98 ◆ D IODES AND A PPLICATIONS

(c) changes in load resistance and output voltage

(d) changes in output voltage and input voltage
27. Load regulation is determined by
(a) changes in load current and input voltage
(b) changes in load current and output voltage
(c) changes in load resistance and input voltage
(d) changes in zener current and load current
Section 2–7 28. A 10 V peak-to-peak sinusoidal voltage is applied across a silicon diode and series resistor.
The maximum voltage across the diode is
(a) 9.3 V (b) 5 V (c) 0.7 V (d) 10 V (e) 4.3 V
29. In a certain biased limiter, the bias voltage is 5 V and the input is a 10 V peak sine wave. If the
positive terminal of the bias voltage is connected to the cathode of the diode, the maximum
voltage at the anode is
(a) 10 V (b) 5 V (c) 5.7 V (d) 0.7 V
30. In a certain positive clamper circuit, a 120 V rms sine wave is applied to the input. The dc
value of the output is
(a) 119.3 V (b) 169 V (c) 60 V (d) 75.6 V
Section 2–8 31. The input of a voltage doubler is 120 V rms. The peak-to-peak output is approximately
(a) 240 V (b) 60 V (c) 167 V (d) 339 V
32. If the input voltage to a voltage tripler has an rms value of 12 V, the dc output voltage is
approximately
(a) 36 V (b) 50.9 V (c) 33.9 V (d) 32.4 V
Section 2–10 33. When a silicon diode is working properly in forward bias, a DMM in the diode test position
will indicate
(a) 0 V (b) OL (c) approximately 0.7 V (d) approximately 0.3 V
34. When a silicon diode is open, a DMM will generally indicate
(a) 0 V (b) OL (c) approximately 0.7 V (d) approximately 0.3 V
35. In a rectifier circuit, if the secondary winding in the transformer opens, the output is
(a) 0 V (b) 120 V (c) less than it should be (d) unaffected
36. If one of the diodes in a bridge full-wave rectifier opens, the output is
(a) 0 V (b) one-fourth the amplitude of the input voltage
(c) a half-wave rectified voltage (d) a 120 Hz voltage
37. If you are checking a 60 Hz full-wave bridge rectifier and observe that the output has a 60 Hz
ripple,
(a) the circuit is working properly (b) there is an open diode
(c) the transformer secondary is shorted (d) the filter capacitor is leaky

PROBLEMS Answers to all odd-numbered problems are at the end of the book.
BASIC PROBLEMS
Section 2–1 Diode Operation
1. To forward-bias a diode, to which region must the positive terminal of a voltage source be
connected?
2. Explain why a series resistor is necessary when a diode is forward-biased.

Section 2–2 Voltage-Current Characteristic of a Diode

3. Explain how to generate the forward-bias portion of the characteristic curve.
4. What would cause the barrier potential of a silicon diode to decrease from 0.7 V to 0.6 V?
P ROBLEMS ◆ 99

Section 2–3 Diode Models

5. Determine whether each silicon diode in Figure 2–92 is forward-biased or reverse-biased.
6. Determine the voltage across each diode in Figure 2–92, assuming the practical model.
7. Determine the voltage across each diode in Figure 2–92, assuming an ideal diode.
8. Determine the voltage across each diode in Figure 2–92, using the complete diode model with
r ¿d = 10 Æ and r ¿R = 100 M Æ .

FI G URE 2–92 100 V

– +
Multisim file circuits are identified
with a logo and are in the Problems + 10
folder on the companion website. 5V + 560
Filenames correspond to figure – 8V
numbers (e.g., F02-92). –

(a) (b)

10 k 10 k

+ 1.0 k 1.5 k +
4.7 k –
30 V 10 V 20 V
– – +
4.7 k

(c) (d)

Section 2–4 Half-Wave Rectifiers

9. Draw the output voltage waveform for each circuit in Figure 2–93 and include the voltage values.

FI G URE 2–93
+5 V +50 V

Vin R Vin R
0 Vout 0 Vout
47 3.3 k

–5 V –50 V

(a) (b)

10. What is the peak inverse voltage across each diode in Figure 2–93?
11. Calculate the average value of a half-wave rectified voltage with a peak value of 200 V.
12. What is the peak forward current through each diode in Figure 2–93?
13. A power-supply transformer has a turns ratio of 5:1. What is the secondary voltage if the pri-
mary is connected to a 120 V rms source?
14. Determine the peak and average power delivered to RL in Figure 2–94.

