of Comparison:

The degree of comparison is three kinds.

1. Positive degree
2. Comparative degree
3. Superlative degree

Definition and examples of degree of comparison

Positive: In this degree, we speak about a thing and do not find any comparison.
For example-
The child is small.
Jim is not so intelligent as Bill.
Comparative:  In this degree, we speak about two and compare.
For example- 
Germany is more civilized than Japan.
This tree is not so taller than that tree.
Superlative: In this degree, we speak more than two same things and compare.
For example- 
John is the best boy of the class.
Rohit is one of the best cricketers of the class.
Rule no 01
If we find one-syllable positive adjective, we make it comparative degree with adding ”Er” and
superlative degree with “Est”
Positive Comparative Superlative
Black Blacker Blackest
High Higher Highest
Strong Stronger Strongest
Tall Taller Tallest
Short Shorter Shortest
Quick Quicker Quickest
Light Lighter Lightest
old Older Oldest
Cold Colder Coldest
Small Smaller Smallest
Bold Bolder Boldest
Hard Harder hardest
Rich Richer Richest
Kind Kinder Kindest
long Longer Longest

Rule no 02
If we find last letter consonant of one syllable positive adjective and a vowel before that consonant,
we make it comparative degree with double consonant and adding ”Er” and superlative degree
with “Est”
Positive Comparative Superlative
Big Bigger Biggest
Fat Fatter Fattest 

Hot Hotter Hottest

Red Redder Reddest
sad Sadder Saddest
Thin Thinner Thinnest

Rule no 03
If we find last letter consonant of one syllable positive adjective and more than a vowel before that
consonant, we make it comparative degree with adding “Er” and superlative degree with “Est”
Positive Comparative Superlative
Weak Weaker Weakest
Cool Cooler Coolest
Soon Sooner Soonest
Poor Poorer Poorest
Deep Deeper Deepest
Great Greater Greatest

 Rule no 04 
If we find last letter “Y” of one syllable positive adjective and a consonant before that letter ”Y”,
we make it comparative degree with double consonant and adding ”Ier” Instated of “Y” and
superlative degree with “Est”

Positive Comparative Superlative

Happy Happier Happiest
Easy Easier Easiest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest
Merry Merrier Merriest
Wealthy Wealthier Wealthiest
Pretty Prettier Prettiest
Tiny Tinier Tiniest
Lively Livelier Liveliest
Gloomy Gloomier Gloomiest
Dry Drier Driest
Busy Busier Busiest

Rule no 05
If we find last letter consonant of one syllable positive adjective and a vowel before that consonant,
we make it comparative degree with double consonant and adding ”er” and superlative degree
with “Est”

Positive Comparative Superlative

Gray Grayer Grayest

 Rule No 06
If we find last letter “E” of one syllable positive adjective, we make it comparative degree
with adding ”R” and superlative degree with “St”

Positive Comparative Superlative

Fine Finer Finest
Brave Braver Bravest
Wise Wiser Wisest
Large Larger Largest
Pale Paler Palest
Able Abler Ablest
Gentle Gentler Gentlest
Noble Nobler Noblest
Free Freer Freest
True Truer Truest

Rule no.07 
If we find more than one syllable positive adjective we make it comparative degree with
“More”, “Less” and superlative degree with “Most”, ” Lest”.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Expensive More/less expensive Most/lest expensive
Active More active Most active
Beautiful Less beautiful Lest beautiful
Careful More careful Lest careful
Dutiful Less dutiful Lest dutiful
Hopeful Less hopeful Lest hopeful
Useful More useful Most useful
Difficult More difficult Most difficult
Faithful Less faithful Lest faithful
Interesting More interesting Most interesting
Dangerous Less dangerous Lest dangerous
Industrious More industrious Most industrious
Courageous Less courageous Lest courageous
Generous More generous Most generous
Populous More populous Most populous
Honest Less honest Lest honest
Famous More famous Most famous
Important More important Most important
Intelligent Less intelligent Lest intelligent
Comfortable More comfortable Most comfortable
Civilized Less civilized Lest civilized

Rule no.8 
Some positive adjectives can not follow the above rules. Some examples have been given
below.   

Positive Comparative Superlative

Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Late Later/latter Last/latest
Little Less Lest
Many More Most
Much More Most
Well Better Best
Structure of all Degree
Positive Degree:
1. Sub1 + be verb + as + positive adj + as + obj.

Example: Nirmala is as rich as Mr. Prashanth.

1. Sub1 + be verb + not + so + positive adj + as + obj.

Example: Prashanth is not so difficult as Sandeep.

1. No other + Noun (singular) + in/of + (other word) + be verb + so/as positive adj + as + Sub.

Example: No other state of India is so hot as Rajasthan.

1. Very few + noun (Plural) + extra word + be verb + as + positive adj + as Subj.

Example: Very few cities of Asia are as populous as Calcutta.

1. Some other (Plural) extra word + plural noun + be verb + as positive adjective as sub.

Example: Some other boys in the class are not so good as Ram.

1. As soon as + Sub + verb + other, sub + verb-2 + obj.

Example: As soon as the man saw a tiger, he ran away.

Comparative degree:
1. Sub + be verb + comparative adj + than + obj.

Example: I am stronger than Gopal.

1. Sub + be verb + not + comparative adj + than + obj.

Example: Tapan is not cleverer than you.

1. Sub + be verb + comparative adj + than + any other + Noun (Singular).

Example: Rajasthan is hotter than any other state of India.

1. Sub + be verb + comparative adj + than + many/most other + Noun (plural).

Example: Chennai is busier than most other ports of India.

1. Sub + be verb + not + comparative adj + some other + Noun (Plural) + Extra word.

Example: Some other memorials in India is not older than the Tajmahal.

 No sooner had + sub + V-3 + than + sub + verb + obj.
Example: No sooner had I entered the room than the boys stood up.
 Structure of superlative degree
1. Sub + be verb + one of the + sup.adj + noun (Plural) + extra word.

Example: Rabin is one of the best boys in the class.

1. Sub + be verb + the + superlative adj + noun (singular) + extra word.

Example: Arjun is the best character in the Mahabharata.

1. Sub + be verb + the + superlative adj + of all + noun (Plural).
Example: Iron is the most useful of all metals.

All conditional sentences in English in details

Conditional sentences are very important English grammar. This lesson helps us to write
English sentences freely and speak fluently and understand the meaning of the English
sentences. If we do not learn this lesson, our English will not be improved and developed.
So I have highlighted all structures, rules and examples of the conditional sentences.
What is the conditional sentences?
Conditional sentences are sentences that express factors or hypothetical situations and
their consequences. In a complete conditional sentence, we find a conditional clause and
the consequence.
Example:
If you study, you will pass the exam. Or
You will pass the exam if you study.
Types of conditional sentence
There are two types of conditional sentences.
1. Real conditional sentence
2. Unreal conditional sentence
The Real conditional sentences are two types.
1.Zero conditional
2. First  conditional
The Unreal conditional sentences are two types.
1.Second  conditional
2. Third  conditional
Zero Conditional Sentences
The zero conditional sentences are formed using the Present Indefinite Tense to tell
something that is always true fact, scientific and universal truth. The main clause is
always Present Indefinite Tense.
“If + subject + present tense of verb, subject + present tense of main verb.”
If you throw an object upward, it comes downward automatically.
Note: You have to use a comma before the “main clause” if you use the “if clause” first.
You do not have to use a comma between two sentences if you use the “main clause”
first.
Example:
1. If I am late to reach the school, the teacher punishes me.
2. The teacher punishes me if I am late to reach the school.
3. If you throw an object upward, it comes downward automatically.
4. If I am late to reach the school, the teacher punishes me.

 The first example expresses the scientific truth and the second example expresses
the truth.
 Follow those examples and you will find a comma in the first sentence because the
“if clause” has been written first.
 Look at the second example. There is no comma in the sentence because the main
clause has been written first.

More Examples of Affirmative Sentences:

1. If you throw an object upward, it comes downward automatically.
2. If you speak the truth, everyone appreciates you.
3. If the ice melts, it converts into water.
4. If we heat water above 100 degrees, it boils.
5. If you work for 12 hours, you get tired.
6. If I am late to reach the school, the teacher punishes me.
7. If I have a good job, you are secure in life.

First Conditional Sentences

The first conditional sentences are formed using the Present Indefinite Tense to tell
something and the main clause is used according to the sense of the sentences.
The structure for the first conditional is:
If + [Present Tense] S + V1 + obj , S + will/can/may/should/have to/has to+V1+o.
Rule: if clause is always present tense and the verb of the next sentence can be changed
according to the sense of the sentence.
Example:
If you read, you will pass the exam.
If you call me, should I go?

More examples of first conditional sentences:

Affirmative Sentences:
1. If you read, you will pass the exam.
2. If I do not come to the party, he will not support me.
3. If it rains today, I will not go to the field.
4. If I have a computer, I can start an online class.
5. If you are with me, I will win the world.

Interrogative Sentences:
1. If you call me, should I go?
2. If he awakes me, can I leave early?
3. If he finishes his homework on time, will you go to the party?
4. If I go with you, will you buy me biriyani?
5. If he wants help from me, should I help him?

Second Conditional Sentences

The second conditional sentences are formed using the Past Indefinite Tense and the main
clause is used according to the sense of the sentences.
The structure of the second conditional is:
If + [Simple past] S + V2 + obj, S + would/might/could + V1+Obj.
Or
Were + S + ………, S + would/might/could+V1+Obj.
Rule:
1.If + S + V2 + obj / were
2.The verb of the next sentence can be changed according to the sense of the sentence.
Example :
1. If you broke the traffic rules, traffic police would hold you.
2. I would pay if you bought the chocolate.

