HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4

20 Architectural Marvels of Contemporary Philippines • NEW CLARK CITY AQUATICS CENTRE

o Designed by Budji- Royal Architecture
• THE PODIUM WEST TOWER:
o Completed 2019
o Designed by Arquitectonica
• COVER THE GRAND HYATT MANILA
o Completed in 2019
o Designed by Wong & Ouyang, as well as
• PHILIPPINE BANK OF COMMUNICATION,
Casas Architects were the architectural
(PBCOM TOWER)
firms behind the tallest building in the
o Designed by: Skidmore,Owing & Merrill LLP
Philippines.
o Completed in 2020
o Completed in 2018
• THE ENTERPRISE CENTER
• TRUMP TOWER
o Completed in 1999
o Designed by Broadway Malyan in
o Designed by: Wong & Tung International
partnership with Pomeroy Studio LPPA
limited- Hongkong in collaboration with
Design Group Inc.
ARADS & Associates
o Completed in 2017
• THE GRAMERCY RESIDENCE
• THE NET PARK
o Planned & Designed by California Based
o A 48 Storey Green Sustainable Corporate
architectural group Jerde Partnership
Tower
International in collaboration with Roger
o Designed by Chad Oppenheim
Villarosa Architects & Associates
• THE MIND MUSEUM
o Completed in 2013
o Designed by Ar. Ed Calma from Lor Calma &
• ZUELLIG BUILDING
Partners
o Designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
o Completed in 2012
LLP in collaboration with Coscollueda &
• SULTAN HASSANAL BOLKIAH MASJID/GRAND
Associates
MOSQUE OF COTABATO
o Completed in 2012
o Largest mosque in the Philippines
• SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION BUILDING
o Designed by Ar. Felino Palafox
o Designed by Manosa Brothers
o Completed in 2011
o Completed in 1996
• MOTHER OF ALL ASIA- TOWER OF PEACE
• PHILIPPINE ARENA
o Tallest Statue structure of Virgin Mary in
o Designed by Global Mega Architecture Firm
the world
Populous
o Designed by sculptor Eduardo Castrillo
o Completed in 2014
o Completed in 2021
• MACTAN CEBU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
• ARETE
o Designed by Multi awarded firm Integrated
o Designed by W.V. Coscolluela & Associates
Design Associates (IDA), Architect Winston
o Inaugurated in 2018
Shu in collaboration with Filipino Designers
• OKADA MANILA
including furniture maker Kenneth
o Designed by GF& Partners and PRSP
Cobonpue
Architects
o Completed in 2018
o Opened in 2016
• ILOILO CONVENTION CENTER
o Designed by Ilonngo Ar. William Coscolluela
o Inaugurated in 2015
WHAT IS PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE?
• THE CHURCH OF THE GESU
o Designed by Architect Jose Pedro Recio • Ar. Leandro Locsin
o Completed in 2003
Philippine Architecture is an elusive thing, because
• NEW CLARK CITY ATHLETICS STADIUM
while it makes full use of modern technology, it is a
o Designed by Budji-Royal Architecture
residue of different overlays of foreign influences left in
o Completed in 2019
the Philippines over the centuries: the early Malay • HISTORICAL INFLUENCES
culture and vestiges of earlier Hindu influences, the
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING THE PRE-SPANISH
more than 300-year Spanish domination, the almost 50-
PERIOD
year American rule, the Arab and Chinese influences
through commerce and trade over the centuries. What INFLUENCING FACTORS OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
resulted may have been a hybrid, a totally new
configuration, which may include a remembrance of the INFLUENCES
past, but transformed or framed in terms of its 1. GEOGRAPHICAL
significance today.
• The Philippines, the Pearl of the Orient Seas, is
• Ar. Norma Alarcon, FUAP situated in the southeast of the Asian continent.
Architecture in the Philippines today is the result of a • It is an archipelago of 7,100 islands totaling
natural growth enriched with the absorption of varied 115,707 square miles (299,681 square
influences. kilometers) in land area.
• It is a country of volcanic origin. It is physically
• Ar. Francisco “Bobby” Manosa made up of mountains and plains, valleys and
volcanoes which are complemented by bays
Philippine architecture is perhaps more aptly described
and lakes, rivers and waterfalls.
as a hodgepodge of foreign influences.
2. GEOGRAPHICAL
OBJECTIVES
• Boundaries:
• Identifying the cultural and environmental
contexts that influence Architectural Evolution 1. North : Taiwan which is 78 miles away from
• Analyze and compare Philippine architecture in Y’ami Isle, the northernmost point
space and time, as well as in comparison to 2. East : Pacific Ocean where the Philippines Deep,
world architecture the lowest spot in the world, is situated (37,782
• To cultivate cultural sensitivity, value, and feet deep)
appreciate our forefathers' cultural 3. West : China Sea
achievements 4. South : Indonesia where Saluag Isle, the
• To be inspired by and apply historic design southernmost point, is 34 miles away from the
solutions to modern design challenges east of Borneo
PRINCIPLES Lying at the crossroads of the East and the West, the
Philippines is so strategically located that the following
• Utilitas – Utility – represents the function of the
maybe considered as occasions for geography to
structure, functionality.
become a major factor in the shaping of the Philippine
• Firmitas – Strength – represents the means,
architecture:
materials, and logistics of the structure.
• Venustas – Beauty – represents the design – a • The “accidental” passing of the Spanish traders in the
layout and combination of structural elements country in search of oriental spices led to the
to meet the functional needs. “discovery” of the Philippines. This discovery further
strengthened Spain’s desire to extend her empire to
INFLUENCES
propagate her culture
• GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES • The strategic location of the country in Asia and the
• GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES Pacific was apparently a major reason for America’s
• CLIMATIC INFLUENCES colonization of the country to further boost her desire
• RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES to become a major power.
• SOCIO-CULTURAL INFLUENCES
• ECONOMIC INFLUENCES • Because of this, the Philippines became the bastion of
• POLITICAL INFLUENCES democracy in Asia.
Generally, the Philippines is divided into three major b) A coconut is buried and left overnight. If it shakes
islands. during observation the next day, it means that evil
spirits abound in that place making the site undesirable.
Luzon, the largest island situated in the northern part of
the country, occupies an area of 40,814 square miles. c) Boundary for posts are lined up. The person will know
if the site is a good one through his dreams.
In the south is Mindanao, the second largest, with an
area of 36,906 square miles. d) A wooden cross is planted in the middle of the
chosen site. If it remains unchanged after several days,
The smallest of the three is Visayas which is located at
the site is said to have been approved by the spirits for
the center.
house building.
THE PHILIPPINES IS ALSO DIVIDED INTO THE
e) A carabao is tied in the middle of the site. If the
FOLLOWING REGIONS:
carabao lies on its side or stomach, the construction of
• Region I: Ilocos the house can proceed. But if the carabao stands or is
• Region II: Cagayan Valley restless during the night, a new site has to be
• Region III: Central Luzon considered.
• Region IV: Southern Tagalog f) Lots should not be located on dead ends or facing a T
• Region V: Bicol intersection. The location will bring misfortunes to the
• Region VI: Western Visayas dwellers.
• Region VII: Central Visayas
• Region VIII: Eastern Visayas 4.2. Months, Days and Seasons to be Observed Before
• Region IX: Western Mindanao Building a House
• Region X: Northern Mindanao House building also entails various days, months and
• Region XI: Southern Mindanao seasons desirable for starting construction. From the
• Region XII: Central Mindanao book “Understanding the Filipino” by Tomas D. Andres
• Region XIII: CARAGA and Pilar B. Ilada-Andres, the following are the unlucky
• National Capital Region (NCR) days of the year to start business ventures, weddings or
• Cordillera Autonomous Region (CAR) constructions.
• Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
a) January: 1, 3, 4, 5, 28, 29
(ARMM)
b) February: 2, 4, 5, 17, 28, 29
3. CLIMATIC c) March: 2, 3, 8, 9, 10
d) April: 2, 6, 25, 27
Philippine climate is generally classified into two types: e) May: 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13, 18, 20
• Dry Season which occurs from November to f) June: 3, 5, 16, 19, 24, 30
June; November to February are rather cool g) July: 4, 12, 15, 19, 26
months while March to June are warm and h) August: 6, 9, 14, 19, 26, 31
humid months. i) September: 3, 12, 20, 21, 29
• Wet Season which occurs from July to October j) October: 7, 12, 17, 24, 29, 30
during which the country experiences torrential k) November: 1, 2, 11, 18, 23, 28
rains and typhoons. l) December: 5, 8, 16, 20, 24, 25