FI G URE 2–94 2:1

RL
120 V rms
220
100 ◆ D IODES AND A PPLICATIONS

Section 2–5 Full-Wave Rectifiers

15. Find the average value of each voltage in Figure 2–95.

5V 100 V

0V 0V
(a) (b)

20 V +25 V

0V
10 V –15 V

0V

(c) (d)

! FI G URE 2– 95

16. Consider the circuit in Figure 2–96.

(a) What type of circuit is this?
(b) What is the total peak secondary voltage?
(c) Find the peak voltage across each half of the secondary.
(d) Sketch the voltage waveform across RL.
(e) What is the peak current through each diode?
(f) What is the PIV for each diode?

FI G URE 2– 96 4:1
D1

120 V rms
RL
D2 1.0 k

17. Calculate the peak voltage across each half of a center-tapped transformer used in a full-wave
rectifier that has an average output voltage of 120 V.
18. Show how to connect the diodes in a center-tapped rectifier in order to produce a negative-going
full-wave voltage across the load resistor.
19. What PIV rating is required for the diodes in a bridge rectifier that produces an average output
voltage of 50 V?
20. The rms output voltage of a bridge rectifier is 20 V. What is the peak inverse voltage across the
diodes?
21. Draw the output voltage waveform for the bridge rectifier in Figure 2–97. Notice that all the
diodes are reversed from circuits shown earlier in the chapter.
P ROBLEMS ◆ 101

FI G URE 2–97

5:1 D1 D4

120 V rms
D3 D2

RL Vout

Section 2–6 Power Supply Filters and Regulators

22. A certain rectifier filter produces a dc output voltage of 75 V with a peak-to-peak ripple volt-
age of 0.5 V. Calculate the ripple factor.
23. A certain full-wave rectifier has a peak output voltage of 30 V. A 50 mF capacitor-input filter is
connected to the rectifier. Calculate the peak-to-peak ripple and the dc output voltage devel-
oped across a 600 Æ load resistance.
24. What is the percentage of ripple for the rectifier filter in Problem 23?
25. What value of filter capacitor is required to produce a 1% ripple factor for a full-wave rectifier
having a load resistance of 1.5 kÆ? Assume the rectifier produces a peak output of 18 V.
26. A full-wave rectifier produces an 80 V peak rectified voltage from a 60 Hz ac source. If a
10 mF filter capacitor is used, determine the ripple factor for a load resistance of 10 kÆ.
27. Determine the peak-to-peak ripple and dc output voltages in Figure 2–98. The transformer has
a 36 V rms secondary voltage rating, and the line voltage has a frequency of 60 Hz.
28. Refer to Figure 2–98 and draw the following voltage waveforms in relationship to the input
waveforms: VAB, VAD, and VCD. A double letter subscript indicates a voltage from one point to
another.
29. If the no-load output voltage of a regulator is 15.5 V and the full-load output is 14.9 V, what is
the percent load regulation?
30. Assume a regulator has a percent load regulation of 0.5%. What is the output voltage at full-
load if the unloaded output is 12.0 V?

