Sixth Term Examination Paper (STEP) Mathematics 3 (9475) 2018
Sixth Term Examination Paper (STEP) Mathematics 3 (9475) 2018
Term Examination Paper [STEP]
Mathematics 3 [9475]
2018
Examiner’s Report
Hints and Solutions
Mark Scheme
Sixth Term Examination Paper
Mathematics 3 [9475]
2018
Contents
Examiner’s Report 3
Hints and Solutions 18
Mark Scheme 32
STEP MATHEMATICS 3
2018
Examiner’s Report
The total entry was a record number, an increase of over 6% on 2017. Only question 1 was
attempted by more than 90%, although question 2 was attempted by very nearly 90%. Every
question was attempted by a significant number of candidates with even the two least popular
questions being attempted by 9%. More than 92% restricted themselves to attempting no more
than 7 questions with very few indeed attempting more than 8. As has been normal in the past,
apart from a handful of very strong candidates, those attempting six questions scored better than
those attempting more than six.
As usual, this was the most popular question to be attempted with more than 93% of candidates
doing so. However, scoring for it was only moderately good with a mean below 9/20. Most
successfully differentiated and obtained a value for from the cubic but ignored considering
whether this was the only stationary point. Sketches frequently did not display the asymptote; some
that did showed the negative branch of the curve touching rather than intersecting the asymptote at
the maximum. Many did not appreciate that to sketch the second curve in part (i) it was not
sufficient to just offer a drawing without the working; the horizontal point of inflection and
asymptote were frequent casualties. Part (ii) was straightforward for most. Many recognised that
part (iii) made use of the first function , provided that they used the condition to substitute for
. However, their justification suffered from ignoring the reality condition and using specious
arguments, as a consequence. Part (iv) followed a similar trend to part (iii), except using , and
only differing in that of those that did apply the reality condition, quite a few overlooked 1 as a
solution of the cubic inequality, and so their final answer was wrong.
With about 89% attempting this, it was the second most popular question, and with a mean score of
nearly 11/20, the second most successful. Part (i) was generally well‐handled, and although most
scored some marks on the proof by induction in part (ii), candidates often struggled to complete it,
many of them because they attempted to use the original definition of the functions, which rarely
led to success, rather than employ the result of part (i). Some candidates noticed that the proof by
induction in part (ii) was equivalent to proving 2 by induction. This gave them a simpler
base case but did not significantly simplify the inductive step. For the deduction in part (ii), it was
very common for the first result of part (ii) to be squared, leading to pages of algebra, although they
were often then successful. Part (iii) was surprisingly poorly attempted as few candidates realised
that a proof by induction (or equivalent) was required.
Only 65% attempted this, and it was the second weakest of the Pure questions with a mean score of
about 7/20. It was imperative for candidates to demonstrate high levels of algebraic accuracy to
score highly. Most successfully differentiated the initial expression, and equated coefficients but
then failed to solve explicitly for , and in terms of and (or demonstrate that such , and
existed). Candidates without these explicit expressions then often failed to spot one of the main
strands of the question, integration of in the two cases 1, and 1; some considered
superfluous other cases. Some candidates fell at the final hurdle having used correct methods but
then did not express their solutions in terms of and . Also, some were thrown by the two
possible sets of solutions for , and , successful candidates realising that these gave the same
solutions to the differential equations.
The third most popular question being attempted by just short of three quarters of the candidature,
it was however the most successfully attempted with a mean score of not quite 12/20. The stem
was usually correctly attempted either using parametric or implicit differentiation. Simultaneous
equations were sensibly attempted for part (i), but sometimes they confused the two pairs of
equations and as a result got the wrong answer. Some solutions elegantly achieved the correct
result having found just one of the coordinates and arguing that as it lay on the tangent, it had to be
the point P. Part (ii) was quite often abandoned partway through, giving up after obtaining and
in the face of the algebra, although some forgot to answer the question at this point even though
they had employed simultaneous equations to obtain and . Few managed to conclude the
question, and it was very rare indeed that the non‐zero nature of the denominator sin sin
was justified.
A little under half the candidates attempted this, scoring marginally less on average than on
question 1. Some candidates used the arithmetic mean/geometric mean inequality which was what
the question was proving in part (iii), and so were heavily penalised as their arguments were thus
circular. Part (i) was generally well done, with most justifying that their steps were reversible to
obtain ‘if and only if’. Marks were sometimes lost when justifying that 0 was not used to
legitimise division by and also that inequalities did not change sign. Part (ii) was well done too,
though many candidates did not justify the ‘only if’, although some tried to use part (i) to prove (ii),
which could not succeed. Part (iii) expressly required deduction, and only deduction, so those who
had learned another proof of the inequality and just copied it out could not be rewarded. Many just
used the results of (i) and (ii) without justifying why they could be used and some were imprecise
with their induction arguments.