4. RELIGION The following were also observed in house building:

4.1. Site Selection Procedure a) Houses built during the warm/hot season will
not bring harmony between husband and wife.
a) An egg is buried for three days. On the fourth day it is b) Easter Sunday is considered a lucky day.
unearthed. If the egg shakes, construction at the site is c) New houses should not be built in the months
postponed to a later date. The same process is repeated containing the letter “R”.
and if it gets the same result the site shall be
abandoned.
4.3. Rituals Before Starting Construction Among these five, the second day is said to be the best
to start the construction, as it corresponds to the water
The following were the various practices and rituals that
element, a cooling agent that provides comfort and luck
usually preceded the start of the house construction
to the house and its dwellers.
performed by various tribes and ethnic groups:
d) The time of the day also dictates the lucky fortune of
MANOBOS
the house, the best time to start a work is between 5:30
a) If one of the men involved in the construction – 6:30 A.M. or at 1:00 to 3:00 P.M.
work sneezes on his way to the site, the work
Unlucky are the time between 7:00 – 9:00 A.M. and
has to be postponed lest some misfortunes
12:00 noon.
befall on anyone involved in the construction as
well as the owner of the house. e) The building of the house must be equated with the
b) The mating season of the doves is not a good development of a child in its mother’s womb. According
time for house building either. In case the to the Tausug, the first to appear in the development of
dove’s song is heard while the area is being the fetus is the navel. Thus, erection of the post must
cleared for construction, the whole site has to be done in accordance with the order of appearance of
be abandoned and a new site chosen. the different parts of the body.
c) The turtle’s voice also spells omen. If it is heard
f) Before the post is erected, a ceremony called Habuli
before the start of the construction, it is a bad
Pipul is performed. A small piece of an expensive cloth,
sign; but, if heard towards the completion
a handful of a unhusked rice are placed at the bottom
phase of the house, it is a sign of
of the pit of the first post hole. This is done to ensure
encouragement for the workers to finish the
good fortune for the homeowner.
house.
ILOKANOS
TAUSUGS
The father, at the fading of the daylight, kneels in
a) The house site must be as strong as the strength of
prayer at the site where the house is to be built. At the
the human body. This is usually a flat, dry, level land
end of his prayer, he plants an improvised cross whose
called datag or a sadlupan. a flat piece of land sloping
arms are not permanently fastened. He leaves the cross
toward the west facing Mecca. In choosing the site, the
planted overnight.
imam or panday (carpenter) is consulted.
The next day, when he finds the cross’s arms either
b) Only in the following months of the Tausug calendar
tilting or bent, it is read as bad luck, or worse when the
must a house be built.
cross is uprooted and lying on the ground, it is
1. Al-haj – this is the time of pilgrimage to Mecca. This interpreted as death. These two occurrences determine
period brings the opportunity to travel to Mecca and the abandonment of the site for house building.
eventually become a hadji, a person of religious and
• Children are not allowed to go near the building site
social prestige.
either. If this happens, especially before the floorings
2. Julkayida – This period allows the owner to have a are finished, the house has to be reconstructed.
bountiful livestock and harvest and also financial
• The use of bamboos with nodes facing the interior of
success.
the bedrooms is also avoided. This is a sign of mourning
3. Jumadil Auwal – This period assures the owner the over someone who lies down on the floor or bed
capability to be at equal pace with his friends and because of the bad position of the bamboo.
relatives in terms of finances and family concern.
• Notches in sawn logs are smoothened out for they are
c) Of the three months mentioned above, the following said to be similar to the devil’s eyes. Carpenters also
are the five unlucky days: second, eight, fourteenth, avoid standing under the shadow cast by posts to avoid
eighteenth and twenty-second. death or sickness.
4.4. Beliefs to Obtain Prosperity, Good Health and • Bamboo materials used for the building of the house
Family Life and Protection from Evil Spirits must be those cut during the month of December
because they are more durable and are strong enough
The following are other superstitious beliefs associated
to withstand calamities.
with house building and construction that have salutary
effects: • Post should be placed one after the other in a
clockwise direction for a stronger house against
• The umbilical cord of a child is inserted in the
typhoon.
staircase so that the stringer would strongly connect
itself to the girder. THE FOLLOWING ARE PRECURSORS OF MISFORTUNE:

• Silver coins, wine, cash money and medals are placed • The death of anyone of the workers during
underneath the principal posts for a prosperous life of construction. Misfortune will befall on the owner of the
the house dwellers. house.

• The main door is placed to face the east or the rising • Cutting of old posts when reconstructing or
sun for good luck. renovating is done. This results in the loss of one’s
wealth.
• Chickens and other animals are killed and their blood
splattered on all foundations and wall corners to ward • Stairs facing the sun bring bad luck to the family.
off evil spirits that may be lurking in the area.
• Wooden floor slats laid perpendicular to the stairs
• The father’s presence is important during the erection cause misfortunes to the house dwellers.
of the first post or first row of hollow blocks or cement
• Having enemies before building a house foretells that
wall. This will make the house solidly strong for the
peace will not reign in the household.
father is the symbol of strength
• Covering or putting an overhang on an anthill (punso)
• The longer length of the roof should be placed parallel
incurs the wrath of the spirit living in the anthill.
to the street to avoid misfortune.
• Materials once used in a church or from the owner’s
• The number of steps in the stairs must end either in
old house which experienced misfortune presage bad
oro or plata never in mata . Gold, silver and death are
luck.
representatives for the steps. Thus, stairs must not be
divisible by three. • The fresh wood used in the building of the new house
still contains the tear-like sap is a premonition of real
• Door swings of the main door must be towards the
tears.
interior to bring in the good luck.
• Doors facing each other and a door facing a window
• If a coconut buried in the ground at the site still
bring ill-health to the occupant of the room.
contains plenty of juice after a week it means prosperity
• Main doors facing the setting sun or the west cause
• The stairway leading to the threshold of the main
bad luck.
door must be in odd numbers, preferably 5 or 7, to
bring in wealth and prosperity to the family. • Main doors situated opposite the exit doors effect the
flowing of wealth or money out of the household.
• For a more prosperous life, coins should be nailed on
top of posts. • Bamboos whose top have already been cut by the
wind or storm shorten lives of the family members.
• Coins, cedula and broken glass wrapped in black cloth
should be buried in every post for wealth and • Materials like dead trees, balete trees, Ionoc or bubog
prosperity. are habitations of evil spirits.
• Hot pepper placed underneath the house will drive • Sites that where once a road or a cemetery bring
away evil spirits. illness to house members.
• The balete tree is the abode of evil spirits; hence, • The European system of education was introduced.
houses should not be built near it. Although not the first school to open in the Philippines,
the University of Santo Tomas is reputed to be the
• A house built over the site of a newly-cut tree subjects
oldest existing university in the country because of its
the owner of the house to experience bad luck.
continuous operation as a higher institution of learning
• House plan shaped like a cross portends bad luck. under one management.

• A basement placed in flat surface indicates graves. • Sciences, like botany, zoology, chemistry, medicine
This is a precursor of early deaths in the family. and pharmacy were made known and practiced.

5. SOCIAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL • Hospitals and orphanages were established for the
promotion of social welfare in the country
Early Philippine society was divided into three social
classes: • Fiestas and holidays were introduced. Amusement in
the form of cockfights, horse races, parties, picnics and
1. Nobles - Called maharlikas they were members of the excursions, pilgrimages, haranas, Flores de Mayo and
barangay aristocracy, the highest social class. They were Santacruzan festivals, indoor and outdoor games
usually those families who owned slaves: his family and became known to the Filipinos.
relatives and rich people.

2. Freemen - Called timawas they were the middle-class

members in the barangay. They were usually the ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER OF THE PRESPANISH
freeborn persons and the emancipated slaves. PERIOD STRUCTURES

3. Slaves - Called alipin belonged to the lowest social Archeological records indicated that Filipino villages
class. were established either near bodies of water or in a
swidden or slash and burn agricultural environment.
THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE PHILIPPINES LED TO
THE INTRODUCTION OF SEVERAL CHANGES IN THE According to Robert Fox, early Filipinos lived along the
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE coasts or rivers due to the following factors:
FILIPINOS.
1. The daily diet of the early Filipinos were mostly food
• Slavery was abolished. from the sea. Animals like chicken, pig, or carabaos,
were treated more as ritual or festival foods.
• Towns, cities and villages were established under the
provisions set by the Laws of the Indies, the royal 2. Their fishing implements provided more yield than
ordinances proclaimed by King Philip II on July 23, 1573, those used for hunting. Hunting was more of a game
which governed the planning and administration of new than a pre-occupation.
settlements in the Americas and in the Philippines.
3. The water provided a good means of travel since
• The Gregorian calendar was introduced. roads did not exist until the Spanish times.