More examples of second conditional sentences:

Affirmative Sentences:
1) If you studied, you would pass the exam.
2) If I lived in Kolkata, I would visit the Victoria.
3) If you learned to speak English, you would get this job.
4) Were I the manager, I would recruit two new staff for this post.
5) If I had a smartphone, he would make videos for you tube.
6) If I had much money, I would help the poor.
Interrogative Sentences:
1. If Gopal knew to speak English, would he travel to America?
2. What would you do if your family was not so wealthy?
3. Would you buy an expensive motorbike if you had ten thousand dollars?
4. If your friends went for a picnic, whom would you accompany?

Third Conditional Sentence

The third conditional sentences are formed using the Past Perfect Tense and the main
clause is used according to the sense of the sentences [S+would/could/should+V3+O].
These kinds of sentences express a hypothetical situation in past.
The structure of the third conditional is:
If +S + had + V3 + obj, S +would/could/should +have+V3+Obj. 
Or
Had + S + V3 + Obj, S +would/could/should +have+V3 + Obj.
Example:
1. If you had helped him, he would have respected you.
2. Had you helped him, he would have respected you.

More examples of third conditional sentences:

Affirmative Sentences:
1) If you had studied, you would have passed the exam.
2) If you had told me your problem, I could have helped you.
3) If he had studied well, he would have become a doctor.
4) If I had been there then, I would have opposed it.
5) If you had used a computer, you could have got the job.

Interrogative Sentences:
1. What might you have done if you had arrived sooner?
2. Would you come to my house if you had known about it?
3. If you had not come here, where could you have gone?

Imperative Conditional Sentence

If + sub + V1 + O. Imperative Sentence [Affir/Negative]
1) Work hard if you want to be successful.
2) Take an umbrella if it rains.
3) Don’t work more if you are tired.
4) If you need help, call me.
5) If you feel sick, call a doctor.
6) If you feel cold, put on a coat.
7) If you want to learn English, read this book.
8) Give me blood if you want to get freedom.
9) Work very hard if you want to prosper in life.
10) Let me inform if you go to the field in the morning.
11) Prevent him if anyone cuts the tree.
12) If they come to your house, welcome them.
13) If she sleeps now, do not call him.
14) If you feel uncomfortable, do not go to the field.
15) If she wants to borrow from you, do not
SHORTCUT METHOD TO MEMORIZE THE RULES
Zero Conditional:
“If + subject + present tense of verb, subject + present tense of main verb.”
First Conditional:
If + Present Tense, S + will/can/may/should/have to/has to+V-1+O.
Second Conditional:
If + Simple past, S + would/might/could + v1+o. Or
Were + S + ………, S + would/might/could+V1+o.
Third Conditional:
If +Past Perfect Tense, S +would/could/should +have+V3+O. Or
Had + S + V3, S +would/could/should +have+V3+O.

Transformation of Sentence
Transformation of Sentence – Simple, Complex & Compound

Transformation of sentences is a common part of English language test in any school-level examination
like ICSE and ISC. We would start this series on transformation of sentence with learning how to
transform a simple sentence into complex, a complex sentence into compound and so on. For that we
first need to learn how simple, complex and compound sentences are constructed. Let’s begin.

 Sentences are of three kinds according to their structure – Simple, Complex and Compound.

 A simple sentence has only one main clause.

 A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more sub-ordinate clause dependent on

that main clause.
 A compound sentence has at least two main or independent clauses (called co-ordinate
clauses) and may or may not have sub-ordinate clause.

Comparison Table

Sentence Main/Independent Clause Sub-ordinate/ Dependent Clause

Simple Only One None

Complex Only One One or more

Compound Two or more Does not matter

Let’s have an example. Main clauses are in red and sub clauses are in green.

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1. Simple: Despite his illness, Rohit attended the class.

2. Complex: Though Rohit was ill, he attended the class.

3. Compound: Rohit was ill, but he attended the class.

 “Despite his illness” is not a clause as it has no finite verb. It is a phrase.

 “Though” is a sub-ordinate conjunction. A sub-ordinate conjunction connects a sub-clause to

the main clause. A sub-ordinate clause begins with a sub-ordinate conjunction.

 “But” is a co-ordinate conjunction. A co-ordinate conjunction connects two or more similar

clauses, but it not being part of clauses, remains independent.

 So, whenever you need to make a complex sentence use a sub-ordinate conjunction and to make
a compound sentence use a co-ordinate conjunction. Given below are the lists of commonly used
conjunctions (linkers).

Linkers to make Complex Sentence (Sub-ordinate Conjunctions):

That: We know that he is a good student.

Though: Though he worked hard, he failed to get a position.
Although: Although it was hard, he did it.
As (manner): Do as you like.
As (reason) As she worked hard, she got the reward.
As (after adjective, means ‘though’): Poor as he is, he is honest.
Because: He cannot join us because he is busy.
Since (reason): Since it’s raining, we cannot go out.
When: I was there when he came.
Where: This is the place where I met him.
Before: The train had left before we reached the station.
After: He came after I had left the place.
While: Make hay while the sun shines.
Till: Wait till 4 pm.
Until: Do not go out until I return.
If: If you work hard, you’ll reap the benefit.
Unless: Unless you help us, the project would fail.
Lest: The man tried to walk faster, lest he be left behind.
If / Whether: She wanted to know whether (if) I was ready to accompany her.
So that: Keep the door open so that anyone can come.
In order that: He worked hard in order that he could pass the test.
So … that: This poem is so easy that it needs no explanation.
As … as: Subir is as strong as Prabir.
So … as: Subir is not so strong as Rohit.
As soon as: As soon as I saw the snake, I started screaming.
No sooner … than: No sooner did I see the snake than I started screaming.
Hardly … when: Hardly had we left the house when it started raining.
The more … the more: The more he gets, the more he wants.

Linkers to make Compound Sentence (Co-ordinate Conjunctions):

And: He played well and got a prize.

But: She is sad but hopeful.
Or: Work hard or you will fail.
And so: He tried hard and so he won the game.
Yet: Life is full of tears, yet none wishes to die.
Still: He worked hard, still he failed.
Otherwise: Be attentive, otherwise you’ll miss the idea.
While: He failed while his brother passed.
Whereas: He is rich whereas his brother is poor.
Both … and: Both Rahul and his brother are intelligent.
As well as: Rina as well as his brother is honest.
Either … or: He is either a teacher or a doctor.
Neither … nor: He is neither a teacher nor a doctor.
Not only … but also: He is not only a teacher but also an author.

Now, that you have learnt the linkers to make complex and compound sentences, we will now
concentrate on simple sentence.

Elements to make Simple Sentences:

 Present Participle (Verb + ing):

 Opening the drawer, he took out the packet.

 Having our dinner, we went to bed.

 Past Participle (Verb3):

 We were enjoying the song sung by the bauls.

 A book written by Ratanlal won the national award.

 Perfect Participle (having/being + Verb3):

 Being punished by the principal, the boy left the school.

 Having finished my task, I went to sleep.

 Infinitive (To + Verb):

 He is not afraid to speak the truth.

 He had been working hard to score big in the final.

 Gerund (V+ing as a noun) / Preposition + Gerund:

 On hearing a noise, he woke up.

 Seeing is believing.

 Preposition + Noun (or noun phrase):

 In spite of his illness, he attended the class.

 I couldn’t attend the class for my illness.

 Besides getting him a job, they also built a house for him.

 Absolute Phrase (Noun + Participle):

 The sun having risen, the fox disappeared.

 The match being abandoned, we left the field disheartened.

 Phrase in Apposition (two noun phrases side by side referring to the same person or thing):

 Tom, my faithful dog, always accompanies me.

 Rimi, my sister, likes ice-cream.

So, now that you know how simple, complex and compound sentences are constructed, you can join two
different sentences into a single simple, complex or compound sentence, and also can transform a simple
sentence into complex, a compound sentence into simple and so on.

Transformation of Sentence: Affirmative & Negative

In any “transformation of sentences” or “do as directed” grammar test, negative to affirmative sentence
and vice versa is very common. Sentences can be transformed from affirmative (positive meaning) to
negative and vice versa by using the following elements depending on the given instance.

1. Only – none but

 Only you are fit for this post. – None but you are fit for this post.

 Only a fool would think that way. – None but a fool would think that way.

2. As soon as – no sooner than

 As soon as → No sooner did + Verb1 / No sooner had + Verb3

 The comma (,) must be replaced by “than”.

 As soon as we reached the station, the train arrived. – No sooner did we reach the station than the
train arrive.

 As soon as we finished our dinner, we went to bed. – No sooner had we finished our

dinner than we went to bed.

3. Too…to – so…that

too → so
to → that + sub + negative

 She is too weak to walk. – She is so weak that she cannot walk.

 I was too shocked to speak. – I was so shocked that I could not speak.

 This poem is too easy to need an explanation. – This poem is so easy that it does not need an
explanation.

 It is raining too hard for us to go out. – It is raining so hard that we cannot go out.

4. If – unless

unless = if not

 Unless he comes, I won’t go. – If he comes, I will go.

 If you don’t work hard, you will fail. – Unless you work hard, you will fail.

5. Changing degree of adjectives

Affirmative Sentences can be transformed into negative and vice versa by changing the degree of
adjectives (Full guide on Degree of Adjectives here).

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 Bangalore is cleaner than Kolkata. – Kolkata is not so clean as Bangalore.