The least popular of the Pure questions being attempted by under 40% of the candidates, it was the
second least successfully attempted question in the whole paper with a mean score of only just
better than 5/20. Many alternative solutions were successfully offered for the very first result, but
then it was not an uncommon pitfall that and were treated as scalar multiples of , and
moreover, the * notation appeared to confuse some candidates. Those who moved onto part (ii),
got started fairly well, but then found difficulties; those that used the fact that the points were on
the unit circle, however, derived the final equation with ease, earning full marks at that stage. The
few candidates who had the stamina to see the question through to part (iii) were generally very
successful, though odd marks were lost when division by various factors was not justified as valid by
their being non‐zero.
Marginally more popular than question 6, the mean score was 8/20. The first part of (i) created no
problems, but far fewer got further, although those that expanded cot almost always
managed to succeed, even if they did not always quite deal with the sin 0 condition. Most that
2 1 2 1
attempted part (ii) scored all the marks, though some forgot to divide by .
3 1
Almost all that tried part (iii) proved the first result but applying the results to obtain the conclusion
proved harder. A common mistake was to sum over rather than and there were quite often
mistakes in the algebra for the last part.
The fifth most popular question, this was attempted by five eighths of the candidates, and was the
fourth most successfully attempted with a mean score of a little over 9/20. The first result in (i) was
generally very well done, but success in the second result was usually restricted to those that
spotted the possibility of using partial fractions. The first integral in (ii) was usually done correctly.
However the second integral attracted a range of mistakes such as failing to see that or justify how
the first part could be used and not simplifying their answers. The nature of the periodicity and the
need to integrate different expressions over the differing ranges were frequent stumbling blocks.
Whilst being the most popular of the applied questions, it was much less popular than any of the
Pure questions being attempted by only just over a quarter of the candidates. It was fairly weakly
attempted with a mean score of 5.5/20, only slightly better than question 6. The low scores were
mainly caused by sign errors in the velocities of P and Q, and candidates finding it difficult to know
which variables to eliminate. However, most did attempt to express the momentum conservation
and Newton’s Experimental Law of Impact equations which were the starting points to the question.
Most students considered the very first and second collisions, rather than the th and 1 th;
algebraically, these expressions were the same, but they did then need to justify the generalisation.
The few candidates that got as far as part (ii), scored higher overall. In this case, often students
showed that the given formula was a solution, which was not asked for, rather than finding and
. Those who found in terms of and generally managed to solve the question well. Very
few attempted the last part, but those that did scored well, taking the limit correctly at the end.
9% of the candidates attempted this question, exactly as many as attempted question 13, which
meant that they were the joint least popular questions. With a mean score of just over 8/20, it was
slightly more successfully done than question 7. Most candidates managed to draw the correct
diagram, those that did not performed poorly in the rest of the question. The majority of candidates
managed to find sin and a wide variety of techniques were used to find AP, some of which led
them astray due to their algebraic nature. They often struggled to justify the forms of each of the
terms in the energy expression, in particular, the kinetic energy of the disc and the potential energy.
In the latter case, often the zero potential energy level was not defined, too. Few were put off if
their energy expression was incorrect and continued to attempt the question using either their
expression or that given. Some candidates attempted to find the equation of motion by taking
moments, but these solutions tended to be poor. In general, candidates struggled with the algebra
and would often find their way to the solution erroneously from incorrect working.
20% of the candidates attempted this, but it was the least successfully attempted question with a
mean score of under 5/20. The vast majority managed only to express correctly. Often,
candidates failed to resolve forces correctly, and even those that did frequently abandoned the
question at this point. Of those that did continue, roughly half then failed to obtain correct
expressions for the initial coordinates of the particle in freefall, which led to incorrect expressions
for the general freefall coordinates; candidates that did find these typically progressed well apart
from any algebraic errors. Candidates that reached the third part often had a reasonable attempt at
it; a significant minority confused displacements and velocities indicating a lack of physical
understanding of the question. Although not many attempts were made at the last part, those that
understood the conditions did well whilst those that did not could not complete it.
Although it was only attempted by 14% of the candidates, it was moderately successfully done, just
slightly less so than question 8 but still with a mean over 9/20. Part (i) was frequently poorly
justified with candidates often attempting to describe the given expression without connecting it to
the actual problem. However, binomial coefficients and factorials were generally successfully
manipulated in part (ii), although care had to be taken to choose a form for the second expression
which would be useful later. Most realised that it was necessary to differentiate the cdf and apply
the previous result, though some failed to take care of the details. The deduction of the integral at
the end of part (ii) was generally well done, and the majority correctly spotted that this a constant
multiple of the integral of the pdf. Part (iii) was largely well done by those reaching this stage, either
by recognising that this was of the form of the previous part or by direct integration by parts. A
common mistake in this last part was to forget the constant term of the pdf when calculating the
expectation.
