LIS 51 WFU Introduction to Library and Information Science

Knowledge, Information, Data. Used interchangeably; seen as a cycle, hierarchy, process, etc. Librarians. Managers of information; work includes cataloguing, indexing, abstracting, etc. AMBIGUITY OF INFORMATION Information as a THING. Includes objects, books, records, logs, Facebook, journals. It has a carrier, the medium that represents something/its meaning. Information as a PROCESS. Involves communication. It has a creator and a receiver. Information as KNOWLEDGE. Information as a COMMODITY. E.g. Education Information as ENERGY. E.g. Motivation/Motivator Information as a FACT. E.g. Scientific Laws

Knowledge can also refer to the organized record of human experience given physical representation (books, reports). It has two types: tacit (in the mind; theorizing) and explicit (published work; given form and substance). It represents a pattern that connects and generally provides a high level of predictability as to what is described or what will happen next. Ex. If the humidity is very high, and the temperature drops substantially, the atmosphere is often unlikely to be able to hold the moisture, so it rains. Wisdom. Implies the application of knowledge as contained in human judgment centered around certain criteria or values that are generally accepted by the culture or society. It is gained from an understanding of knowledge.

KNOWLEDGE SPECTRUM

INFORMATION USE
KINDS OF INFORMATION USE Conceptual Use. For enlightenment Instrumental Use. For action Tactical Use. As a delaying tactic or as a substitute for action Symbolic Use. As a sign or symbol of some other reality Political Use. As ammunition to support a predetermined position Data. Letters, numbers, lines, graphs, and symbols, etc., used to represent events and their state, organized according to formal rules and conventions. Raw facts and figures. It represents a fact or statement of event without relation to other things. Ex. It is raining. Information. The cognitive state of awareness (as being informed) given representation in physical form (data). This physical representation facilitates the process of knowing. It is data that has been processed (in a context) and organized; data with meaning. It varies in presentation with respect to perspective. It embodies the understanding of a relationship of some sort, possibly cause and effect. Ex. The temperature dropped 15 degrees and then it started raining. Knowledge. The cognitive state beyond awareness. Knowledge implies an active involvement and understanding and the ability to extend the level of understanding to meet life's contingencies. TYPES OF INFORMATION USER Researchers. They consume, transform, produce and exchange information. The information produced is the primary output. Practitioners. They consume information to produce a physical commodity or a plan of action. Managers. They consume information in order to output directives and decisions. Educators. They consume, transform and disseminate information. The dissemination of information is the primary output.

INFORMATION
PROPERTIES OF INFORMATION NEEDS Information need is a relative concept. Information needs change over a period of time. Information needs vary from person to person, from job to job, subject to subject, organization to organization, and so on.
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LIS 51: Introduction to Library and Information Science. 1st Semester, 2011

People's information needs are largely dependent on the environment. Measuring (quantifying) information need is difficult. Information need often remains unexpressed or poorly expressed. Information need often changes upon receipt of some information. VALUE OF INFORMATION At Personal Level: For survival For sound decision-making Accumulation of knowledge (e.g. student) Creation of knowledge (e.g. researcher) Transformation into action (e.g. decision-maker, practitioner) Repackaging and communication (e.g. professor, journalist, extension worker) Dissemination of information (e.g. information specialist) At National Level: Improve capability of a country to take advantage of existing knowledge Rationalization and systematization of a country's research and development efforts in light of knowledge already available Wider knowledge base for the solution of problems Better decision-making in all sectors and at all levels of responsibility CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION Organized information activities (generating, recording, distributing, processing and disseminating of information) have become possible because of the characteristics of information. Characteristics of information comprise qualities inherent in it, qualities assigned to it, and qualities attributed by perception and social values. Inherent Characteristics Abstract, objective Can be structured, analyzed, synthesized, extracted, summarized, abstracted, reviewed, classified, stored and recalled, interrelated to other pieces of information, shared, transmitted, suppressed, destroyed, disseminated Concrete, objective Can be recorded, transmitted, translated, stored and recalled surrogated Concrete Can be stored, converted to other media, duplicated, stored and User-dependent Characteristics Subjective Can be evaluated, interpreted, used, misused, valued, interrelated to use

recalled, interrelated, formatted, surrogated, suppressed, relegated, destroyed Narayana, 1991

INFORMATION SOCIETY
TASKS OF INFORMATION SCIENCE To re-examine existing methods of acquiring, storing, indexing and retrieving information in the light of modern technology To derive new concepts and principles that can be used in the design of more efficient information storage and retrieval systems CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION SOCIETIES A literate population A highly developed library system A high level of computer penetration The existence of sophisticated telecommunications systems A well-developed publishing industry A high-level newspaper industry A developed television and broadcasting industry Digital Divide. Access to information is unequal between people from different communities because of such factors as economic status, social background, financial background, etc. LIBRARY SCIENCE A generic term for the study of library and information units, the role they play in society, their various component routines and processes, and their history and future development. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary and Reference Book, 1987) The study of principles, practice or study of library administration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2000)

INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
WHAT IS INFRASTRUCTURE? Set of interconnected structural elements that provide the framework for supporting the entire structure INternal FRAmework of a structure INFRASTRUCTURE IS: Embedded in other structures Transparent Visible INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE Foundation and framework that make it possible for information to be created and disseminated Communication, networks, and associated software that support interaction among people and organizations
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Contextual

Choice of selection of media

LIS 51: Introduction to Library and Information Science. 1st Semester, 2011

INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE VIEWED AS PART OF THE INFORMATION CYCLE Creators o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Authors Artists/Musicians Database producers Books Magazines CD-ROMs, etc. Databases Webpages Publishers Vendors Internet providers Schools Libraries Universities Museums Businesses Governmental agencies Individuals Researchers Students Employers Employees

Products

Satellite Optical fiber Microwave Televisions Monitors Printers Cameras

INFORMATION SCIENCE
WHAT IS IT? They say . . . "nobody can say with authority what information science is really about" "lack of definition is desirable because it allows a greater range of thought to be developed" FRAMEWORK All organisms are information systems Information Infrastructure DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE Epistemology Two Basic Fundamentals o To count and account o To record and communicate Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program. Provided the government funds and momentum toward the development of America's scientific knowledge base. Military Program. Command-Control3 Communication Systems (C ). Growing realization by the government and the military of the power of computer technology soon spread to the industrial sector. HISTORICAL ROOTS OF INFORMATION SCIENCE Counting and Accounting o Clay Tablets o Abacus o First Coins o Bookkeeping o Paper Money o Adding Machine o Calculating Machines o Automatic Loon (Jacquard, 1801) o Analytical Engine (Babbage, 1833) o Mathematical Logic (Boole, 1850) o Hollerith Cards o Mark I (early computers) o Turing Machine (1937) Recording and Communicating o Speech o Prehistoric Art o Cuneiform Script o Calendars o Early Alphabets o Writing o Libraries o Printing Press (1450) o Library of Congress (1806) o Telegraph (1937) o Typewriter (1866) o Telephone (1876) o Phonograph (1877) o Photography (1888) o Radio (1895) o Films (1896) o Shannon's Theory of Communication (1949)
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Distributors

Disseminators

Users

TYPICAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKS AND SERVICES Internet Public Switched Telephone Networks Public Data Networks Cellular Networks Commercial Satellite Networks Broadcast Radio Networks Broadcast TV Networks Cable TV Networks Direct Broadcast Satellite Online Services Publishing Services Financial Networks and Services Power Networks Transportation Networks Public Safety Network TYPICAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS Scanners Keyboards Telephones Fax machines Computers Switches Compact disks Video and audiotape Facilities Radios Cable Wire

LIS 51: Introduction to Library and Information Science. 1st Semester, 2011

o o o o o o o o o o

ENIAC Computer (1944) Stored Programs (1947) Microprocessors (1948) UNIVAC Computers (1954) Time-sharing Computers (1960) "Third Generation" Computers BASIC Programming Language "Fourth Generation" Computers VLSI Architectures "Fifth Generation" Computers

o o o o o o

Satellites (1958) Telecommunications OCLC Early Library Automation First Information Science Departments Modern Resource-sharing Networks

processing and availability of data. (Percentage: 11%) Information Management. Application of management principles to the acquisition, organization, controlling, dissemination and use of information. (Percentage: 14%) Information System. A system consisted of people, machines, technical, financial resources and methods of organization that provide and contribute to the development of information. (Percentage: 17%) The focus of Information Science is on the phenomenon of information. Information Science deals with the entire information cycle. Information Science is interdisciplinary. It emphasizes the central purpose of libraries accessibility and usability of information. RANGANATHAN AND THE FIVE LAWS OF LIBRARY SCIENCE Books are for Use Every reader his or her book Every book its reader Save the time of the reader The library is a growing organism MICHAEL GORMAN'S NEW LAWS OF LIBRARIANSHIP Libraries serve humanity. Respect all forms by which knowledge communicated. Use technology intelligently to enhance service. Protect free access to knowledge. Honor the past and create the future. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A LIBRARY Centralization Political Stability Economic Growth

INFORMATION SCIENCE Interdisciplinary Devoted to addressing the problems of communication of knowledge among humans Information search and retrieval Has a wide scope relations to other fields are changing A discipline that investigates: The properties and behavior of information The forces governing the flow of information The means of processing information for optimum accessibility and usability INFORMATION SCIENCE IS CONCERNED WITH THE: Organization Dissemination Collection Organization Storage Retrieval Interpretation Use . . . OF INFORMATION CONTENTS OF INFORMATION SCIENCE Information Service. The theory and practice of providing services that link information seekers to information sources. (Percentage: 38%) Information Processing. The systematic performance of the operations on information in conjunction with a computer system to obtain, manipulate, store and communicate its meaning. (Percentage: 20%) Computer and Communication Science. The use of communication and computer to support the

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LIS 51: Introduction to Library and Information Science. 1st Semester, 2011

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