FI G URE 2–98 A

Rsurge
D C
120 V rms
10
C RL
100 µ F 3.3 k
B

Section 2–7 Diode Limiters and Clampers

31. Determine the output waveform for the circuit of Figure 2–99.

FI G URE 2–99 R

+10 V 1.0 k

Vin 0 V Vout

–10 V
102 ◆ D IODES AND A PPLICATIONS

32. Determine the output voltage for the circuit in Figure 2–100(a) for each input voltage in (b),
(c), and (d).

Vin Vin Vin

R1
+25 V +12 V +5 V
4.7 k

Vin Vout 0 t 0 t 0 t
R2
4.7 k
–25 V –12 V –5 V

(a) (b) (c) (d)

! FIGURE 2–100

33. Determine the output voltage waveform for each circuit in Figure 2–101.

+ –

+10 V +10 V +10 V 3V

Vin 0V 1.0 k Vout Vin 0V 1.0 k Vout Vin 0V 1.0 k Vout
–10 V –10 V –10 V

(a) (b) (c)

+ – – + – +

+10 V 3V +10 V 3V +10 V 3V

Vin 0V 1.0 k Vout Vin 0V 1.0 k Vout Vin 0V 1.0 k Vout
–10 V –10 V –10 V

(d) (e) (f)

! FI G URE 2–101

34. Determine the RL voltage waveform for each circuit in Figure 2–102.

R1 R1 R1

+5 V 1.0 k +10 V 56 +200 V 100

Vin 0 V RL Vin 0 V RL RL
Vin 0 V
1.0 k + 1.0 M – 680
–5 V –10 V 3V –200 V 50 V
– +

(a) (b) (c)

! FIGURE 2–102

35. Draw the output voltage waveform for each circuit in Figure 2–103.
36. Determine the peak forward current through each diode in Figure 2–103.
P ROBLEMS ◆ 103

FI G URE 2–103 R R

2.2 k 2.2 k
+30 V +30 V
Vin 0 V D1 D2 Vout Vin 0 V D1 D2 Vout
–30 V –30 V

(a) (b)

37. Determine the peak forward current through each diode in Figure 2–104.
38. Determine the output voltage waveform for each circuit in Figure 2–104.

FI G URE 2–104
2.2 k 2.2 k
+30 V +30 V
Vin 0V + Vout Vin 0V + Vout
–30 V 12 V –30 V 12 V
– –

(a) (b)

2.2 k 2.2 k
+30 V +30 V
Vin 0V – Vout Vin 0V – Vout
–30 V 12 V –30 V 12 V
+ +

(c) (d)

39. Describe the output waveform of each circuit in Figure 2–105. Assume the RC time constant is
much greater than the period of the input.
40. Repeat Problem 39 with the diodes turned around.

FI G URE 2–105 C C

+4 V +15 V
Vin 0 R Vout Vin 0 R Vout
–4 V – 15 V

(a) (b)

C C

+8 V
+1 V
Vin 0 R Vout Vin 0 R Vout
–1 V
–8 V

(c) (d)
104 ◆ D IODES AND A PPLICATIONS

Section 2–8 Voltage Multipliers

41. A certain voltage doubler has 20 V rms on its input. What is the output voltage? Draw the cir-
cuit, indicating the output terminals and PIV rating for the diode.
42. Repeat Problem 41 for a voltage tripler and quadrupler.

Section 2–9 The Diode Datasheet

43. From the datasheet in Figure 2–71, determine how much peak inverse voltage that a 1N4002
diode can withstand.
44. Repeat Problem 43 for a 1N4007.
45. If the peak output voltage of a bridge full-wave rectifier is 50 V, determine the minimum value
of the load resistance that can be used when 1N4002 diodes are used.

Section 2–10 Troubleshooting

46. Consider the meter indications in each circuit of Figure 2–106, and determine whether the
diode is functioning properly, or whether it is open or shorted. Assume the ideal model.

FI G URE 2–106
V
+ –
10 k 10 k

V 10
+ + – +
50 V 10 k 15 V 68
– –

(a) (b)

V
– +
47 V
– – +
5V 470
+ +
47 12 V
–

(c) (d)

47. Determine the voltage with respect to ground at each point in Figure 2–107. Assume the practi-
cal model.
48. If one of the diodes in a bridge rectifier opens, what happens to the output?