• Filipinos were given Spanish surnames and those who 4. The bodies of water were the major source for
were converted to the new religion had their first bathing, washing and drinking.
names changed to those of the saints.
COMMON FEATURES OF THE HOUSES, SOME OF WHICH
• The Latin alphabet and the Spanish language were ARE STILL IN USE:
assimilated into the Philippine language.
1. Most houses were elevated from the ground, with
• The Dominicans establish the first printing press in plans that were either square, rectangular, or
1593. octagonal, to avoid dampness during the rainy season
or heat emanating from the ground during the warm
• The arts, like literature, music, painting and sculpture season. Elevating the house also protected it from
were promoted. Architecture in the form of bahay na insects, vermin, wild animals, and flooding. On wooden
bato and churches was also introduced.
floor joists, flooring could be made of wood, bamboo, The Badjaos’ chief occupation was fishing and for
rattan, beaten bark, or removable reed mat. practical reasons, they built their houses on stilts right
above the shallow waters. With flooring made of
2. Structural components like the post and beams were
bamboo, the main room of the house was a
made of wood, tree trunks or bamboo. In some parts of
combination of sala and sleeping area while an adjacent
the Philippines, they have symbolic purpose for their
area was used as a kitchen.
columns. Walls were made of wooden panels, tree bark,
nipa, bamboo, sawali, coconut and palm leaves, cogon 2. Structural Elements
grass and buri palm on wooden and bamboo framing.
The interior space was enclosed by wooden walls nailed
3. With wooden or bamboo framing, the roof could be permanently for protection against the elements.
hipped, gabled, or pyramidal in shape. Roof design was
3. Protective Elements
sometimes influenced by its surroundings, such as the
Ifugao house, which contextualizes with the physical The roof was often covered with galvanized iron sheets.
heights of the Cordillera mountain, or the Isnegs, well- Headroom was limited to approximately .90 m. which
known boat builders, who built their roof in the shape did not allow anyone to stand erect when inside the
of an inverted boat. Roofs were sometimes designed cabin
with a high pitch for practical reasons. The space
beneath the roof is used for storage or ventilation 4. Circulatory Elements
purposes. Thatching materials included cogon, nipa, Doors and windows were provided in the cabin to allow
bamboo grass, sani, coconut leaves, rattan palm leaves, light and air inside.
rice stalks, sugar cane leaves, and anahaw.
5. Decorative Elements and Furnishings
4. The stairs could be made of a single log with notches
as steps or of a bamboo frame with split bamboo as One characteristic item found in the sala of the house
steps. Doors can be sliding or hinged and made of wood on stilts type was the mirror. Mirrors were not used to
panels, bamboo, or sawali. Windows, which were rare, check appearances but rather to indicate the number of
were made of wooden panels, bamboo, buri, nipa, and children the family had. Furthermore, it was also used
sawali, and could be sliding or awning style. for driving away evil spirits.

5. Toilets were built separately, a few meters away from In the bathroom, okir designs dominated the sides. Boat
the house. The kitchen was built away from the house prows were also decorated with various designs.
as well, but it was not detached. A bamboo bridge Furnishings that were often found in the cabin were the
connected it to the main house, which was in the back. following: a snail, fishing lamp, suitcase, stove, pots and
This design layout was intended to keep the main house plates, water jug, small chest, mats and pillows.
from being burned in the event that the kitchen caught
fire while cooking.
House type: BAHAY KUBO, NIPA HOUSE, NIPA HUT
Examples of Ethnic Houses
Environmental Situation: Lowlands all over the
1. Cave Philippines
2. Tree-house
3. Lean-to ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS

1. Plan

House type: BADJAW, BADJAO Originally, the Bahay Kubo was a one-room dwelling
structure with porch provided on all sides of the house.
Environmental Situation: Coastal water of Tawi-tawi, Then Bahay Kubo graduated into a more sophisticated
Sibutu, and Semporna type of dwelling, the usual plan of the Bahay Kubo was
Architectural Analysis: arranged with the following parts:

1. Plan Bulwagan – the area reserved for entertaining guests.

Silid – a private room used for sleeping. 3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS

Paglutuan or Gilir – the kitchen or cooking area. The bahay kubo was covered by steep gabled roof made
of the following materials:
Silong – the space found underneath the house used as
a storage space for the farming and fishing implements • cogon grass
and also where the animals were kept. This area was • rice stalks
often fenced off with bamboo slats. • sugar cane leaves
• split bamboo
The kitchen found at the rear of the house, was usually
with the following features: • anahaw leaves or nipa shingles (pawid).

Dapogan – a table on the top of which was the river These materials were tied to the rafters by means of
stone, shoe-shaped stove or kalan. bamboo strips (palatpat).

Bangahan – this was later called bangguera or The roof can be built directly on the ground or on top of
banggerahan, a place for drying and storing pots and the posts. The rafter type of roof framing was used. The
pans, drinking glasses, plates and other kitchen utensils. ridge pole was carried by rafter that crossed slightly at
the topmost end (palupo). To keep the rafters in place,
Batalan – is the unroofed area where water jars (used poles were provided across them horizontally in the
for drinking, washing and bathing) were kept. following manner:
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS • The sikang was placed midway between the top
end and the bottom end of the rafters
➢ The first to be erected of the nipa house were four
• The kahab-an was placed at the bottom end of
main post (either bamboo or wooden material like
the rafters
molave or ipil) which were the main support to the
house and to the roof. 4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS

➢ Located on the four corners of the house, the post ➢ A bamboo ladder, resting on wooden threshold, was
were inserted into deep holes on the ground dug at provided for entry to the house from the ground.
approximately .90 m. deep.
➢ Doors were made of ‘sala’ while windows were often
➢ To provide more stability to the posts, rocks were made of sawali. The main door was often oriented
inserted around the area where the end of the post lay towards the east to invite prosperity.
or the end was made to rest on a flat stone slab.
➢ Windows were either designed as sliding types that
➢ Smooth slabs were used to cover the open spaces hung from a horizontal transom and could be moved
where the floor and faces of the posts met to keep sideways, or as awning types that rested on a wooden
vermin and other pests out. Aside from the four main brace placed in a slanting position between the
posts, the other posts provided only reached up to the windowsill and the lower side end of the window panel.
beams that support the floor.

➢ Nipa leaves or flattened split bamboo cut into fine

House type: BONTOC (Southern Strain)
strips were woven in a herringbone pattern to form the
sawali siding. Rattan lashings and bamboo studs were Environmental situation: Mountain area of the
used to secure both sides of the walls in a horizontal Cordillera
direction.
ARCHITECTURAL ALANYSIS:
➢ To support the walls, floor sills (gililan) were installed
•PLAN
on the outer periphery of the floor joints.
➢ THE BONTOC HOUSE CALLED FAYU, WAS SQUARE IN
➢ Two floor beams were built: the yawi, which defined
PLAN AND WAS DESIGNED TO FACILITATE VARIOUS
the area to be covered by the floor space, and the
ACTIVITIES.
patukuran, which supported the floor joists (soleras).
➢ THE GRANARY (FALIG), WITH AN AREA OF 2.00 ➢ Other horizontal beams were provided to support
SQUARE METERS, WAS ELEVATED ON FOUR POSTS OF the upper rafters which ran from the ridgepole down to
ABOUT 1.50 M. HIGH. these beams. Aside from the roof framing itself, the
roof was supported by the wall framings and the four
➢ A FIREPLACE, LOCATED AT THE REAR LEFT CORNER, corner posts.
WAS PROVIDED.
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
The following areas were arranged on the ground floor
(cha-la-nan) from the doorway to the rear: • A stair was provided for the approach to the
granary since the space was elevated from the
• a. Immediately to the left of the main entrance ground level areas.
was a rice threshing room about 1.50 square
• Windows were absent. Smoke from the house
meters in size and 0.30 meters in depth. The
was made to pass at smoke holes provided at
mortar for threshing rice was found in the
either end of the ridgepole.
center of this room.
• Front with a width of 0.42 M opens into a
• b. A beach 1.20m wide and 3.60m long lay to passageway that reached up to the Ang-an.
the right of the entrance. Baskets, utensils, and
other tools were placed on a 0.30m long and 5. Decorative Elements and Furnishings
0.30m high platform. This bench was used to
➢ The sleeping compartment was provided with
keep chickens.
wooden boards or sleeping benches 0.90 by 1.20 m. in
• c. The kitchen was right next to the threshing
size. The board was slightly inclined on one end to allow
room. It had three concave stove stones, a low
the sleeper’s head to be elevated.
stone wall, and wooden shelves in an area of
1.50 square meters. ➢ On the other end was a pole where the sleeper could
• d. The ang-an was a sleeping and storage area rest his feet. Fire could be provided under this pole
on the back side of the house, across from the when the need for warmth arises in the occupant.
only entrance. This was the only room with
hardwood floors and a wooden ceiling. ➢ A closet was also provided for their valuables.