As already mentioned, this was the joint least popular question, although its success rate was only
very marginally less than that for question 2. The first result of the stem was generally well done
with clear explanation. Likewise, the pgf for the Poisson distribution was generally well calculated,
although a few candidates merely quoted the result from the formula booklet and then performed
some trivial rearrangements which, of course, did not satisfy what was required. In part (i),
candidates recognised how to apply the stem to calculate , and then either applied it further to
express the pgf as or directly identified the cosh power series. Similarly, most
justified the result for the expectation correctly. For part (ii), neatly
gave the pgf of (not asked but required to progress) from the previous result, although frequently,
candidates worked from or directly from power series again. Occasional attempts to use the
same method again (i.e. considering ) failed. Candidates generally failed to
complete the last stage, either not attempting it, or providing poor justifications of the existence of
counterexamples as → ∞ rather than simply furnishing an explicit counterexample.
Question 1
Differentiating and setting equal to zero yields a cubic equation with a single real root, the
quadratic factor being demonstrated to be non‐zero either by completing the square or considering
the discriminant. The stationary point is thus 1, 1 and with the asymptote the sketch
results.
The same strategy for yields a cubic equation with three real roots, two being coincident, and
thus a maximum 2, and a point of inflection 1,3 .
(i) is obtained by differentiating the defined function using the product rule and a little tidying up
of and its differential. The inductive step in the proof of part (ii) can be established by
differentiating the assumed case and then removing the three differentials using the result of part
(i); the base case is established by obtaining 2 and 2 4 from the original
definition. The deduction in (ii) is most simply obtained by eliminating between the result for
just obtained and the similar one for . Part (iii) is obtained by using the deduction of part (ii) to
establish the desired induction, the base case being obtained using the same results used for the
base case in part (ii)’s induction.
Differentiating and equating coefficients generates three simultaneous equations, two of
which are in and only, and can be solved by substituting for one of these variables, then
giving from the third; 1 ∓ , 1 2 , ∓ . Part (i) makes use of the form
obtained in the stem which can be then integrated twice, with a minor algebraic rearrangement
after each integration, with different cases arising as 1 or not; the solutions are
Newton’s Experimental Law of Impact gives v u e v u and conserving
momentum (once a factor of has been cancelled)
kv u u kv for the 1 th collision between P and Q; v can be
eliminated between these two equations. Similarly, v can be eliminated between the
corresponding equations for the th such collision. Then, the two equations that have been
obtained can be manipulated to eliminate v and produce the desired result for (i). The
derived equation from the th impact can be used to express u in terms of u and v , after
which, using the given solution in the cases n 0 and n 1 yields
A 17u 3v and B 18u 3v . Expressing u as
That sin β can be found by taking moments about O, A, or G (say, the centre of mass
of the combined disc and particle). Applying the cosine rule to triangle OAP and using the
first result obtained leads directly to the first displayed result. The constant expression is
obtained by conserving energy, the first term being the kinetic energy of the disc, the
second term being the kinetic energy of the particle and the last term being the potential
energy of the combined centre of mass relative to a zero energy level defined by the
equilibrium position of G. Differentiating the energy expression with respect to time,
substituting for m, I, sin β , and cos β , the derived equation simplifies to that of an
approximate simple harmonic motion, which with the small angle approximation leads to
SHM with the required period.
Integrating in the usual way to find the expectation in part (iii) gives an expression which is a
multiple of the pdf for the case of n 1 numbers and the variable defined as the k 1 th
smallest, and the two constant expressions cancel to give .
G t G t G it . E Z G 1 and so, for example, choosing
λ it can be shown that this is greater than λ by expressing the hyperbolic functions in
terms of exponential functions.