 All subjects are equally important. – No subject is more important than the other.
6. Negative using opposite word

 He is a careless man. – He is not a careful man.

 Please keep silence. – Please do not make sound.

7. Negative using interrogative

 She is a good singer. – Isn’t she a good singer?

 He was not present there. – Was he present there?

8. Negative using ‘not only … but also’

 He is both a teacher and a doctor. – He is not only a teacher but also a doctor.

 The restaurant serves both veg and non-veg dishes. – Not only does the restaurant serve veg
dishes but also non-veg dishes.

9. Miscellaneous negative sentences

 It is a pity he did not win the prize. – It is a pity he failed to win the prize.

 Never again will we have class together. – This is the last time we are having class together.

 All young princes desired her hand. – There was hardly any young prince who did not desire her
hand.

 I cannot but help him. – I am compelled to help him. / I am unable to avoid helping him.
Transformation of Sentence: Assertive, Interrogative & Exclamatory

 An assertive sentence is a statement or a declarative sentence. E.g., Rohit is a good student.

 An interrogative sentence is a ‘yes-no’ or ‘wh’ question. E.g., Are you from India? Or, How can I
help you, madam?

 An exclamatory sentence denotes emotion and ends with an exclamation mark (!). E.g., Hurrah!
we have won the match.

In any “transformation of sentences” or “do as directed” grammar test, we frequently find the following
types of questions —

1. Assertive to Interrogative sentence and vice versa

2. Assertive to Exclamatory sentence and vice versa

1. Assertive to Interrogative sentence and vice versa

We can use “yes-no” type questions and “wh” questions depending on the sentences to make them
interrogative without changing the meaning. In the process of transforming an assertive sentence into
interrogative and vice versa, an affirmative (positive meaning) sentence generally becomes negative and
the negative one becomes affirmative.

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Using “Yes-No” type questions:

It is. – Isn’t it?

It is not. – Is it?
He can. – Can’t he?

 No one can do this. – Can anyone do this?

 Can I ever forget you? – I can never forget you.

 He plays good cricket. – Doesn’t he play good cricket?

 Isn’t Ritu a good student? – Ritu is a good student.

 This is the best place to visit in summer. – Is there a better place than this to visit in summer?

Using “Wh” questions:

 Everyone knows Sachin. – Who doesn’t know Sachin?

 This is the best place to visit in summer. – Where would you get a better place to visit in
summer?

 You cannot say that to her. – How can you say that to her?

2. Assertive to Exclamatory sentence and vice versa

 Use ‘great’ before a noun.

 Use ‘very’ before an
adjective.
 Hurrah! – It is a matter of
happiness that…
 Alas! – It is very sad that…
 If – I wish

 What a fool you are! – You are a great fool.

 How beautiful the night is! – The night is very beautiful.

 Hurrah! We won the match. – It is a matter of happiness that we won the match.
 Alas! Our beloved leader is no more. – It is very sad that our beloved leader is no more.

 Oh! If I were young again! – I wish that I were young again.

Transformation of Sentence: Degree of Adjectives

Adjectives can be used in three ways in sentences based on their degree of comparison. In any
“transformation of sentences” or “do as directed” grammar test, change of degree of adjective is a
common question type to face.

Let’s pay attention to how the adjective ‘good’ and its two other forms ‘better’ and ‘best’ is being used
in the following examples —

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1. Positive Degree – Rimi is a good student. / No other student in the class is as good as Rimi is.
2. Comparative Degree – Rimi is better than all other students in the class.
3. Superlative Degree – Rimi is the best student in the class.

Positive: as + adjective + as
Comparative: adjective + than
Superlative: the + adjective

Comparison between two: (Positive to Comparative and vice versa)

 Rohit is taller than Mohit. – Mohit is not so tall as Rohit.

 Rita is as tall as Nita. – Nita is not taller than Rita.

Comparison between many: (Superlative to Positive and comparative and vice versa)

Type 1:
S – The Nile is the most important river in Africa.
C – The Nile is more important than any other river in Africa.
P – No other river in Africa is as important as the Nile.
Type 2:
S – The Nile is one of the most important rivers in Africa.
C – The Nile is more important than most other rivers in Africa.
P – Very few rivers in Africa are as important as the Nile.

Transformation of Sentence: Interchange of Parts of Speech

You surely already know there are eight parts of speech in the English language. Out of the eight parts of
speech only noun, verb, adjective and adverb — these four are interchangeable. Pronoun, preposition,
conjunction and interjection cannot be transformed in this way. And, in any “transformation of sentence”
or “do as directed” grammar exercise, interchange of parts of speech is what you should expect to face
quite often. Followings are the kinds of interchanges we commonly see in use —

How to identify Noun, Verb, Adjective and Adverb?

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 A Noun fits after ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘the’, ‘all’, ‘some’, ‘much’, ‘many’, ‘any’
etc. [an advice / much enthusiasm / the success]
 A Verb generally comes right after the subject and denotes an action
(do), possession (have) or state (be). [He advised us. /
She succeeded in the exam.]
 An Adjective always fits in “You are very ___” or “It is very ___”.
[You are very enthusiastic.]

 An adverb generally ends with “ly”. If not, it comes right after the
verb. [He did it enthusiastically. / She sang well.]

1. Noun – verb

 The poet gives an emphasis on this word. – The poet emphasises this word.

 He gave us advice. – He advised us.

 He did not get success. – He did not succeed.

2. Noun – adjective

 In all probability, it will rain today. – It is most probable that it will rain today.

 The teacher punished the boy for disobedience. – The teacher punished the disobedient boy.

3. Noun – adverb

 In all probability, he will pass this year. – Most probably he will pass this year.

 She joined us with much enthusiasm. – She joined us very enthusiastically.

4. Adjective – adverb

 It is most probable that it will rain today. – Most probably it will rain today.

 He was enthusiastic while going there. – He went there enthusiastically.

5. Verb – adjective

 Mr. Roy suspected his peon’s honesty. – Mr. Roy was suspicious of his peon’s honesty.

 Mr. Sen accepted my offer. – My offer was acceptable to Mr. Sen.

Transformation of Sentence: Active & Passive Voice

Interchange of active and passive voice is something that we see every now and then in any
“transformation of sentence” or “do as directed” grammar test like in the ICSE exams. Here in this
guide, we are going to learn the various rule sets for changing a sentence from active voice to passive
voice and vice versa.

Verb forms in Active and Passive Voice

Active → Passive
Present Simple — verb1 → am/is/are + Verb3
Present Continuous — am/is/are + verb+ing → am/is/are + being + verb3
Present Perfect — has / have + verb3 → has/have + been + verb3
Past Simple — verb2 → was/were + verb3
Past Continuous — was/were + verb+ing → was/were + being + verb3
Past Perfect — had + verb3 → had been + verb3
Future Simple — shall/will + verb1 → shall/will + be + verb3
Future Perfect — shall/will + have + verb3 → shall/will + have been+
verb3

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** verb1 = present form of verb; verb2 = past form of verb; verb3 = past
participle form of verb
*** Passive voice is not in use for the remaining four tenses.

Examples:

 I do it. – It is done by me.

 I am doing it. – It is being done by me.

 I have done it. – It has been done by me.

 I did it. – It was done by me.

 I was doing it. – It was being done by me.

 I had done it. – It had been done by me.

 I shall do it. – It will be done by me.

 I shall have done it. – It will have been done by me.

Voice change of Questions:

 Do you see the bird? – Is the bird seen by you?

 Did you finish your task? – Was your task finished by you?

 Have you heard it before? – Has it been heard by before?

 Who teaches you English? – By whom are you taught English?

 What are you eating? – What is being eaten by you?

 Why haven’t you finished your work? – Why hasn’t your work been finished by you?

Voice change of Imperative sentence (order, advice, request)

Passive formats for Imperative sentence

Order:                  Let + object + be + verb3
Advice:                 Object + should (not) be +
verb3
Request:              You are requested (not) to +
verb1

 Shut the door. – Let the door be shut.

 Keep the book on the table. – Let the book be kept on the table.

 Obey your seniors. – Seniors should be obeyed.

 Do not hate the poor. – The poor should not be hated.

 Please go there. – You are requested to go there.

 Don’t smoke, please. – You are requested not to smoke.

Voice Change of Modal Auxiliaries

Can, could, should, would, may, might, need, ought etc. +

be + verb3

 He can do this. – This can be done by him.

 We should help her. – She should be helped by us.

Voice change of Infinitives (to + verb)

to + verb → to + be + verb3

 I have some work to do. – I have some work to be done.

 I am going to pack the bag. – The bag is going to be packed by me.

Different preposition in place of ‘by’

 His manner shocked me. – I was shocked at his manner.

 I know that. – That is known to him.

 Rahul married Ritu. – Ritu was married to Rahul.

 Tolstoy interests me. – I am interested in Tolstoy.

 Light filled the room. – The room was filled with light.

Miscellaneous voice change examples:

 Honey tastes sweet. – Honey is sweet when it is tasted. (quasi-passive voice)

 We know that Columbus discovered America. – It is known to us that America was discovered
by Columbus. (complex sentence)

 He laughed at the idea. – The idea was laughed at by him. (group verb)

 He killed himself. – He was killed by himself. (reflexive object)

 Tiger is called our national animal. – We call tiger our national animal. (Introduce ‘we’ as the
doer)

 My watch was stolen. – Someone stole my watch. (Introduce ‘someone’ as doer is unknown)

 Gifts were exchanged. – People/ They exchanged gifts. (Introduce ‘people’ as doer)

 The police arrested the man. – The man was arrested. (‘by the police’ understood)
Transformation of Sentence: Direct & Indirect Speech

A direct speech can be transformed into an indirect speech and vice versa using a suitable reporting verb
and a linker depending on the sentence. Let’s have an example first.