2. Structural Elements

The four corner posts and the ground floor side walls, SPANISH ERA
which lean slightly outwards at the top up to the Characteristics of Spanish Colonial Architecture in the
horizontal beam, were built as roof supports. The front Philippines
and side walls were made of wood attached to posts,
while the back wall was made of stone and mud. Churches, Houses, Government buildings

3. Protective Elements In 1565, the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines and

brought the Antillean architecture style. (European
Pyramidal in shape at the front and at the rear and style)
trapezoidal along the sides, the roof ’s steep slope runs
from the ridge up to 2/3 of the total height of the roof While this type is considered European, it didn’t
downwards. The rest of the slope slanted forward with originate in Spain. Rather, it traces its origins from the
an overhang of 1.20 m. beyond the walls. The edge of Antilles in Central America.
the roof had a clearance of 1.20 m. above the ground.
As it didn’t fit the tropics, the style was adjusted to fit
Roof covering was made of grass shingles lashed to the
the Philippines’ tropical climate. Thus, providing it its
rafters.
own distinct Filipino twist and character.
➢ Roof framing was made up of a ridge post which was
• The spread of Christianity was one of the goals
supported by two Queen posts.
of Spanish colonization. As a result, religious
➢ The Queen posts were made to rest on a central structures were required to support the
horizontal beam. growing number of devotees.
• The Philippine churches, unlike those built in • These structures were built between 1600 and
Europe, were incredibly unique, perfectly 1750 by friar architects. Initially, churches were
highlighting the influence of Spanish colonial constructed out of nipa and bamboo. However,
architecture. the friars quickly realized that more imposing
• These magnificent colonial churches were permanent structures were required to ensure
thought to be a lovely reinterpretation of the its permanence
Spanish-Mexican Baroque style. • Furthermore, it would provide protection from
the country's constant natural disasters
CHARACTERISTICS OF BAROQUE STYLE
(typhoons and earthquakes), as well as
Broad naves: In churches, it is characterized by broad protection from human destruction.
naves (the central part of a church where services are • Due to material and technological constraints,
held) with oval forms. these grandiose structures took years to
decades to complete.
Unfinished elements: A famous element of Baroque
architecture is the deliberately unfinished architectural THE CHURCH OF OUL LADY OF THE ASSUMPTION
elements that help give the design a unique feature.
• Commonly known as the Santa Maria Church is
Lighting: Another distinctive feature of this architectural the parish church of Santa Maria in Ilocos Sur
works is the use of lighting effects as it employs the use Province, Philippines.
of either intense light as well as shaded lights to bring • The church of Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion in
the contrast. Sta. Maria is a national historic site that served
as a fortress during the 1896 Revolution.
Ornate finishings: The ceiling frescoes in this type of
• On December 11, 1993, UNESCO designated it
architecture are usually large scale. One feature that is
as a world heritage site.
common with Baroque architecture is the use of
• Its patroness is Our Lady of the Assumption,
ornaments, plaster or marble finishing that give it a
also known as Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion.
decorative look.
During the Spanish occupation, the church also
EXAMPLES OF THESE BAROQUE CHURCHES. served as a citadel (a fortress protecting a
town)
BASILICA MINORE DEL SANTO NINO IN CEBU
• The Augustinians built the church around 1765.
Labelled as the birthplace of Christianity in the • The church is perched on a hill and can be
Philippines, also standing in the same location since reached by climbing 85 steps made of granite
1565 rock imported from China.
• The thick buttresses on each side of the church
• Commonly known as Santo Niño Basilica in
serve as earthquake protection.
Cebu City
• The church's architecture is Baroque in style.
• Founded in 1565 by Fray Andrés de Urdaneta
and Fray Diego de Herrera. SANTO TOMAS DE VILLANUEVA CHURCH IN ILOILO
• It is the oldest Roman Catholic church in the
• The Church of Sto. Thomas de Villanueva is one
country, allegedly built on the spot where the
of the most outstanding examples of the fusion
image of the Santo Niño de Cebú was found
of the Western Baroque style with the Filipino
during the expedition of Miguel López de
folk motifs.
Legazpi.
• The squatness of the church the massive bell
SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH IN MANILA towers and the angled buttresses reinforce the
visual identity of the structure as a fortress
The first church erected in Luzon, which has been
• It is among the best examples of churches in
standing on the same spot since 1571. It has been
“fortress Baroque” style.
dedicated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993.
SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH IN ILOCOS NORTE
• This church, also known as San Agustin Church, • Bahay na bato had lower levels supported by
is considered to be one of the oldest and most brick or stone, with upper levels made of
beautiful churches in the Philippines. hardwood and covered by tiles or galvanized
• It is also a United Nations Educational, Scientific iron.
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World • The first floors serve as a cellar, storage room,
Heritage Site under the group of Baroque or shop, while the second floor serves as an
Churches of the Philippines in 1993. elevated residential apartment.
• Also, it is declared as a National Cultural • Windows open from floor to ceiling, to let the
Treasure in 1993 by the Philippine government. tropical wind in and get the best ventilation.

