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Research Paper - Css-11-2-Philo

The document discusses the concept of intersubjectivity. Intersubjectivity refers to shared understandings between individuals and is necessary for relationships. It requires accepting differences rather than imposing one's views on others. Key aspects of intersubjectivity include developing respect, tolerance, and open-mindedness toward other perspectives without judgment. The document also provides background on how intersubjectivity has been discussed and applied in various fields such as philosophy, psychoanalysis, and cognitive sociology.

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Angelyn Rodis
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63 views6 pages

Research Paper - Css-11-2-Philo

The document discusses the concept of intersubjectivity. Intersubjectivity refers to shared understandings between individuals and is necessary for relationships. It requires accepting differences rather than imposing one's views on others. Key aspects of intersubjectivity include developing respect, tolerance, and open-mindedness toward other perspectives without judgment. The document also provides background on how intersubjectivity has been discussed and applied in various fields such as philosophy, psychoanalysis, and cognitive sociology.

Uploaded by

Angelyn Rodis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONGRESSIONAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL

Senior High School CSS Strand

Realize that intersubjectivity requires accepting differences and


not to imposing on others

In partial fulfillment of the requirements


in Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person

Alvarez, Mary Rose A.


Rodis, Angelyn C.

Mr. Inocentes Legazpi


Teacher

CSS 11-2

MARCH 2023

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CONGRESSIONAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School CSS Strand

INTRODUCTION

We are all unique individuals. Most of the time, we look at our differences and
may have "labels" toward one another. Though we are part of our society, we
are still different individuals living in this society. In the concept of
intersubjectivity, the subject has to face the subject in order to have unity.
Relationships in the concept of intersubjectivity strongly promote human
values, where the relationships defined as mentioned above are relationships
between people and people (subject-subject relations), not relationships
between people and things (subject-object relations). The main principle of
this approach is that people should have subject (person) consciousness, not
object (object) consciousness, so that both parties are equal in human values.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Intersubjectivity relates to the psychological relationship between or among


humans and a variety of human interactions. Something that two or more
subjects have in common could be referred to be that. If two or more persons
concur on a certain set of meanings or definitions for a specific circumstance,
it is said that intersubjectivity is present among them. Accepting differences
and letting others be their own selves are necessary for intersubjectivity.
Without an understanding and acceptance of our differences, intersubjectivity
is impossible.

The following may be necessary to accept differences and refrain from


imposing on others:

1. Be respectful.
- Accepting people for who they are would not be difficult if we treated
them with the same respect that we would want to be treated.

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CONGRESSIONAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School CSS Strand

2. Develop your tolerance.


- The first step in embracing other people's viewpoints and recognizing
our differences is tolerance. Tolerance is defined as the capacity or
readiness to put up with the presence of ideas or behaviors that we
disapprove of or find objectionable.

3. Do not pass judgment.


- The ability to tolerate our differences will not be aided by having or
exhibiting an excessively critical point of view. Instead of hating on our
differences, we should embrace them.

4. Be careful not to "judge a book by its cover."


- We should refrain from making snap judgments about people based
solely on how they appear to us at first. It is much preferable to spend
the time getting to know a person from within than to make snap
judgments based solely on appearances.

5. Listen with an open mind.


- It's not always a must to stray from our own beliefs when we listen to
others' viewpoints. It is in our best interests to consider opposing
viewpoints since it may prompt us to reflect more deeply and broaden
our worldview.

DISCUSSION

Intersubjectivity has been used in social science to refer to agreement. There


is intersubjectivity between people if they agree on a given set of meanings or
share the same perception of a situation. Similarly, Thomas
Scheff defines intersubjectivity as "the sharing of subjective states by two or
more individuals".
Intersubjectivity also has been used to refer to the common-sense, shared
meanings constructed by people in their interactions with each other and
used as an everyday resource to interpret the meaning of elements of social
and cultural life. If people share common sense, then they share a definition
of the situatio

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CONGRESSIONAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School CSS Strand