 Tina said to me, “Are you busy now?” [direct speech]

 Tina asked me whether I was busy then. [indirect speech]

Direct Speech

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Speaker Reporting verb Direct speech

Tina said “Are you busy now?”

Indirect Speech

Speaker Reporting verb Linker Reported Speech

Tina asked whether I was busy then.

 Look, if the reporting verb in direct speech (said) is in past tense, the reporting verb in indirect
speech (asked) would also be in past tense. ‘Whether’ is the linker added here as it is a ‘yes-no’
type question (Refer to list 1 below).

 ‘Are’ changes to ‘was’. As the reporting verb was in past tense, the verb in the reported speech
will also be in past. (Refer to list 2 below)

 ‘Now’ has become ‘then’. Time and place expressions change if the reporting verb is in past
tense. (Refer to list 3 below)

 The question mark (?) has changed to a full stop(.).

 Another important thing, the format of question (v + s + o) has changed to the format of a
statement (s + v + o). In indirect speech the pattern always comes to subject + verb + object.

List of Reporting verbs and linkers (list 1)

Sentence Reporting verb (past) Linker

Assertive Said, told That

Interrogative If /
Asked, wanted to know, enquired
1. Yes-no whether
question
2. Wh-question Asked, wanted to know, enquired wh-word

Told, ordered, advised, requested,

Imperative to / not to
asked
1. Without ‘Let’
2. With ‘Let’
Suggested, proposed that

Optative Wished, prayed that

Exclaimed in joy / sorrow / wonder /

Exclamatory that
fear / disgust etc.

Verbs of Reported speech (if the reporting verb is in past tense) (list 2)
Direct speech → Indirect speech
Am / is / are → was / were
Was / were → had been
Has / have → had
Had → had had
Shall / will → would
Can → could
May → might
Must, should → must, should
Verb1 → verb2
Verb2 → had + verb3

Change of time and place expressions in past tense (list 3)

now → then
ago → before
today → that day
yesterday → the previous day
tomorrow → the next day
last night → the previous night
here → there
this → that
these → those

Narration change of Assertive sentence

 Robin said, “I went to Delhi yesterday.” – Robin said that he had gone to Delhi the previous day.

 She said to her husband, “I want to go with you.” – She told her husband that she wanted to go
with him.

Narration change of Interrogative sentence

 He said to me, “Do you know English?” – He asked me whether I knew English.

 She said to me, “Did you go there?” – She wanted to know whether I had gone there.

 I said to him, “What are you doing?” – I asked him what he was doing.

 Rahul said to his mother, “How do you do all these things together?” – Rahul asked his mother
how she did all those things together.

Narration change of Imperative sentence

 He said to me, “Go there right now.” – He ordered me to go there right then.

 My teacher said to me, “Obey your parents.” – My teacher asked me to obey my parents.

 She said to me, “Please don’t go there.” – She requested me not to go there.

 He said to her, “Let’s go home.” – He suggested her that they should go home.

 His mother said, “Let him eat whatever he likes.” – His mother suggested that he might be
allowed to eat whatever he liked.

Narration change of Optative sentence

 He said to the boy, “May god bless you.” – He prayed that God might bless the boy.

 The girl said, “Had I the wings of a dove.” – The girl wished that she had the wings of a dove.

Narration change of Exclamatory sentence

 “How happy we are here!” said the children. – The children exclaimed in joy that they were very
happy there.

 The children said, “How happy we were there!” – The children exclaimed in sorrow that they had
been very happy there.

 He said to me, “Good bye!” – He bade me good bye.

 She said to me, “Good evening!”—She wished me good evening.

Narration change of Vocatives

 Teacher said, “Robin, stand up.” – Teacher asked Robin to stand up.

 The Bishop said to the convict, “Always remember, my son, that the poor body is the temple of
the living God.” – The Bishop addressed the convict as his son and advised him to always
remember that the poor body is the temple of the living God.

Narration change of question tag

 He said to me, “You went to Kolkata, didn’t you?” – He asked me whether I had gone to Kolkata
and assumed that I had.

 I said to him, “Tina didn’t tell a lie, did she?” – I asked him if Tina had told a lie and assumed
that she had not.

Transformation of Sentences: Miscellaneous Examples

In a series of guides we have already covered various kinds of transformation of Sentences. Now, in this
final guide of this series, we are going to learn the miscellaneous transformation examples which are not
covered in the previous guides. Here we go.

Begin: ‘But for’ (means ‘without’)

 If people had not been generous, many would have died of hunger. – But for the generosity of
people, many would have died of hunger.

 If she hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t succeed. – But for her help, I wouldn’t succeed.

Subject-verb concord

 All the students were given a gift. (begin: ‘Each’) – Each of the students was given a gift.

 The principal and the teachers were (Use: ‘as well as’) – The principal as well as the
teachers was happy.

Begin: Had (meaning ‘if’)

 The inspector fired when challenged. – Had they not challenged him, the inspector would not
have fired.

 In your place, I would have asked for a raise in salary. – Had I been in your place, I would have
asked for a raise in salary.

Use ‘had better’ or ‘had’

had better + verb1

 It would be a good thing if you slept. – You had better sleep.

 It would be good if you do not come. – You had better not come.

But – help

but + verb1 = help + verb+ing

 I cannot but comply with his desire. (Use: help) – I cannot help complying with his desire.

 A poet could not but be gay in such a jocund company. (Remove ‘but’) – A poet could not help
being gay in such a jocund company.

The more

 He got more and more but his desire only grew. (Begin: The more) – The more he got, the
more his desire grew.

 They tried harder and harder but achieved less and less. (End: … they achieved.) – The
harder they tried, the lesser they achieved.

Lest (meaning ‘in fear that’)

lest + subject + be/verb1/should

 Put away your toys from the floor, else someone might fall. – Put away your toys from the
floor, lest someone should fall.

 I will explain in more detail so you don’t get confused. – Lest you be confused, I’ll explain in
more detail.

Question tag
Question tags are the short questions that we put at the end of sentences assuming something or just to
confirm, not for getting an actual answer. When you add a question tag to a statement, it changes from
affirmative to negative and vice versa.

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He is, isn’t he? / I can, can’t I? /
They aren’t, are they?

 He went there yesterday. (Use question tag). – He went there yesterday, didn’t he?

 You are not ready for the project yet. – You are not ready for the project yet, are you?

Use of appropriate preposition / Word replacement

 Rimi likes vegetarian food more than non-veg. (Use: prefers) – Rimi prefers vegetarian
food to non-veg.

 She does not like fish that much. (Use: fond) – She is not very fond of

 My sister hates cat. (Use: aversion) – My sister has an aversion to

Begin: Should (meaning ‘If’)

 Please feel free to contact me if you need any further information. – Should you need any further
information, please feel free to contact me.