FIGURE 2–107 D1 R D2
A B C D
1.0 k
+ +
VS1 VS2
25 V – – 8V
P ROBLEMS ◆ 105

49. From the meter readings in Figure 2–108, determine if the rectifier is functioning properly. If it
is not, determine the most likely failure(s).

1:1

D3 D1
V Rsurge
120 V rms + −
D2 10 V
DMM1
+ −
D4 V 100 µ F RL
C
+ − 10 k DMM3
DMM2

! FI G URE 2– 108

50. Each part of Figure 2–109 shows oscilloscope displays of various rectifier output voltages. In
each case, determine whether or not the rectifier is functioning properly and if it is not, deter-
mine the most likely failure(s).

(a) Output of a half-wave (b) Output of a full-wave (c) Output of a full-wave (d) Output of same full-
unfiltered rectifier unfiltered rectifier filter wave filter as part (c)

! FI G URE 2– 109

51. Based on the values given, would you expect the circuit in Figure 2–110 to fail? If so, why?

FI G URE 2–110 D1
5:1

120 V rms
RL
330

D2 VRRM = 50 V
IO = 100 mA

APPLICATION ACTIVITY PROBLEMS

52. Determine the most likely failure(s) in the circuit of Figure 2–111 for each of the following
symptoms. State the corrective action you would take in each case. The transformer has a rated
output of 10 V rms.
(a) No voltage from test point 1 to test point 2
(b) No voltage from test point 3 to test point 4
(c) 8 V rms from test point 3 to test point 4
(d) Excessive 120 Hz ripple voltage at test point 6
(e) There is a 60 Hz ripple voltage at test point 6
(f) No voltage at test point 6
106 ◆ D IODES AND A PPLICATIONS

6800
3
6

XFMR
12.6 V

120 V
60 Hz
1
2

4 5

FIGURE 2–111

53. In testing the power supply circuit in Figure 2–111 with a 10 kÆ load resistor connected,
you find the voltage at the positive side of the filter capacitor to have a 60 Hz ripple voltage.
You replace the bridge rectifier and check the point again but it still has the 60 Hz ripple.
What now?
54. Suppose the bridge rectifier in Figure 2–111 is connected backwards such that the transformer
secondary is now connected to the output pins instead of the input pins. What will be observed
at test point 6?

ADVANCED PROBLEMS
55. A full-wave rectifier with a capacitor-input filter provides a dc output voltage of 35 V to a
3.3 kÆ load. Determine the minimum value of filter capacitor if the maximum peak-to-peak
ripple voltage is to be 0.5 V.
56. A certain unfiltered full-wave rectifier with 120 V, 60 Hz input produces an output with a peak
of 15 V. When a capacitor-input filter and a 1.0 kÆ load are connected, the dc output voltage is
14 V. What is the peak-to-peak ripple voltage?
57. For a certain full-wave rectifier, the measured surge current in the capacitor filter is 50 A. The
transformer is rated for a secondary voltage of 24 V with a 120 V, 60 Hz input. Determine the
value of the surge resistor in this circuit.
58. Design a full-wave rectifier using an 18 V center-tapped transformer. The output ripple is not
to exceed 5% of the output voltage with a load resistance of 680 Æ. Specify the IF(AV) and PIV
ratings of the diodes and select an appropriate diode from the datasheet in Figure 2–71.
59. Design a filtered power supply that can produce dc output voltages of +9 V ; 10% and
-9 V ; 10% with a maximum load current of 100 mA. The voltages are to be switch selec-
table across one set of output terminals. The ripple voltage must not exceed 0.25 V rms.
60. Design a circuit to limit a 20 V rms sinusoidal voltage to a maximum positive amplitude of
10 V and a maximum negative amplitude of -5 V using a single 14 V dc voltage source.
61. Determine the voltage across each capacitor in the circuit of Figure 2–112.

! FI G URE 2– 112 C1
1:1

1 µF
D2
120 V rms
60 Hz D1
C2
1 µF