The term has also been used to refer to shared (or partially
shared) divergences of meaning. Self-presentation, lying, practical jokes, and
social emotions, for example, all entail not a shared definition of the situation
but partially shared divergences of meaning. Someone who is telling a lie is
engaged in an intersubjective act because they are working with two different
definitions of the situation. Lying is thus genuinely intersubjective (in the
sense of operating between two subjective definitions of reality).
Among the early authors who explored this conception in psychoanalysis, in
an explicit or implicit way, were Jacques Lacan, Heinz Kohut, Robert
Stolorow, George E. Atwood, Jessica Benjamin in the United States,
and Silvia Montefoschi in Italy.
Psychoanalyst Jessica Benjamin, in The Bonds of Love, wrote, "The concept
of intersubjectivity has its origins in the social theory of Jürgen
Habermas (1970), who used the expression 'the intersubjectivity of mutual
understanding' to designate an individual capacity and a social
domain." Psychoanalyst Molly Macdonald argued in 2011 that a "potential
point of origin" for the term was in Jean Hyppolite's use of l'inter-subjectivité in
an essay from 1955 on "The Human Situation in the Hegelian
Phenomenology". However, the phenomenologist Edmund Husserl, whose
work Habermas and Hyppolite draw upon, was the first to develop the term,
which was subsequently elaborated upon by other phenomenologists such
as Edith Stein, Emmanuel Levinas, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Contemporarily, intersubjectivity is the major topic in both the analytic and


the continental traditions of philosophy. Intersubjectivity is considered crucial
not only at the relational level but also at the epistemological and even
metaphysical levels. For example, intersubjectivity is postulated as playing a
role in establishing the truth of propositions, and constituting the so-called
objectivity of objects.
A central concern in consciousness studies of the past 50 years is the so-
called problem of other minds, which asks how we can justify our belief that
people have minds much like our own and predict others' mind-states and
behavior, as our experience shows we often can. Contemporary philosophical
theories of intersubjectivity need to address the problem of other minds.

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CONGRESSIONAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School CSS Strand

In the debate between cognitive individualism and cognitive universalism,


some aspects of thinking are neither solely personal nor fully universal.
Cognitive sociology proponents argue for intersubjectivity—an intermediate
perspective of social cognition that provides a balanced view between
personal and universal views of our social cognition. This approach suggests
that, instead of being individual or universal thinkers, human beings subscribe
to "thought communities"—communities of differing beliefs. Thought
community examples include churches, professions, scientific beliefs,
generations, nations, and political movements. This perspective explains why
each individual thinks differently from another (individualism): person A may
choose to adhere to expiry dates on foods, but person B may believe that
expiry dates are only guidelines and it is still safe to eat the food days past
the expiry date. But not all human beings think the same way (universalism).
Intersubjectivity argues that each thought community shares social
experiences that are different from the social experiences of other thought
communities, creating differing beliefs among people who subscribe to
different thought communities. These experiences transcend our subjectivity,
which explains why they can be shared by the entire thought
community. Proponents of intersubjectivity support the view that individual
beliefs are often the result of thought community beliefs, not just personal
experiences or universal and objective human beliefs. Beliefs are recast in
terms of standards, which are set by thought communities.

REFLECTION

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Senior High School CSS Strand

REFERENCES

- Scheff, Thomas et al. (2006). Goffman Unbound!: A New Paradigm for


Social Science (The Sociological Imagination), Paradigm Publishers
(ISBN 978-1-59451-196-7)

- Clive Seale. Glossary, Researching Society and Culture.

-  enjamin, Jessica (July 12, 1988). The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis,


Feminism, & the Problem of Domination. Pantheon.
pp. 320. ISBN 0394757300.

- Macdonald, M (2011) "Hegel, Psychoanalysis and Intersubjectivity"


in Philosophy Compass, 6/7 p449

- Hyslop, A (2010). "Other Minds", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


(Fall Edition), Edward N. Zalta (Ed.) Accessed from
plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2010/entries/other-minds/>. Section 1.

 - Zerubavel, Eviatar (1997). Social Mindscapes: An Invitation to Cognitive


Sociology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

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