“Transformation of sentences Simple Compound Complex

“Transformation of sentences Simple Compound Complex” is the main discussion of this
post. I have highlighted a technical process of converting sentences (Simple, Complex,
and compound). I have noticed that most of the authors of the market-selling books have
presented the traditional method that is very difficult and hard to the students. They are
compelled to revise the previous lessons like clause, conjunction, kind of sentences, verb,
the structure of the sentence, and so on. As a result, they lose patience and stop learning
the transformation of sentences. But I have explained sixteen easy rules. If you read the
whole post attentively and practice the examples, I am quietly sure that you will learn it
very soon. The learners can realize which rules they should follow and use to transform
the simple, complex, and compound sentences.
Let’s start learning:
First rule:
SIMPLE      COMPLEX              COMPOUND
V-ing             When/As/Since       And [Same Subject]
If there is a “V-ing” at the beginning of a simple sentence,  “when / As / Since” helps to
convert that sentence into a complex sentence.
Again when we convert those simple sentences and complex sentences to compound
sentences, “And” helps.  The subjects of the sentences are the same.
Simple: Going to market, Gopal bought a new book.
Complex: When/as/since Gopal went to market, he bought a new book. Or
                 Gopal bought a new book when/as/since he went to market.
Compound: Gopal went to the market and bought a new book.
If you notice the example of a simple sentence you will find the starting of the sentence
with “V-ing”. So we use “When/ As/ Since to convert the sentence into the complex.
I have given more examples of Transformation of sentences Simple Compound
Complex so that you can understand them easily.
Simple: Coming home, he began to study.
Complex: When/As/Since he came, he began to study.
Compound: He came home and began to study.
Simple: Being late, the student refused to enter the school.
Complex: When/As/Since the student was late, he refused to enter the school.
Compound: He was late and refused to enter the school.
Simple: Being confused, my brother called me.
Complex: When/As/Since my brother was confused, he called me.
Compound:  My brother was confused and called me.
Simple: Standing on the roof, he watched the river.
Complex: When/As/Since he stood on the roof, he watched the river.
Compound: He stood on the roof and watched the river.
Simple: Being ill, he could not attend the meeting.
Complex: When/ As / Since he was ill, he could not attend the meeting.
Compound: He was ill and he could not attend the meeting.
Simple: Finishing her dinner, she went to bed.
Complex: When/ as/ since she finished her dinner, she went to bed.
Compound: She finished her dinner and went to bed.
 Transformation of sentences Simple Compound Complex
Second rule 
SIMPLE           COMPLEX       COMPOUND
By+ V-ing         If (Aff)                   And
If there is a “By+ V-ing” in a simple sentence,  “when / As / Since” helps to convert that
sentence into a complex sentence.
Again when we convert those simple sentences and complex sentences to compound
sentences, “And” helps.  The subjects of the sentences are the same.
 Example:
Sim: By earning money, you will live better.
Cx:  If you earn money, you will live better.
Cd: Earn money and live better.
Third rule:
SIMPLE                COMPLEX                 COMPOUND
Besides + V-ing       Not only – but also        And
If we find “Besides + V-ing” in the simple sentence, we use “Not only-but also” to
convert the simple sentence into a complex.
Again we use “And” to change the simple and complex sentence into a compound
sentence.
Example:
Sim: Besides teaching English, he gives good tips.
Cx:    He teaches not only English but also gives good tips.
Cd:    He teaches English and gives good tips.
Fourth rule:
SIMPLE                                    COMPLEX             COMPOUND
Without + V-ing /In case of       If (Neg)                     Or
If we find “Without + V-ing/ In case of ” in the simple sentence, we use “If (Neg)” to
transfer the simple sentence into a complex sentence.
Again we use “Or” to change the simple and complex sentence into a compound
sentence. But the subjects of the sentence must be the same.
Example:
Sim:   Without taking the risk, you can not prosper in life.
Cx:     If you do not take the risk, you can not prosper in life./Unless you take the risk,     
you can not prosper in life, life.
Cd:    Take the risk or you can not prosper in life.
How TO Convert Simple Complex and Compound
Transformation of sentences Simple Compound Complex
Fifth rule 
 SIMPLE            COMPLEX                 COMPOUND
Having V-3     When+S+had+V-3       And [Same Subject]
If we get “Having + V-3” at the starting of a simple sentence, we use “When+S+had+V-
3” to change the sentence into the complex.
Again we use “And” to transfer that simple and complex sentence into the compound
sentence. But the subjects of the sentence must be the same.
Example:
Sim:  Having finished her home tame task, she took her meal.
Cx:    when she had finished her home task, she took her meal.
Cd: She had finished her home task and took her meal.
Sim:   Having heard the news, Dinesh sat down on the ground.
Cx:    When Dinesh had heard the news, he sat down on the ground.
Cd:    Dinesh heard the news and sat down on the ground.
Cd:   Dinesh heard the news and sat down on the ground.
Sim:  Having reached the station, my uncle got on a train.
Cx:    when my uncle had reached the station, he got on a train.
Cd: My uncle reached the station and got on a train.
Sim: Having seen the police, the thief fled.
Cx: When the thief had seen the police, he fled.
Cd: The thief saw the police and fled.
Sim: Having finished cooking, my mother read the newspaper.
Cx: When my mother had finished cooking, she read the newspaper.
Cd: My mother finished cooking and read the newspaper.
Transformation of sentences Simple Compound Complex
Sixth rule
SIMPLE           COMPLEX          COMPOUND
Because of         Because                 And/ So
On account of
Due to
If we get “Because of/ On account of/ Due to” in the simple sentence, we use “Because”
to covert the sentence into a complex sentence.
Again we use “and/so” to convert that simple and complex sentence into a compound.
Example:
Simp:    He could not go to school because of his illness.
Complex:    He could not go to school because he was ill.
Complex:       He was ill and / so he could not go to school.
Seventh Rule:
SIMPLE                          COMPLEX                 COMPOUND
In spite of / Despite      Though/Although         But
If we get “In spite of/ Despite” in a simple sentence, we use “Though/Although” to
convert the sentence into the complex.
Again we use “But” to transfer the simple and complex sentence into the compound.
Example: 
Sim:    In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
Complex:   Though he is poor, he is honest.
Compound:    He is poor but he is honest.
How To Change Simple Compound Complex
Eighth Rule
SIMPLE             COMPLEX                                        COMPOUND
To+ Verb       In order that/ so that S+ can/may…          So
If we find “To+Verb” in the simple sentence, we use “In order that/ so that S+
can/may…” to convert the sentences into the complex.
Again we use “so” to convert the simple and complex sentence into a compound sentence
and the subjects of the sentences are the same.
Example:
Sim:    I    bought a new book to learn English.
Cx:       I   bought a new book so that / in order that I can / may learn English.
Cd:       My target/object was to learn English so I bought a new book.
Ninth Rule:
SIMPLE              COMPLEX                              COMPOUND
In order to     In order that/So that S+ may …         So
If we find “In order to” in a simple sentence, we use “In order that/ So that S+may….” to
transfer the simple sentence into a complex sentence.
Again we use “so” to convert the simple and complex sentence into a compound
sentence.
Example:
Sim:  I went there in order to meet her.
Cx:    I   went there so that /in order that I might /could meet her.
Cd:    My target /object was to meet her so I   went there.
Tenth Rule of Transformation of sentences Simple Compound Complex
SIMPLE                          COMPLEX                      COMPOUND
For the purpose of       In order that/                           So
                                 So that S+ might/ could …
If there is “For the purpose of” in the Simple Sentence, the help of “In order that / so that
S + could / might “ is taken during converting the simple sentence into Complex
Sentence.
Again we use “so” to convert the simple and complex sentence into a compound
sentence.
Example:
Sim:  He studied hard for the purpose of passing in the first division.
Cx:  He studied hard so that/in order that he might pass in the first division.
Cd:  His target /object was to pass in the first division So he studied hard.
Conversion of sentences Simple Compound Complex
Eleventh Rule
SIMPLE        COMPLEX          COMPOUND
 Too- to            So–that             Very -And
If there is “Too-to” in Simple Sentence, then “So-that” is used to convert that sentence to
Complex Sentence.
When converting that Simple Sentence and Complex Sentence to Compound Sentence,
the help of “Very-and” is taken.
The subjects of the sentences must be the same.
Example:
Sim:    The man is too dishonest to speak the truth.
Cx:       The man is so dishonest that he can not speak the truth.
Cd:       The man is very dishonest and he can not speak the truth.
Twelveth Rule: 
SIMPLE        COMPLEX             COMPOUND
 Too- to          So- that                   Very- And
If there is “Too-to” in Simple Sentence, then “So-that” is used to convert that sentence to
Complex Sentence.
When converting that Simple Sentence and Complex Sentence to Compound Sentence,
the help of “Very-and” is taken.
The subjects of the sentences must be different.
Sim:     The sum is too hard for me to understand.
Cx:        The sum is so hard that I can not understand it.
Cd:       The sum is very hard and I can not understand it.
Thirteenth Rule:
SIMPLE             COMPLEX                 COMPOUND
At the time of      When/As/Since     And [Subj is different]
If there is “At the time of” in the simple sentence, then the help of When / As / Since is
taken while converting that sentence to Complex Sentence.
When converting that Simple Sentence and Complex Sentence to Compound Sentence,
the help of “And” is taken.
Example:
Sim:  At the time of my entering the class, the students stood up.
Cx:     When / since/ as I entering the class the students stood up.
Cd:     I entered the class and the students stood up.
Inter Change of  Simple Compound Complex
Forthenth Rule
SIMPLE               COMPLEX                   COMPOUND
At the time of      As soon as              And [Subj is different]
                             No sooner- than
                             Hardly – when
                            Scarcely—when/Before
If there is “At the time of” in the Simple Sentence, the help of As soon as / No sooner-
than / Hardly – when / Scarcely — when, Before is taken while converting the sentence to
Complex Sentence.
Again we take the help of “And” at the time of converting that Simple Sentence and
Complex Sentence to Compound Sentence.
Example:
Sim:   At the time of my entering the room, the students stood up.
Cx:      As soon as I entered the room, the students stood up.
Cd:     I entered the room and the students stood up.
Fifteenth Rule:
SIMPLE                  COMPLEX         COMPOUND
Object [Time]         When                       X
If we get object-related time in a simple sentence, we use “when” to transfer the sentence
into a complex.
But that simple and complex sentence can not be transformed into a compound.
Example:
Sim:  I know his birthplace.
Cx:   I know where he was born.
Sim:  This is his workplace.
Cx: This is where he works.
Sixteenth rule:
SIMPLE                  COMPLEX          COMPOUND
Object [Place]         Where                     X
If we get an object-related place in a simple sentence, we use “were” to transfer the
sentence into the complex.
But that simple and complex sentence can not be transformed into a compound.
Example:
Sim:   I can not tell the time of his coming.
Cx:      I can not tell when he will come.
Sim:    I know his birthday.
Cx:    I know when he was born.
Sim:   He heard the time of your arrival.
Cx:     He heard when you will arrive.

Look at the all rules of Transformation of sentences Simple

Compound Complex
  Simple Complex Compound
01 V-ing When/As/Since And [Same Subject]
02 By+ V-ing If (Aff) And
03 Besides + V-ing Not only – but also And
Without + V-ing/In
04 If (Neg)     Or
case of
05 Having V-3 When+S+had+V-3 And [Same Subject]
Because of/On
06 Because And/ So
account of/ Due to
07 In spite of / Despite Though/Although   But
In order that/ so that S+
08 To+ Verb So
can/may… 
In order that/So that S+ may
09 In order to       So
…
10 For the purpose of In order that/ So that S+ So
might/ could …     
11 Too- to     So–that Very -And
Too- to [subject
12 So- that  Very- And
different]
13 At the time of        When/As/Since And [Subject different]
 As soon as/No sooner-
14 At the time of than/Hardly – when/Scarcely And [Subject is different]
—when/Before
15 Object [Time] When       X
16 Object [Place] Where      X

Tenses
The term ‘Tense’ denotes the form of a verb which shows the time at which an action happened. So,
the tense shows two things :

(i) The time of the action.

(ii) State expressed by the verb.