Also known as PAOAY CHURCH Spanish colonial architecture also allowed the rise of
military fortifications built across the Philippine Islands.
• The Paoay Church was built in 1694 by
Augustinian Fr. Antonio Estavillo which was The most popular and extensive among these is
completed in 1710 and rededicated in 1896. Intramuros or the “Walled City” in Manila built in 1571.
• According to Alicia Coseteng, an authority on
It’s a beautiful architectural form with a trapezoidal
colonial church architecture, the Paoay Church
layout, erected by the sea and the Pasig River.
has a style of “Earthquake Baroque,” as it is also
one of the oldest churches that is resistant to It aimed to protect the Spanish city from attack,
earthquake and natural calamities. contained Fort Santiago, the topmost military outpost,
• The 24 carved buttresses (structural support) and was the seat of the Spanish government during the
and its thick walls found on the sides of the Spanish colonization.
church are what made it stronger through the
Other Spanish colonial architectures that were built
years even with its more than 300 years of
during the Spanish period were hospitals like Hospital
establishment.
de San Juan de Dios, Schools like the University of Santo
• The church is also known for its visual beauty,
Tomas, Ateneo Municipal, and Colegio de Letran.
from its walls made of coral stones and bricks
and its overall design that is a mix of Gothic, All of which follow the characteristic of the tropical
Baroque, and Oriental designs. Baroque style of architecture that was prevalent during
• As you enter the church, you will see Javanese that time.
architectural styles making it look as impressive
HOSPITAL DE SAN JUAN DE DIOS
as its exterior.
• Beside the Paoay Church is a bell tower that • The San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation,
one can also visit as it speaks history as well Inc. - Hospital, formerly HOSPITAL DE SAN JUAN
because it was used as a communication device DE DIOS, is the oldest hospital in the
for the towns people. Philippines.
• While Spanish colonial architecture was
primarily characterized and seen in churches, THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS CAMPUS IN THE
1940s
Filipino houses also evolved during the Spanish
period. • Founded on April 28, 1611, by Spanish friar
• From the traditional nipa hut (bahay kubo), it Miguel de Benavides, third Archbishop of
was replaced by bahay na bato, the upgraded Manila, it has the oldest university charter in
version of the former. the Philippines and in Asia.
• It basically had the same spatial arrangements
and architectural principles of the bahay kubo, ATENEO MUNICIPAL
but what made it different it was built using • On Dec. 10, 1865, Ateneo Municipal de Manila
stone and other sturdier materials. was established by Jesuits to replace the
BAHAY NA BATO Escuela Municipal.
• It was originally located at Intramuros before • A third influence may have also been the
moving to Padre Faura after a fire. Led by Fr. houses of the Spanish residents of Intramuros,
William Masterson S.J., which combined native and the foreign styles of
• Ateneo moved to its current campus at Loyola building in their two-storey houses with
Heights in Quezon City in 1952. wooden posts and beams, stone walls around
• It became a university on Dec. 11, 1959. the ground floor, and timber construction
above.
COLEGIO DE LETRAN
• Finally, another model for the bahay na bato
• It was founded in 1620. Colegio de San Juan de may have been the convento, rectory or
Letran has the distinction of being the oldest monastery, built adjacent to the mission
college in the Philippines and the oldest church, an authoritative presence in the center
secondary institution in Asia. of the town which must have antedated the
bahay na bato. Extravagantly spacious and
solidly built, it could have become the local
BAHAY NA BATO standard for grandeur.
• In general, the bahay na bato may be described
The 19th century townhouse, called bahay na bato, was as a house with wooden legs and a stone skirt, a
a product of economic and social developments, as well style of construction which makes the house a
as architectural evolution. With the opening of Manila sure survivor of earthquakes.
to international trade in 1834 and the opening of the • The wooden frame gives it both flexibility and
Suez Canal in 1869, trade and agricultural production stability, while the one-storey high stone wall is
rose to exhilarating heights and increased the fortunes less likely to collapse. Large wooden posts are
of the native aristocracy, particularly in the provinces. sunk into the ground but stand high enough to
• Wealth became the passport to higher carry the roof.
education not only in Manila but also in Europe. A second ancestor may have been the native chieftain’s
The elite or principalia included landowners and house described by Antonio Morgain the 17th century,
traders, as well as professionals—physicians which was elevated, sturdily built of timber, well-
and accountants—and the highly educated, furnished, and spacious, having many rooms.
cosmopolitan illustrado (literally, enlightened).
• The lifestyle and aspirations, and even • The bahay na bato represents the apex in the
pretensions of the upper class demanded a new development of indigenous Filipino
type of dwelling—spacious, durable, architecture, because its expands the
comfortable, impressive, noble, and elegant— prototypal structure of the ethnic house from a
the bahay na bato. one-room dwelling to a multi-roomed house of
• Several house forms contributed to the grand scale, while preserving the basic features,
emergence of the bahay na bato. One of its and because it adapts Western architectural
ancestors is the nipahut or bahaykubo, which in influences to form a synthesis of native and
itself might not have been a worthy dwelling for immigrant art.
the illustrado, but whose principles of design • The bahay na bato is a product of economic
were too practical to be ignored. progress and cultural adaptation, and as such is
• The steep hip roof, elevated quarters, post-and- a symbol of the affluent Westernized Filipino. It
lintel construction, and maximized ventilation stands as a reminder of the social situation
are features of the bahay kubo that appear in which has not significantly changed even with
grand style in the bahay na bato. the introduction of democracy, public
education, and free enterprise.
A second ancestor may have been the native chieftain’s • The living quarters are elevated and are
house described by Antonio Morgain the 17th century, reached through an interior stairway located in
which was elevated, sturdily built of timber, well- the zaguan on the ground floor.
furnished, and spacious, having many rooms.
• The zaguan with its naked stonework is a grim Cultural Properties Preservation and Protection Act
entrance hall but with its abundant space is the Republic Act No. 4846
perfect storeroom for just about everything.
➢ AN ACT TO REPEAL ACT NUMBERED THIRTY EIGHT
• The stairs, are not only a means of access but
HUNDRED SEVENTY FOUR, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE
also the setting for a stately arrival. A
PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF PHILIPPINE
surrounding balustrade detached from the wall
CULTURAL PROPERTIES. (AS AMENDED BY P.D. 374)
provides room all around for welcoming
committee and prolonged farewells.
• The stairs, on the other hand, lead up to the
caida or upper entrance hall. Opening to the Presidential Decree No. 374
caida is the sala or living room. ➢ AMENDING CERTAIN SECTIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT
• Bedrooms flank the sala and nearby is the NO. 4846, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE "CULTURAL
dining room. PROPERTIES PRESERVATION AND PROTECTION ACT“
• At the rear of the house are the kitchen and
next to it, the open-air azotea. Creation of the National Commission for Culture and
• Running along the front and sides of the house the Arts (NCCA). Republic Act No. 7356
and flanking the major rooms is the volada, a ➢ AN ACT CREATING THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR
gallery which protects the rooms from the heat CULTURE AND THE ARTS (NCCA), ESTABLISHING A
of the sun. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FUND FOR CULTURE AND THE
• Along the volar is an elaborate system of ARTS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
windows. The broad, massive windowsill is
grooved and holds two to three sets of sliding National Museum
shutters: a set of wooden louvers or jalousies, a
➢The National Museum is mandated to declare cultural
set of Capiz or oyster shell shutters, and
properties of the Philippines as either Important
occasionally, a set of glass-paned shutters.
Cultural Properties or National Cultural Treasures,
Between the windowsill and the floor runs the
pursuant to several laws, including Republic Act No.
ventanilla, with sliding wooden shutters and
4846 (Cultural Properties Preservation and Protection
wooden balustrades or iron
Act) as amended by Presidential Decree No. 374,
Along the volada is an elaborate system of windows. Presidential Decree No. 260, Republic Act No.8492
The broad, massive windowsill is grooved and holds (National Museum Act of 1998) and most recently,
two to three sets of sliding shutters: a set of wooden Republic Act No. 10066 (National Cultural Heritage Act
louvers or jalousies, a set of Capiz or oyster shell of 2009).
shutters, and occasionally, a set of glass-paned shutters.
National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 Republic Act No.
• Between the windowsill and the floor runs the 10066
ventanilla, with sliding wooden shutters and
➢ AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE PROTECTION AND
wooden balustrades or iron grills.
CONSERVATION OF THE NATIONAL CULTURAL
• Wide double doors are flung open to join each
HERITAGE, STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL
room to adjacent rooms. With all doors open,
COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE ARTS (NCCA)
the house becomes one big hall.
AND ITS AFFILIATED CULTURAL AGENCIES, AND FOR
• The interior of the bahay na bato is a striking
OTHER PURPOSES
example of a space surrounded by space.
Running above the partitions are panels of An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991.
wooden fretwork, which allow the air within Republic Act No. 7160
the house to circulate.
➢SECTION 13 : NAMING OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS AND PUBLIC PLACES, STREETS AND STRUCTURES
HERITAGE LAWS Strengthening Peoples' Nationalism Through Philippine
History Act Republic Act No. 10086
➢AN ACT STRENGTHENING PEOPLES' NATIONALISM Guzmán. On May 15, 1915, Arellano married Natividad
THROUGH PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY CHANGING THE Ocampo. Oscar, Juanita, Cesar, Salvador, Juan Marcos,
NOMENCLATURE OF THE NATIONAL HISTORICAL Luis, Gloria, and Carlos were his eight children.
INSTITUTE INTO THE NATIONAL HISTORICAL
He graduated from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in
COMMISSION OF THE PHILIPPINES, STRENGTHENING
1908.
ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES His first love was painting, and he trained under
Lorenzo Guerrero, Toribio Antillon, and Fabian de la
Republic Act No. 1059
Rosa. However, he pursued architecture and was sent
➢An Act prohibiting the naming of Sitios, Barrios, to the United States as one of the first pensionados in
Municipalities, Cities, Provinces, Streets, Highways, architecture, after Carlos Barreto, who was sent to the
Avenues, Bridges, and other Public Thorougfares, Parks, Drexel Institute in 1908; Antonio Toledo, who went to
Plazas, Public Schools, Public Buildings, Piers, Ohio State; and Tomás Mapúa, who went to Cornell
Government-Crafts and Vessels, and other Public Arellano went to the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine
Institutions after Living Persons Arts in 1911 and subsequently transferred to Drexel to
Cultural Properties finish his bachelor's degree in Architecture. He was
trained in the Beaux Arts and subsequently went to
➢An Important Cultural Property is “a cultural property work for George B. Post & Sons in New York City, where
that possesses “exceptional cultural, artistic and/or he worked for Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.
historical significance”, whereas the highest designation
of National Cultural Treasure pertains to “a unique He then returned to the Philippines to begin a practice
cultural property found locally, possessing outstanding with his brother, Arcadio. He later joined the Bureau of
historical, cultural, artistic and/or scientific value which Public Works just as the last American architects,
is highly significant and important to the country and George Fenhagen and Ralph H. Doane, were leaving.
nation.” He and Tomás Mapúa were then named as supervising
The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural architects. In 1927, he took a study leave and went to
Property in the Event of Armed Conflict the United States where he was greatly influenced by
Art Deco architecture.
➢It is an international treaty that requires its
In 1930, he returned to Manila and designed the
signatories to protect cultural property in war or armed
Bulacan Provincial Capitol and notably the Manila
conflict. It was signed at The Hague, Netherlands on
Metropolitan Theater, which was then considered
May 14, 1954, and entered into force August 7, 1956. It
controversially moderne.
has been ratified since by more than 90 countries.
He continued to act as a consulting architect for the
The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural
Bureau of Public Works where he oversaw the
Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
production of the Manila's first zoning plan. In 1940, he
➢It is an international treaty that requires its and Harry Frost created a design for Quezon City, which
signatories to protect cultural property in war or armed was to become the new capital of the Philippines.
conflict. It was signed at The Hague, Netherlands on
It was during that time that he designed the building
May 14, 1954, and entered into force August 7, 1956. It
that would house the United States High Commission to
has been ratified since by more than 90 countries.
the Philippines, later the Embassy of the United States
in Manila.

AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD He designed a demesne along the edge of Manila Bay,
which featured a mission revival style mansion that
JUAN M. ARELLANO
took advantage of the seaside vista. The Americans
Juan M. Arellano was born in Tondo, Manila, Philippines instead opted for a federal-style building that ended up
on April 25, 1888, to Luis C. Arellano and Bartola de overpriced and uncomfortable.
During World War II, the Legislative Building and Jones Among Nakpil's works are San Carlos Seminary,
Bridge, were totally destroyed and the Post Office Geronimo de los Reyes Building, Iglesia ni Cristo
Building was severely damaged. While these structures Riverside Locale (Now F. Manalo, San Juan) and Iglesia
were all reconstructed, his original designs were not Ni Cristo - Locale of Caloocan, Magsaysay Building,
followed and were considered poor replications.
• Rizal Theater,
Arellano retired in 1956 and went back to painting. In
1960, he exhibited his work at the Manila YMCA. • Capitol Theater,
• Captain Pepe Building,
FAMOUS WORKS • Manila Jockey Club,
• Bulacan Provincial Capitol in Malolos City built • Rufino Building,
in 1930 • Philippine Village Hotel,
• Legislative Building, Manila • University of the Philippines Administration and
• National Museum (Legislative Building) University Library,
• Jones Bridge • Rizal Shrine in Calamba, Laguna.
• Manila Central Post Office- Pre World War II He also designed the International Eucharistic Congress
• Manila Central Post Office altar and improved the Quiapo Church in 1930 by
• Supreme Court of the Philippines erecting a dome and a second belfry. The church
• Manila Metropolitan Theater burned down in 1929 prior to Nakpil's redesign of the
• Rizal Memorial Stadium, Manila building.
• Cebu Provincial Capitol
• Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol In the 1930s to the 1940s, Nakpil and his fellow
architects Andres Luna de San Pedro, Fernando Ocampo
JUAN FELIPE DE JESÚS NAKPIL and Pablo Antonio started the period of modern
• Juan Felipe de Jesús Nakpil, KGCR (born Juan architecture in the Philippines.
Felipe Nakpil y de Jesús; May 26, 1899 . Nakpil and others also established the Philippine
• May 7, 1986 known as Juan Nakpil, was a College of Design in 1941 but the institution did not
Filipino architect, teacher and a community survive the Second World War.
leader.
• In 1973, he was named one of the National In 1952, President Quirino appointed Nakpil to be a
Artists for architecture. member of the National Rizal Day Committee.
• He was regarded as the Dean of Filipino He was hailed as a National Artist for Architecture in
Architects. 1973. On November 23, 1936, Nakpil was on a list of
He studied engineering at the University of California Inactive Philippine Army Officers as an Infantry Major.
and later, at the University of Kansas, where he Other buildings
received his bachelor's degree in Mechanical
Engineering. • Arellano University Building
• Boy Scouts of the Philippines (BSP) National
He then studied architecture at the Fontainebleau Headquarters
School of Fine Arts in France upon the recommendation
• Philippine Trust Co. Building (at what is now
of Jean Jacques Haffner, one of his professors at the
Plaza Lacson)
Harvard Graduate School of Architecture.
• Geronimo Delos Reyes Building
Nakpil worked at Andres Luna de San Pedro's • ➢San Carlos Seminary
architectural firm (1928) and at Don Gonzalo Puyat & • ➢ San Carlos Seminary
Sons, opening his own architectural firm in 1930. • ➢ Rizal Shrine
• ➢ Gala-Rodriguez Ancestral House
• ➢ University of the Philippines Los Baños Old
FAMOUS WORKS Humanities Building
• ➢ Philippine National Bank building - Visayas
• Ruins, Paco Railroad Station
• Paco Market
SPECIAL PROJECTS
• Laguna Capitol Building
Main Altar for the Second National Eucharistic Congress
RALPH DOANE
of the Philippines
• Executive Building (Kalayaan Hall), Malacañang
• Rizal Shrine, Laguna
• Pangasinan Provincial Capitol, Lingayen
• Quezon Hall, University of the Philippines
• Gonzalez Hall, University of the Philippines ANTONIO TOLEDO
• SSS Building, Quezon City
• Manila City Hall
• Philippine Village Hotel, Manila
• Department of Tourism Building
• Rizal Theater, Makati
• Leyte Provincial Capitol
• SSS Building, Quezon City
• VA Rufino Building, Makati City TOMAS B. MAPUA
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE • St. La Salle Hall, St. La Salle University
Agenda • Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar University
• Philippine General Hospital Nurses Home
Urban Planning and Architecture serve the needs of
secular education and public service Daniel H. Burnham, ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
an American Architect, recommended the development • Crystal Arcade
of canal construction of Bayshore boulevard, parks, • Interior, Crystal Arcade
waterfronts, schools and hospitals • Legarda Elementary School, Manila
DANIEL H. BURNHAM • Perez-Samanillo Building, Manila
• Regina Building, Manila
• Plan of Manila in 1905 • Lizares Mansion, Jaro, Iloilo
• Plan of Baguio in 1905
JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS NAKPIL
EDGAR BOURNE
• Manila Jockey Club
• Bureau of Science and Insular Laboratory, • Capitol Theater, Manila
Manila • Quezon Institute, Quezon City
• Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage, Manila • Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office, Quezon
• Portal, Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage City
WILLIAM E. PARSONS • Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene, Quiapo

• Philippine General Hospital, Manila FERNANDO H. OCAMPO

• Entrance, Philippine General Hospital • Angela Apartments, Malate
• Elks Club, Manila • Manila Cathedral (Reconstructed)
• Army and Navy Club, Manila
• Manila Hotel - Pre World War II PABLO S. ANTONIO
• Manila Hotel • Far Eastern University, Manila
• Entrance, Manila Hotel • Life Theater
• Lobby, Manila Hotel • Galaxy Theater
• Paco Railroad Station, Manila • Boulevard-Alhambra Apartments (Bel Air)
LIST OF FILIPINO ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