‘Time’ is a universal concept. It has three divisions:

1. Past,
2. Present
3. Future.

‘Tense’ is related only to the verb [ action ].

Types of Tenses
There are 3 types of tense.
1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense

Each tense is divided into 4 types sub tense.

Present Tense
1. Present Simple Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense
3. Present Prefect Tense
4. Present Prefect Continuous Tense

Past Tense
1. Past Simple Tense
2. Past Continuous Tense
3. Past Perfect Tense
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Future Tense
1. Future Indefinite Tense
2. Future Continuous Tense
3. Future Perfect Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

12 Basic form of Tenses with

Examples

1.  Present Simple Tense

Formula: Sub+V1+Obj

 Positive: He plays cricket.

 Negative: He does not play cricket.

 Question: Does he play cricket?

2. Past Simple Tense

Formula: Sub+V2+Obj

 Positive: Emma went to school.

 Negative: Emma did not go to school.

 Question: Did Emma go to school?

3. Future Simple Tense

Formula: Sub+will+V1+Obj

 Positive: She will write an email.

 Negative: She won’t write an email.

 Question: Will she write an email?

4.Present Continuous Tense

Formula: Sub+am/is/are+V1+Ing+Obj

 Positive: We are listening to a song.

 Negative: We aren’t listening to a song.

 Question: Are we listening to a song?

5.Past Continuous Tense

Formula: Sub+was/were+V1+Ing+Obj

 Positive: They were writing an essay.

 Negative: They weren’t writing an essay.

 Question: Were they writing an essay?

6.Future Continuous Tense

Formula: Sub+will be+V1+Ing+Obj

 Positive: Ben will be going home.

 Negative: Ben won’t be going home.

 Question: will ben go home?

7. Present Perfect Tense

Formula: Sub+have/has+V3+Obj

 Positive: He has read a book.

 Negative: He hasn’t read a book.

 Question: has he read a book?

8. Past Perfect Tense

Formula: Sub+had+V3+Obj

 Positive: They had bought a new mobile.

 Negative: They hadn’t bought a new mobile.

 Question: had they buy a new mobile?

9. Future Perfect Tense

Formula: Sub+will have+V3+Obj

 Positive: She will have sung a song.

 Negative: She won’t have sung a song.

 Question: will have she sing a song?

10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Formula: Sub+have/has+been+V1+Ing+Obj

 P ositive: David has been losing weight.

 Negative: David hasn’t been losing weight.

 Question: has been David lose weight?

11. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Formula: Sub+had+been +V1+Ing+Obj

 Positive: He had been reading novels since morning.

 Negative: He had not been reading novels since morning.

 Question: had he been reading a novels since morning?

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Formula: Sub+will have+been+V1+Ing+Obj

 Positive: He will have been driving a car at 6 am tomorrow.

 Negative: He will not have been driving a car at 6 am tomorrow.

 Question: will he have been driving a car at 6 am tomorrow.?

13. Past Future Tense

Formula:
(+) S + should/would + be + O
S + should/would + V1 + O
(-) S + should/would + not + be + O
S + should/would + not + V1 + O
(?) Should/would + S + be + O
Should/would + S + V1 + O

Find here Example of Past Future Tense:

(+) I should be in Banten next month.

I should be pick up when you arrive at the station next week.

(-) I should not be in Banten next month.

I should not be pick up when you arrive at the station next week.

(?) Should you be in Banten next month?

Should you be pick up when you arrive at the station next week?
Yes, I should. / No, I should not.

14. Past Future Continuous Tense

Formula:
(+) S + should/would + be + V-ing + O
(-) S + should/would + not + be + V-ing + O
(?) Should/would + S + be + V-ing + O

Find here Example of Past Future Continuous Tense:

(+) My brother would be finishing thesis last week.
(-) My brother would not be finishing thesis last week.
(?) Would your brother be finishing thesis last week?
Yes, he would. / No, he would not.

15. Past Future Perfect Tense

Formula:
(+) S + should/would + have + been + C
S + should/would + have + V3 + O
(-) S + should/would + not + have + been + C
S + should/would + not + have + V3 + O
(?) Should/would + S + have + been + C
Should/would + S + have + V3 + O

Find here Example of Past Future Perfect Tense:

(+) My mother should have been here at nine o’clock tomorrow.
Marry would have worked in leading companies next month.
(-) My mother should not have been here at nine o’clock tomorrow.
Marry would not have worked in leading companies next month.
(?) Should your mother have been here at nine o’clock tomorrow?
Would Marry have worked in leading companies next month?
Yes, she should. / No, she should not.
Yes, she would. / No, she would not.
Active and passive voice
Voice
Voice refers to the form of a verb that show:

When a subject performs the action or is the receiver of the action.

When the subject performs the action it is active voice and when the subject receives the action it is
passive voice. 

Active voice means that a sentence has a subject that acts upon its verb. 

The active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb.

It follows a clear subject + verb + object construct that's easy to read.

Passive voice means that a subject is a receiver of a verb’s action.

Structure of Active and Passive Voice

Active voice describes a sentence where the subject is the doer of an action. Its structure goes like
this-
             Subject + Verb+ Object
Passive voice expresses an action which is carried out on the subject of the sentence. Its structure is-
              Object + verb +subject

Rules for Active – Passive Voice Conversions

Rule 1. Identify the (S+V+O) Subject, Verb and object in the active sentence to convert to passive
voice 
Example: 
He drives car.
(Subject – He, verb – Drives, object – Car)
Rule 2. Interchange the object and subject with each other, i.e. object of the active sentence become
the subject of the passive sentence.
Example : 
Active voice : She knits sweater.
(Subject – She, Verb – Knits, Object – Sweater)
Passive Voice : The sweater is knitted by her. (Object sweater is interchanged with the subject She).
Rule 3. Change the base verb in the active sentence into the past participle ie. third form verb in a
passive sentence i.e. preceded by (By, With, to, etc). Base verbs are never used in passive voice
sentences.
Example: 
 Active voice: She prepares dinner.
 Passive voice: The dinner is prepared by her.
 Active voice: She knows him.
 Passive voice: He is known to her.
 Active voice: Juice fills the jar.
 Passive voice: The jar is filled with juice.

Rule 4. While conversion of Active voice sentence to Passive voice sentence, the pronoun used in the
sentence also changes in the following manner.
Active Voice Pronoun Passive Voice
Pronoun
I Me
We Us
He Him
She Her
They Them
You You
It It
Rule 5. Use the suitable helping or auxiliary verb (is/am/are/was, etc.). The rules for using auxiliary
verbs in passive voice sentences are different for each tense.
Example:
 The letter is written by her
  A book was not bought by her
 Chocolates are being eaten by them.

Forms of Active And Passive Voice For All Tenses

Simple Present Tense 
Active Sentences Passive Sentences
He writes an essay An essay is written by him
Sheena does the The housework is done
housework by Sheena
She cares for the rabbit The rabbit is being cared
for by her
Jacob always plays the The guitar is always played
guitar  by Jacob

Present Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense 
Active Sentences Passive Sentences
Active Sentences
They are eating Passive
The Sentences
bananas are being
bananas
Has he done the work? eaten by them
Has the work been Note- except certain exemptions, no passive
done by him? Voice formation for the following tenses can be
Bob is drawing a A diagram is being formed,
diagram
Have they left the drawn
Has thebyapartment
Bob
1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense,
apartment?
Samta is playing the been
A leftisbybeing
piano them?
2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense,
piano
He created this played by Samta is
This masterpiece
3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
masterpiece
She is waiting for created is
Reema bybeing
him waited
Reema for 4. Future Continuous Tense
He read the newspaper Theby her
newspaper is
being read by him 5.
Simple Past Tense
Active Voice Passive Voice
Ria paid the bills The bills were paid by
Ria
The teacher called the The student was
student called by the teacher
She did not buy the The fruits were not
fruits bought by her

Past Progressive/Continuous Tense

Active Voice  Passive Voice
They were waiting for He was being waited
him for by them
Astha was learning French was being
French learnt by Astha
She was playing Kabaddi was being
kabaddi played by her

Past Perfect Tense

Active Voice  Passive Voice
She won the match The match had been
won by her
I had finished her work Her work had been
finished by me
He had missed the last The last metro had
metro been missed by him

Simple Future Tense 

Active Voice  Passive Voice Future Perfect Tense

He will write a letter Active
A letter Voice 
will be written Passive Voice
by him
Meena will not have The bed sheet will not
changed
He will repair her cycle Her cyclethe
willbedsheet
be have been changed by
repaired by him Meena

He shall start the Theymeeting

The will have
willwon
be the The match will have
meeting match by him
started been won by them
Reena will have The skirt will have been
washed the skirt washed by Reena

Imperative Sentence
Imperative sentences express command/order, request, suggestion, etc. While changing imperative
sentences into the passive voice, we use verbs like advise, request, order, etc.

There are two ways for converting these sentences into passive voice.

First method: → Let + object + be + past participle.

Example : Give this pen to me —-> Let this pen be given to me

But certain sentences can’t be converted into passive voice with the above method. Here we
use Second Method:

In these sentences, “You are ordered to/you are instructed to/You are requested to/You are
advised to “ + “the original sentence given in the active voice” is used to make the passive voice.

In the given sentence, the passive Voice will be “You are ordered to get out of my sight”. → Here
“Let + object + be + past participle” can’t be used for conversion to passive voice (“Let my sight be
get out of” is a WRONG sentence and gives no logical meaning)

If the sentence contains a command or an instruction, then:

“You are ordered to OR you are instructed to “ + “the original sentence given in the active
voice” is used to make the passive voice.

If it is a request : “You are requested to” is used

Example : Please fetch me a glass of water (active voice)

→ You are requested to fetch me a glass of water (Passive Voice)

If it is an advice : “You are advised to” is used

Example : Consult a good doctor (active voice)

→ You are advised to consult a good doctor (Passive Voice)

The above sentence can also be converted into passive voice as

→ Let a good doctor be consulted.

Now let us understand to deal with negative imperative sentences

Example → Do not pluck the flowers

 —-> this sentence can be converted into passive voice in two ways:

 Let the flowers not be plucked.

 You are advised/requested not to pluck the flowers.

Hope these examples will help you out.

Imperative Sentence

To make Passive Voice from Imperative Active Voice, the candidates should understand
following Rules……

Rule 1

Sometimes in Active Voice, we find the expression of Order, Request and Advice. In this Active
Voice, we should use ‘in Active Voice, we find the expression of Order, Request and Advice. In this
Active Voice, we should use ‘You are requested’, ‘You are ordered’ and you are advised’ while
preparing Passive Voice.

For Example: 

 Active: Please come here (request).

Passive: You are requested to come here.

Active: Walk slowly (advice).

Passive: You are advised to walk slowly.

Rule 2
Sometimes the Imperative sentence starts from ‘Let’. Such type of Imperative sentence, we should
use be after the new subject.

For Example:

Active: Let me teach the students. (Let + Object + Verb + Object)

Passive: Let the students be taught by me. (Let + S + be + V3 + (by Agent) )

Active: Let them do this work.

Passive: Let this work be done by them.

Rule 3

Sometimes we find Agents as One, Someone, and Nobody, Police, Judge and People. Then it is not
necessary to mention them in the Passive Voice.

For Example:

Active: Someone has beaten me.

Passive: I have been beaten.

Active: The Police enquired into the Case.

Passive: The Case was enquired into.

Rule 4

Sometimes in the Passive Voice, We would have to use ‘at/with/to/in’ instead of ‘by’ according to

the Expression of the Active Sentence.

We should use ‘at’ when there are expressions of ‘Surprising, astonishing, shocking, alarming,

disappointment’.

For Example:

Active: His Condition alarmed me.

Passive: I was alarmed at his condition.

Active: Your Performance in this match disappointed me.

Passive: I was disappointed at your performance in this match.

We should use ‘to’ after ‘known’ and ‘obliged’ While preparing Passive Voice from Active

Voice. ……

For Example:

Active: I know him.

Passive: He is known to me.

We should use ‘with’ after ‘pleased, satisfied, disgusted, impressed, annoyed’. ………….

For Example:

Active: Your honesty has pleased me.

Passive: I have been pleased with your honesty.

We should use ‘in’ after ‘Interested, consisted and ‘contained’…………………

Active: This Job interests me.

Passive: I am interested in this job.

Interrogative Sentences

To make Passive Voice from Interrogative Active Voice, the candidates should Understand
following Rules……

Rule 1

If any Interrogative Sentence starts from do, does or did then while preparing Passive Voice, the
candidates should use is/are/am/was and were according to the Number & Person of Object.

Active: Does he help you?

Passive: Are you helped by him?

Active: Did he do this work?

Passive: Was this work done by him?

Rule 2

When the Interrogative Sentence starts from is/are/am/was and were, then we should use being after
the subject and is/are/am/was and were in starting of the sentences.
Active: Are you doing this work?

Passive: Is this work being done by you?

Active: Was she reading a novel?

Passive: Was a novel being read by her?

Rule 3

When the Interrogative Sentence starts from has/have and had, then we should use been after the
subject and has/have and had in starting of the sentences.

Active: Has he helped you?

Passive: Have you been helped by him?

Active: Had he finished the work?

Passive: Had the work been finished by him?

Rule 4

When the Interrogative Sentence starts from shall/will/can and should, then we should use be after
the new subject and shall/will/can and should in starting of the sentences.

Active: Can he do this work?

Passive: Can this work be done by him?

Active: Will you teach the children?

Passive: Will the children be taught by you?

Rule 5

When the Interrogative Sentence starts from Why/When and How, then we should use them in
starting of the sentences and who should replace by By Whom.

Active: Who has done this work?

Passive: By Whom has this work been done?

Active: When did you do this work?

Passive: When was this work done by you?

Modal Auxiliaries
The form of the passive sentences will be: modal + be + past participle:
Prepositional Verbs

Quasi – Passive

Miscellaneous Examples

Direct and indirect speech

In this section, We are going to see How the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech and Indirect to Direct
Speech is done?

We may report the words of a speaker in two ways.

1. Direct Speech
We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is called Direct Speech.

2. Indirect Speech
We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This method is called Indirect Speech or
Reported Speech.

Example:

• Direct: Clinton said, “I am very busy now.”

• Indirect: Clinton said that he was very busy then.

• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”

• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.

How to change Direct to Indirect Speech?

https://trippinglyonthetongue01.wordpress.com/2012/06/01/grammar-active-and-passive-voice-and-direct-
and-indirect-speech/

It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of
the speaker.In Indirect Speech we do not use the inverted commas.

It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect speech, certain changes
have been made.
Thus:
i. We have used the conjunction ‘that’ before the Indirect Statement.
ii. The pronoun “I” is changed to “HE”. (The Pronoun is changed in Person)
iii. The verb “am” is changed to “was”.
iv. The adverb “now” is changed to “then”.

Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech:

A. When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all the Present Tenses in the Direct
Speech are changed into Past Tense.
a. A simple present tense becomes simple past tense.
Example:
• Direct : He said, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect: He said that he was unwell.
b. A present continuous tense becomes a past continuous.
Example:
• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.
c. A present perfect becomes a past perfect:
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
Example:
• Direct: He said, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect: he said that he had passed the examination.
d. As a rule the simple past tense in the Direct Speech becomes the past perfect tense in Indirect Speech.
Example:
• Direct: He said, “His horse died in the night.”
• Indirect: he said that his horse had died in the night.
NOTE:
The shall of the future is changed into should.
The will of the future is changed into would.
The can and may of the future are changed into could and might respectively.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
B. The tenses will not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth. We can often
choose whether to keep The original tenses or change them.
Examples:
• Direct: “I know her address”, said John.
• Indirect: John said that he knows/knew her address.
In this Indirect Speech, both the past tense and the present tense make the sentence a correct one.
• Direct: The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
• Indirect: The teacher said that the earth goes/went round the sun.
• Direct: She said, “German is easy to learn.”
• Indirect: She said that German was/is easy to learn.
The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we
are reporting objectively.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
C. If the reporting verb is in present tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not change.
For example, we may rewrite the above examples, putting thereporting verb in the present tense.

Examples:
• Direct : He says, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect: He says that he is unwell.
• Direct : He says, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He says that his mother is writing letter.
• Direct: He says, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect: he says that he has passed the examination.
• Direct: He says, “His horse died in the night.”
• Indirect: he says that his horse died in the night.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
D. The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed where necessary, so that their relations with the
reporter and his hearer, Rather than with the original speaker are indicated.

Examples:
• Direct: He said to me, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: He said that he did not believe me.
• Direct: She said to him, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: She said to him that she did not believe him.
• Direct: I said to him, “I did not believe you.”
• Indirect: I said to him that I did not believe him.
• Direct: I said to you, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: I said to you that I do not believe you.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
E. Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed into words expressing distance.
Examples:
• Direct: He said, “I am glad to be here this evening.”
• Indirect: he said that he was glad to be there that evening.
• Direct: He said, “I was here yesterday.”
• Indirect: He said that he was there the day before.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
Now, let us see the words which get changed when the Direct Speech is changed into Indirect Speech.
• Now becomes then
• Here becomes there
• Ago becomes before
• Thus becomes so
• Today becomes that day
• Tomorrow becomes the next day
• Yesterday becomes the day before
• Last night becomes the night before
• This becomes that
• These becomes those
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
F. How the questions used in the Direct Speech are changed into Indirect Speech? 
In reporting questions, the indirect Speech is introduced by such verbs as asked, inquired etc…
Examples:
• Direct: He said to me, “What are you doing?”
• Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.
• Direct: A stranger asked me, “Where do you live?”
• Indirect: A stranger enquired where I lived.
• Direct: The Policemen said to us, “Where are you going?”
• Indirect: The Policemen asked us where we were going.
• Direct: He said, “Will you listen to such a man?”
• Indirect: He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
• Indirect: Would they, he asked, listen to such a man.
• Direct: His angry mother jeered, “Do you suppose you know better than your father?”
• Indirect: His angry mother jeered and asked whether he supposed that he knew better than his father.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
G. How the Commands and the Requests in the Direct Speeches are changed when the Direct
Speeches are changed into indirect Speeches?
In reporting commands and requests, the indirect speech is introduced by some verb expressing commands
and requests, and the Imperative Mood is changed into Infinitive Mood.
Examples:
• Direct: Raja said to John, “Go away.”
• Indirect: Raja ordered John to go away.
• Direct: He said to Mary, “Please wait here till I return.”
• Indirect: he requested Mary to wait there till he returned.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
• Direct: “Call the first witness”, said the Judge.
• Indirect: The Judge commanded them to call the first witness.
• Direct: He shouted, “Let me go.”
• Indirect: he shouted to them to let him go.
• Direct: He said, “Be quite and listen to my words”.
• Indirect: He urged them to be quite and listen to his words.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
H. How the Exclamation and the Wishes in the Direct Speeches are changed when the Direct
Speeches are changed into Indirect Speeches?
In reporting exclamation and wishes, the Indirect Speech is introduced by some verb expressing
Exclamation and Wishes.
Examples:
• Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone”.
• Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he was undone.
• Direct: Alice said, “How clever I am?”
• Indirect: Alice exclaimed that he was very clever.
• Direct: He said, “Bravo! You have done well.”
• Indirect: he applauded him, saying that he had done well.
• Direct: “So help me, Heaven!” he cried, “I will never steal again”.
• Indirect: He called upon Heaven to witness his resolve never to resolve.

http://www.olabs.edu.in/?sub=84&brch=26&sim=196&cnt=499
Direct Speech
In direct speech, we convey the message of the speaker in his own actual words without any change to
another person.