ARCHITECT WORKS
1. ANTONIO, PABLO SEBRERO • Far Eastern University, Philippine National Bank, Manila
- 2nd Generation of Filipino Architects • Manila Railroad Company
- Second National Artist Award for • Philippine National Bank
Architecture • Ideal Theater in Rizal, Manila
• FEU Building in Quezon Boulevard
• Apartments in Roxas Boulevard
• Ramon Roces Publications Building
• White Cross Preventorium
• Manila Polo Club
• Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building on Rizal Avenue, Carriedo
• FEU Administration and Science Buildings
• Galaxy Theater in Rizal Avenue
2. ARANETA, LUIS MARIA GONZAGA • Times Theater, Quezon Boulevard
(1916-1984) • Manila Doctors’ Hospital, UN Avenue (1956)
• Makati Medical Center, Makati (1956)
• Santa Catalina College, Legarda, Manila
• Botica Boie Building, Escolta, Manila
3. ARELLANO, ARCADIO DE GUZMAN • Roman Ongpin’s Bazaar
(1872-1920) • El 82, Plaza Calderon de la Barca
- first licensed Filipino architect • Hotel de Francia
- Employed in 1901 by Gov.Gen. Taft as • Carmelo and Bauermann Building, Azcarraga
adviser in Bureau of Architecture and • Gota de Leche Building, S.H. Loyola
Construction of Buildings • Casino Espanol, Taft Avenue
4. ARELLANO, JUAN DE GUZMAN • Legislative Building (senate and national museum)
- 1st Generation of Filipino Architect • Post Office Building
("4 pensionados") • Villamor Hall, UP Campus in Taft
- Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, • Metropolitan Theater
then Drexel Institute of Philadelphia • Master plan of UP Diliman Campus
- worked under Parsons and for Bureau • Landscaping plans for Padre Burgos Avenue, Harrison
of Public Works after study abroad Park, North and South Port Areas, Roxas Boulevard and
Malacanang
• Jones Bridge
• (w/Mapua) UP Palma Hall, Diliman (arts and science)
• (w/Mapua) UP Rizal Hall, Diliman
• (w/Mapua) University Library, UP Diliman
• (w/Mapua) UP Villamor Hall, Diliman
• UP Malcolm Hall (College of Law), Diliman (1939)
• UP Benitez Hall (College of Education), Diliman (1939)
• Rizal Memorial Stadium (1934)
5. ARELLANO, OTILIO A. • National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue
- 3rd Generation of Filipino Architects • Sining Kayumanggi at Mehan Gardens
(1950s) • Palacio del Gobernador in Intramuros
- son of Arcadio Arellano and nephew • Philippine School of Business Administration, Aurora
of Juan Arellano Boulevard
• Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation, Buendia, Makati
• San Juan Municipal Center, N. Domingo Street, San Juan
6. ARGUELLES, TOMAS FERNANDEZ • Elizalde Building on Muelle de la Industria, Manila
• Heacock’s Building, Escolta
7. ARGUELLES, CARLOS D. • Philamlife Building
- 3rd Generation of Filipino Architects • Manila Hilton (now Manila Pavilion), United Nations
(1950s) Avenue
• Holiday Inn, Roxas Boulevard
• Philippine National Bank, Escolta
• Urdaneta Apartments
• Tuscany Apartments
• Development Bank of the Philippines, Makati
• Chronicle Broadcasting Network Studios,Quezon City
• U.N. Avenue (1962) (features: brise soleil)
8. BARRETO, CARLOS A. • Manila Carnival
- 1st Generation of Filipino Architects
("4 pensionados")
- Drexel Institute of Philadelphia, 1908
9. BELLOC, VICENTE B. • Cemetery of Nagcarlan
10. BERENGUER- TOPACIO, CHED • Interiors of hotels, restaurants, etc.
11. BORJA, CELINE • Taal Vista Hotel
12. BURNHAM, DANIEL HUDSON • Proposed grand plan for Manila involving a gridiron
street pattern
13. CALMA, LOR • Interiors of DBP, Makati; PNB, Escolta;
• Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City;
• Silahis Hotel, Roxas Boulevard;
• Midtown Ramada Hotel, Pedro Gil;
• Puerto Azul Hotel and Beach Resort, Ternate, Cavite;
• Benguet Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila
14. CANCHELA, CESAR • pre-fab box-shaped concrete units for Vitas Housing
Project in Tondo (1990)
15. CAUDAL, ALEJANDRO YELAB • Jacinto Residence, Bustos, Bulacan
• Luis Santos House, Malolos
• Lopa Residence, Pasay
• Lerma House, New Manila, Quezon City
• Tiongco House, Pandacan, Bulacan
16. CONCIO, CESAR HOMERO • Palma Hall and Melchor Hall, UP Diliman
- 3rd Generation of Filipino Architects • Protestant Chapel and Fellowship Center, UP Diliman
(1950s) • Buildings in Silliman University
• UP College of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna
• Insular Life Building, Makati
• Children’s Memorial Hospital, Quezon City (1950)
• Mother of Perpetual Help, Baclaran
• Union Church of Manila
• Ramona Apartments, Adriatico Street, Manila
• Church of the Risen Lord, UP (features: similarity to
Niemeyer's Church of St. Francis of Assissi in Brazil)
• UP Melchor Hall
17. COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM VARGAS • Robinson’s Commercial Complex, Pasig
• Ayala Twin Towers, Makati (1979)
• Alexandra (11 buildings), Pasig
• One Beverly Place, Greenhills, San Juan
• Wackwack Twin Towers
• Skyland Plaza Twin Towers, Makati
• Atrium, Makati
• Galeria de Magallanes, Makati
• Alabang 400, Muntinlupa
• Quezon City Sports Club
• Centro Escolar University complex, Malolos
• Magellan Hotel and Resort complex, Cebu
• Shoemart City, Cebu and Quezon City
• (w/Skidmore Owings and Merrill) RCBC Plaza
• (w/Skidmore Owings and Merrill) PhilamLife Tower
18. DAVID, NESTOR • PNB Branch Buildings (1992)
19. DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO CRUZ • Mindanao State University, Marawi City, Paseo de Roxas
• Church of Jesus Christ and the latter-day Saints projects
• Central Luzon State University buildings, Munoz, Nueva
Ecija
• National Science Development Board, Taguig
• Atomic Research Center complex, Quezon City
• Asian Development Bank (DFA), Roxas Boulevard
20. DE LEON, GABINO • Shell House (1955) (features: brise soleil)
• Pag-asa Bliss Housing (1975)
21. DE UGUCCIONI, JUAN • Proposed repairs for Colegio de Santa Potenciana
• Overseer reconstruction of Manila Cathedral
22. FORMOSO, GABRIEL PAPA • Valley Golf Club, Victoria Valley, Antipolo, Rizal
- 3rd Generation of Filipino Architects • Alabang Golf and Country Club, Alabang
(1950s) • Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City
• Club Filipino, Greenhills
• Pacific Star Building, Makati
• Anerica-Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas
• Bikko Manila Garden Hotel, Epifanio de los Santos
Avenue
• Manila Peninsula Hotel, Ayala Avenue
• Asian Institute of Management, Paseo de Roxas
• Dona Narcisa de Leon Building
• Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Complex, Roxas Blvd. & QC??
• BA-Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas, Makati
• Dusit (formerly Nikko) Hotel Heritage (formerly The
Regent of Manila) Hotel
• AIM Campus, Makati
• Metropolitan Museum, BSP Complex, Roxas Blvd
(Interior by Lor Calma)
• (w/Kohn Pederson Fox) GT Tower
• (w/RMDA Architects) Alabang Town Center
23. G&W ARCHITECTS • IL (Insular Life) Corporate Centre
24. HERVAS, JUAN • Manila Railroad Station, Tutuban
• Arranque and Herran Markets
• Assumption Convent, Herran Street Estrella del Norte,
Escolta
• Heacock Store Building
• Paris-Manila Building
25. HUBILLA, JOHNNY • Philippine Trade House, Bangkok
• Philippine Trade Center, Toronto, Canada
• Philippine House, Mainz, Germany
• Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Exposition in Leipzig
Germany
• Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Fair in Spokane,
Washington DC
26. ILUSTRE, FREDERICO • Worked with Bureau of Public Works
• GSIS Building (1957)
• Veterans Memorial Building
27. LOCSIN, LEANDRO V. • Main Theater, Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP),
- Third National Artist Award for Manila (1969)
Architecture • Folk Arts Theater, CCP Complex
- The poet of space, known for his lyrical • Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibitions
articulation of space as defined by stark • (PHILCITE)Philippine Convention Center, CCP Complex
modernity, spatial purity, expansive • Philippine Plaza Hotel
strength, distinct outlines and • Hyatt Regency Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
straightforward geometry • Makati Stock Exchange Building
• Ayala Museum, Makati Avenue
• Manila Hotel renovation
• Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Makati
• National Arts Center, Laguna
• Manila International Airport (NAIA)
• Istana Nurul Iman, Palace of the Sultan of Brunei
• Chapel of the Holy Sacrifice (UP Parish Church),
University of the Philippines Diliman, QC (1955)
• Hyatt Regency Manila; Intercontinental Manila; Davao
Insular Hotel
• Benguet Corporation Building (1984) (features: tropical
design)
• Nestle Ice Cream Plant along Aurora Blvd.
• (w/C/S Consultancy) NetOne Center
• (w/Skidmore Owings and Merrill) Ayala Tower One
• Manila Memorial Park Logo/Monument
• Ayala Musuem
28. LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES • Legarda Elementary School
- the son of the great Filipino painter • Alfonso Zobel house, Roxas Boulevard
Juan Luna • San Vicente de Paul Chapel, San Marcelino Street
• Rafael Fernandez House, Arglegui Street
• Perez Samantillo Building, Escolta