Indirect Speech
In indirect speech, we convey the message of the speaker in our own words to another person.

Procedure of changing direct speech into indirect speech

1. Remove comma and inverted commas.
2. Put "that" between the reporting and reported speeches.(it is optional to put "that" between the
reporting and reported speech)
3. Change the 1st letter of reported speech into small letter except for "I"
4. Change the pronoun of the direct speech according to the rules described in table 2
5. Change the tense of the direct speech appropriately according to rules described in table 3.
6. Change the words expressing nearness in time or places of the direct speech into its appropriate
words expressing distance as per table 1

Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech

The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are reporting
objectively.

Indirect Speech Direct Speech

Conversion Condition
Present Tenses in the If the reporting or
Direct Speech are principal verb is in
changed into Past the Past Tense.
Tense.
If in direct speech
you find say/says or
will say.
Do Not Change Direct speech the
Tense of reported words within the
Speech in Indirect quotation marks talk
Speech sentence of a universal truth
or habitual action.
The reporting verb
is in a present tense.
1.
2. When there are two sentences combined with the help of a conjunction and both sentences
have got different tenses. then change the tenses of both sentences according to the rule.
3. Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed into words
expressing distance.
Change of place and time Direct Speech Word Indirect Speech Word
Here There
Today that day
this morning that morning
Yesterday the day before
Tomorrow the next day
next week the following week
next month the following month
Now Then
Ago Before
Thus So
Last Night the night before
This That
These Those
Hither Thither
Hence Thence
Come Go
4.

2.

Change in Pronouns
3.

The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed where necessary, according to their relations with
the reporter and his hearer, rather than with the original speaker. If we change direct speech into
indirect speech, the pronouns will change in the following ways.
4.
Rules Direct Speech Indirect Speech
The first person of the reported She says, "I am in tenth class." She says, "I am in tenth class."
speech changes according to the
subject of reporting speech.
The second person of reported He says to them, "You have He tells them that they have
speech changes according to the completed your job." completed their job.
object of reporting speech.
The third person of the reported She says, "She is in tenth class." She says that she is in tenth
speech doesn't change. class.
5.
6.
7.

Change in Tenses
8.

The past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses do not change.
9.
Rules Direct Indirect Speech
Speech
Simple "I She said that she
Present always always drank coffee.
Change drink
s coffee"
To , she
Simple said
Past
Present "I am He explained that he
Contin reading was reading a book
uous a
Change book",
s he
To explain
Past ed.
Contin
uous
Present She She said that he had
Perfect said, finished his work.
Change "He
s has
To finishe
Past d his
Perfect work"
Present "I have He told me that he
Perfect been to had been to Spain.
Contin Spain",
uous he told
Change me.
s
To
Past
Perfect
Contin
uous
Simple "Bill He said that Bill had
Past arrived arrived on Saturday
Change on
s Saturda
To y", he
Past said.
Perfect
Past "I had He explained that he
Perfect just had just turned out the
Change turned light.
s out the
To light,"
Past he
Perfect explain
(No ed.
Change
In
Tense)
Past "We They told me that
Contin were they had been living
uous living in Paris.
Change in
s Paris",
To they
Past told
Perfect me.
Contin
uous
Future "I will He said that he would
Change be in be in Geneva on
s Geneva Monday.
To on
Present Monda
Conditi y", he
onal said
Future She She said that she
Contin said, would be using the
uous "I'll be car next Friday.
Change using
s the car
To next
Conditi Friday.
onal "
Contin
uous
10.
11.
12.

Changes in Modals
13.
Rules Direct Speech Indirect Speech
CAN changes into COULD He said, "I can drive a car". He said that he could drive a car.
MAY changes into MIGHT He said, "I may buy a computer" He said that he might buy a
computer.
MUST changes into HAD TO He said, "I must work hard" He said that he had to work hard.
These Modals Do Not Change: Would, could, might, should, ought to.
Would They said, "we would apply for a They said that they would apply
visa" for visa.
Could He said, "I could run faster" He said that he could run faster.
Might John said, "I might meet him". John said that he might meet
him.
Should He said, "I should avail the He said that he should avail the
opportunity" opportunity.
Ought to He said to me, "you ought to He said to me that I ought to wait
wait for him" for him.
14.

15.
16.

Changes for Imperative Sentences

17.

Imperative sentences consist any of these four things:

18.
1. Order
2. Request
3. Advice
4. Suggestion

 
Most commonly used words to join clauses together are ordered, requested, advised and
suggested. Forbid(s)/ forbade is used for the negative sentences.
Mood of Sentence in Direct Speech Reporting verb in indirect verb
Order ordered
Request requested / entreated
Advice advised / urged
Never told, advised or forbade (No need of "not" after
"forbade")
Direction directed
Suggestion suggested to
Warning warn
(If a person is addressed directly) called

19.

Exclamatory Sentences
20.

Exclamatory sentences expresses emotions. Interjections such as Hurrah, wow, alas, oh, ah are
used to express emotions. The word "that" is used as join clause.
21.
1.

Rules for conversion of Exclamatory Direct Speech Sentences into Indirect Speech Sentences
2.
1. Exclamatory sentence changes into assertive sentence.
2. Interjections are removed.
3. Exclamation mark changes into full stop.
4. W.H words like , "what" and "how" are removed and before the adjective of reported
speech we put "very"
5. Changes of "tenses" , "pronouns" and "adjectives" will be according to the previous
rules.

 
Mood of Sentence in Direct Speech Reporting verb in indirect verb
sorrow in reported speech Exclaimed with sorrow/ grief/ exclaimed
sorrowfully or cried out
happiness in reported speech exclaimed with joy/ delight/ exclaimed joyfully
surprise in reported speech exclaimed with surprise/ wonder/ astonishment"
appreciation and it is being expressed strongly applauded
22.

Interrogative Sentences
23.

Interrogative sentences are of two types:

24.
1. Interrogative with auxiliaries at the beginning.
2. Interrogatives with who, where, what, when, how etc., i.e. wh questions.
1.

Rules for conversion of Interrogative Direct Speech Sentence into Indirect Speech Sentences
2.

There are some rules to change direct to Indirect speech of Interrogative sentence:
3.
RULES
Changes Direct Speech Condition Indirect Speech Condition
Reporting Verb said/ said to Asked, enquired or
demanded.
If sentence begins with auxiliary verb joining clause should be if
or whether.
Joining Clause If sentence begins with "wh" questions then no conjunction is
used as "question-word"
itself act as joining clause.
Punctuation Question Mark Full Stop
sentences is expressing positive feeling do/does is removed from
sentence.
Helping Verbs if 'No' is used in interrogative do/does is changed into
sentences did.
Did or has/have Had
4.
1. Helping verbs (is, am, are, was, were) are used after the subject.
2. Adverbs and pronouns are converted according to the table 1 and table 2 respectively.

25.

Punctuation in Direct Speech

26.

In direct speech, various punctuation conventions are used to separate the quoted words from the
rest of the text: this allows a reader to follow what's going on.
Here are the basic rules:
27.
RULES EXAMPLES
The words that are actually spoken should be 'He's very clever, you know.'
enclosed in inverted commas
Start new paragraph every time when a new 'They think it's a more respectable job,' said Joe.
speaker says something. 'I don't agree,' I replied
Comma, full stop, question mark, or 'Can I come in?' he asked.
exclamation mark must be present at the end of 'Just a moment!' she shouted.
reported sentences. This is placed inside the 'You're right,' he said.
closing inverted comma or commas.
If direct speech comes after the information Steve replied, 'No problem.'
about who is speaking, comma is used to
introduce the piece of speech, placed before the
first inverted comma.
If the direct speech is broken up by information 'You're right,' he said. 'It feels strange.'
about who is speaking, comma (or a question 'Thinking back,' she said, 'he didn't expect to win.'
mark or exclamation mark) is used to separate
the two reported speech
28.

29.
30.

Rules for conversion of Indirect Speech to Direct Speech

31.

To change from Indirect to Direct Speech, keep the rules of the Direct Speech are applied in the
reverse order.
32.
1. Use the reporting verb, "say" or "said to" in its correct tense.
2. Remove the conjuctions "that, to, if or whether etc". wherever necessary.
3. Insert quotation marks, question mark, exclamation and fullstop, wherever necessary.
4. Put a comma before the statement.
5. Write the first word of the statement with capital letter.
6. Change the past tense into present tense wherever the repoting verb is in the past tense.
7. Convert the past perfect either into past tense or present perfect as found necessary.
8. Be careful about the order of words in the question.

 
The following table will enable to find the kind of sentence:
Indirect (Conjunction) Direct (Kind of Sentence)
That Statement (or) Exclamatory sentence
to, not to Imperative
requested + to Begin the imperative sentence with "please"
if or whether Interrogative sentence (Helping Verb + Subject +
Main Verb + ...?)
What, When, How etc., (Wh or How + Helping Verb + Subject + Main
Verb + ...?)