• Fernandez Martinez House, San Miguel, Manila
• St. Cecilia’s Hall, St. Scholastica’s College
• Perkin House, Roxas Boulevard
• Basa Residence, Lepanto Street, Manila
• Evangelista Residence, Rizal Avenue Extension
• Sy Cong Bieng Mausoleum, Manila North Cemetery
• Crystal Arcade, Manila (1932)
• Escolta-Perez-Samanillo Building, Escolta (1930)
• Uy-Chaco Building, Escolta (1926)
• Insular Life BUilding, Binondo (1931)
29. LUZ, ALFREDO J. DIMAYUGA • Ramon Magsaysay Building, Roxas Boulevard
- 3rd Generation of Filipino Architects • Far East Bank and Trust Head Offices, Intramuros
(1950s) • WHO Regional Headquarters, Taft Avenue
• IRRI, Los Banos
• 666 T.M. Kalaw;1414 Roxas Boulevard;1515 Roxas
Boulevard;1010 A. Mabini
• Dole Philippines, Polomolok, South Cotabato
• Standard Vacuum Refining Corporation, Limay, Bataan
• General Milling Corporation, Mactan, Cebu
• Republic Cement Corporation, Norzagaray, Bulacan
• World Health Organization Building, Taft Avenue corner
U.N. Avenue
30. MANOSA BROTHERS • Sierra Lake Resorts, Laguna
• Hidden Valley Springs Resort, Laguna
• Maya-maya Resort, Batangas
• Makiling Conference Center, Laguna
• Colegio de San Agustin, Makati
• Guadalupe restoration
• Andres Soriano Memorial Hospital
• Bislig Bay Lumber Co. in Surigao del Sur
• Sulo Restaurant
• San Miguel Corporation Head Office, Mandaluyong Rizal
31. MANOSA, FRANCISCO “BOBBY” • Tahanang Pilipino, CCP Complex (Coconut Palace) (1983)
TRONQUED • Shrine of our Lady Queen of Peace, Ortigas Avenue
• Mary Immaculate Parish Church, Moonwalk Subdivision,
Las Pinas
• Las Pinas Church restoration
• Stations of Light Rail Transit (LRT)
• Development of Quezon Memorial Circle
• Development, restoration and landscaping of Corregidor
Island
• LRT Project (1984)
• Ateneo Graduate School, Rockwell
• Medical City (Landscape by Mary Ann Espina)
32. MANOSA, JOSE TRONQUED • SMC Head Office, Mandaluyong
• BPI Head Office, Makati
33. MAPUA, THOMAS • Philippine General Hospital's Nurses Home
- 1st Generation of Filipino Architects • (w/Arellano) early buildings at University of the
("4 pensionados") Philippines
- the first registered architect in the • La Salle Complex, Taft Ave
Philippines and • Mapua Institute of Technology (oldest architectural
- worked with the Bureau of Public school in the country)
Works
34. MARIANO ASSOCIATES • (w/Skidmore Owings and Merrill) Asian Development
Bank, Ortigas (1986) (features: tropical design)
35. MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELO • Batasang Pambansa Buildings, Quezon City (1980)
- 3rd Generation of Filipino Architects • Development Academy of the Philippines, Pasig (1982)
(1950s) (features:tropical design)
• RCBC, Buendia
• Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank Building
• (Antonino Building), Kalaw Street
• FEU Hospital, Nicanor Reyes Street Manila
• Library and Science Center, Xavier University, Cagayan de
Oro
• San Jose Seminary Building, Ateneo de Manila University
• Assumption School Buildings, Antipolo
• Mormon Temple, Green Meadows, Quezon City
• Meralco Theatre
36. NAKPIL, ANGEL E. SANCHO • National Press Club Building,
- 3rd Generation of Filipino Architects Magallanes Drive
(1950s) • PLDT Former Head Opffice, De la Rosa
Street, Makati
• Lopez Museum Building, Pasay
• Picache Building, Quiapo
• Roche Building, Pasong Tamo
• Petrona Apartments,.Taft Avenue
37. NAKPIL, JUAN • Geronimo de los Reyes Building
FELIPE DE JESUS • Capitan Pepe Building
(1899-1984) • Quezon Institute Administration Building and Pavilions
- 2nd Generation of (1930)
Filipino Architects • Manila Jockery Club (1936)
- engineer and • Avenue Hotel and Theater
architect • Quiapo Church
- First National • Gen. Vicente Lim Residence, Vito Cruz
Artist Award for • Philippine Trust Building in Plaza Gotti
Architecture • Security Bank and Trust Building
• Rizal House reconstruction., Calamba Laguna
• UP Administration and Library Buildings
• Ever and State Theaters., Rizal Avenue
• UP Quezon Hall, Diliman (admin building)
• Rizal Theatre, Makati
• Altar of 33rd International Eucharistic Congress (1937)
• Capitol Theatre
38. OCAMPO, FERNANDO HIZON • Designed the Manila Metropolitan Cathedral
- 2nd Generation of Filipino Architects • Paterno Building, Sta. Cruz, Manila
• Oriental Club
• Cu Un Jieng Building, Escolta
• Central Seminary Building, UST
• Arguelles Building, Rizal Avenue
• Sacred Heart Novitiate Building, Novaliches
• Admiral Apartments, Roxas Boulevard
• Cathedral of the Immaculate Concepcion restoration
• Church of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary
39. OLIVER, LUCIANO • Manila Cathedral reconstruction
40. OLIVEROS, EDITH L. • Interiors of Admiral Hotel, Cebu Plaza Hotel, Wackwack
• Golf and Country Club, Philippine House in Chicago,
• Illinois, Philippine House, Houston, Texas
• Designed parks in Alaala Park, Pagsanjan
41. PARSONS, WILLIAM E. • Implementing Burnham’s plans for Baguio and Manila
• Preparing City plans for Cebu and Zamboanga
• Philippine General Hospital (1912) (supervised by Tomas
Mapua)
• Philippine Normal School
• Army and Navy Club (now occupied by the Museo ng
Maynila)
• Elk's Club (now occupied by the Museong Pambata)
• Manila Hotel (1912)
• Paco Train Station (1914)
• -YMCA Building
42. PALAFOX • Rockwell (principal arch: Palafox; consultant: Skidmore,
Owings and Merrill)
43. PENASALES, SERGIO VILLAR • Museo Iloilo, Iloilo City
• Tinucuan Chapel, Passi
• Barbaza Church, Barbaza Antique
• Landscaping of UI, University Mall, Iloilo Memorial Park,
Amphitheater Green, Oton
• Prepared master plans for development of town plazas of
Molo, Jaro and Lapaz
44. RAMIREZ, EDGARDO P. • Interiors of Philippine Embassy and Palace Hotel in
Beijing China
• Interiors of the Defense Department, National Bank of
Abu Dhabi, Arab Monetary Fund, Amini Court, etc.
45.RAMOS, JORGE • Philippine Heart Center for Asia, East Avenue, QC
• Fort Ilocandia, Ilocos Norte (1980)
• Zamboanga International Airport (1980s)
• Zamboanga Convention Center
• Baguio Convention Center
• Quiapo Mosque, Manila (1976 under instructions of
Imelda Marcos also called Golden Mosque -see forum)
46. RECIO+CASAS - Church of the Gesu, Ateneo de Manila
- Camp John Hay Manor
- (w/Kohn Pederson Fox) LKG Tower
47. ROCHA, JULIO VICTOR • UST Engineering and Architecture Building (1950s)
(features: brise soleil)
48. ROXAS, FELIX ARROYO (1820-1890) • Enlargement and reconstruction of the parish church in
- First Filipino professional architect Bacoor, Cavite
- Studied in England and Spain, arrived • Jesuit Church of Sa Ignacio, Intramuros
in the Phils. by mid-19th century • Sto. Domingo Church (original, 1867), Intramuros, Mla.
- Served as architect to the Manila
government
49. RUANO, ROQUE • Dominican House, Baguio
• Dominican College, Lingayen
• “Crucero” in the Church of our Lady of Manaoag Santa
Catalina College, Pampanga
• Hospital of the Sacred Heart
• Santa Teresita Church, Yokohama Japan
• UST Main Building
50. SANTOS, IDELFONSO PAEZ • Batulao Village Club, Batangas
• Caliraya Lake Resort, Laguna
• Eternal Gardens Memorial Park, Manila
• Imus Town Plaza, Imus, Cavite
• Raintree Sports Club, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• Artist’s Village, Garden for the Blind
• Teodora Valencia Circle
• Rehabilitation of the Japanese Garden
51. SANTOS-VIOLA, CARLOS ANTONIO • Iglesia ni Cristo structures (chief architect)
• Templo Central
• Lady of Lourdes, Quezon City
• Franciscan churches of Singalong, Mandaluyong,
Tagaytay and Lipa City.
• Nustra Senora de Guia, Ermita Manila
52. SINDIONG, ANTONIO S. • Megamall, Mandaluyong
• Harrison Plaza Shopping Center, Manila
• Ali Mall II, Cubao
• New Farmers Plaza Shopping Center, Cubao
• East Pakistan Rice Research Institute, Bangladesh
• Kebayoran Housing Project, Indonesia
• Arabian Villas, Dubai
• Ritz Towers (1985)
53. TOLEDO, ANTONIO MANALAC • UP Padre Faura campus
• College of Medicine Annex and UP Library, Manila
-1st Generation of Filipino Architects ("4 • Leyte Capitol
pensionados") • Department of Agriculture and Commerce (Tourism)
• Manila City Hall
• Dept. of Finance Building (now the National Museum)
(Interior Renovation by Jose Manosa & Lor Calma)
• Cebu Provincial Capitol
54. VILLAROSA, ROGELIO GARCIA • Edsa Shangri-la Hotel
• Edsa Plaza, Mandaluyong
• Tektite Towers, Pasig
• Alexandra (11 building complex)
• King's Court (1990) (features: post-modern; "stick-on
style" precast classicm)
• Silahis International Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
• National Bookstore Super Branch, Araneta Center Cubao
• Puerto Azul clubhouse
• Makati Sports Club
• Philippine Colombian Clubhouse, Paco
55. ZARAGOSA, JOSE MARIA • Meralco Building, Pasig
• Santo Domingo Church and Convent, Quezon City
• Philippine Airlines building, Ayala Avenue
• Philippine Banking Corporation Building, Port Area,
Manila
• St. John Bosco Parish Church, Pasay Road
• Union Church, Makati
• Pius XII Catholic Center, UN Avenue

SOURCE:

• “FILIPINO MASTER PLANNERS”

• ARCH. JAYSON BRAZA PORTEM, UAP
• [email protected]
• www.thearchitecthoperunner.weebly.com