′ 1
′ 0⇒ 2 0 M1
2 1 2
So the only stationary point is 1, 1 A1
G2 (5)
Then ′ 1
3 2 3 2 1 2
1
M1
G2 (4)
and B1 (1)
(iii)
1 ⇒ 1 so 1
Thus M1
, real ⇔ 4 0
1 4 3 1 0 M1 A1
4 3 1 2 0 or discriminant 7 and positive quadratic so
4 3 1 0 , E1
and so 1 B1
Hence, from the sketch in part (i), 1 as required. E1 (6)
(iv) If 3 ⇒ 3 so 3
Thus M1
M1
1 1
2 1 1
M1
2
as required. A1* (3)
2 2 2
M1
So using (i)
2 2 2 2 2 2
M1
4 2 2 2 2 2
M1
4 2 2 2 4 2
2 2
Thus 2 2 1 which is the required result for 1 A1
1
1
1 1 . 2 2
B1
1
1 2 2 4
2 4
M1A1
2 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 so result true for 1 A1
Eliminating ,
2 1 2
M1
Thus
2 2 1
So
2 2
A1 (3)
Consider 1
2 1 2 4 4 2 4 2 0
B1
Hence the result 0 for 1
B1 (4)
M1
′
1
′′ 2 1
M1A1
This is of the required form if
2
2 1 2
1
M1
Thus
1 2 2 1
2
M1
Thus it is possible if
, 1 2 , 1
or
, 1 2 , 1
A1 (6)
(i) ′′ 1 2 ′ 0
So
′ 0
′ 0
M1
unless 1 B1
2
That is
M1A1
so ln
(ii) ′′ 1 2 ′
′
′
1 0⇒
1
2 2
0
M1
(Alternatively,
⁄ sec
⁄ sec tan
also earns M1)
Thus at P
sec
tan sin
A1
So the tangent at P is
tan sec
sin
M1
Hence
sin 1
sin
cos cos
So
1 sin cos
sin cos
cos cos cos
as required. A1* (4)
Thus, S is , A1
So T is , M1A1
The midpoint of ST is therefore , M1
which means it is P. A1 (7)
(ii) As the tangents at P and Q are perpendicular,
1
sin sin
B1
(This is possible because )
That is
sin sin 0
The intersection of the tangents is given by the solution of
sin cos
sin cos
Thus
sin cos sin cos
sin sin
M1
and
cos cos
sin sin
A1
cos cos
sin sin
sin sin
A1
So
sin cos sin cos sin sin cos sin sin cos
sin sin
M1
sin sin
as required. M1A1* (9)
1 0
⟺ ⋯ 1 ⋯ 0 M1
⟺ 1
⟺ 1 as 0 M1 E1
⁄ ⁄
B1
So
1 ⟺ 1
⟺ 1 0 as required. M1A1 (6)
(ii) 1
1 0
and so 1 0 E1* (4)
then by (ii), the condition for (i) is met and so E1
and thus
in which case . B1
Hence ⋯ E1 (6)
Therefore which is real as required. E1 (1)
Hence,
∗
M1
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
∗ ∗ ∗
M1
So as
∗ ∗
∗ ∗
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
A1* (3)
∗
1 1 1
M1
Multiplying by ,
∗
M1
Thus
∗
as 0 E1
and so
∗
A1* (4)
(ii) Q lies on AC, so from (i)
∗
Also Q lies on BD, so similarly
∗
M1
∗
Subtracting M1*
M1
So adding these two equations
∗
M1
Rearranging
∗
1 1
as required. A1* (5)
(iii) P lies on AB, so from (i)
∗
M1
∗
But as is real, , and so
M1*
That is
1
Similarly, as P lies on CD
1
M1
Multiplying the final result of (ii) by we have
∗
1 1
M1
Thus
∗
M1
So, simplifying
∗
2 2 2
∗
And as 0 , 2 E1 A1* (7)
2
M1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
⋯ ⋯
1 2 1 2
2
M1
2 1 2 1
⋯
1 3
M1
So
2 1 2 1
cot cot ⋯ 1 0
1 3
2 1 2 1
Thus if cot , ⋯ 1 0 which gives the required
1 3
result. A1* (5)
(ii)
cot
2 1
is the sum of the roots of the equation in part (i) , and so is equal to M1
2 1
3 2 1 ! 2 ! 1! 2 ! 2 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 2 ! 3! 2 1 ! 2 2 ! 3! 3 2 3
1
A1 A1* (3)
1 1 1
sin tan
M1
Thus
1
csc cot
M1
That is
1
1 cot cot
M1
or as required
1
cot 1 cot
2 1
cot 1 cot
2 1 2 1
M1
2 1 2 1 1 2 1
3 3
M1
2 1 1 2 2
3 2 1 3 2 1
M1
Letting → ∞ ,
2 1
→
3 2 1 6
M1
and
2 2
→
3 2 1 6
M1
and so ∑ A1* (9)
1 1
M1
so
.
1 1 1
M1
. .
1 1
A1* (4)
1 1
M1
1
1 1
M1
1 1
M1
1 1
M1
1
as required. A1* (5)
1 1
M1
1
1 ln 1 1 ln 2
1 1
2
1
2 1 2 2 2 E1
and so we can once again use the result from part (i), and thus
2 2 2 2 1
1 1 1 1
M1 M1A1
2 ln 1 2 3 ln 1
dM1
3 3
1 2 ln 2 3 ln 2 1 3 ln
2 2
3 16
2 ln 2 ln
16 3
M1A1 (7)
M1
and conserving momentum
M1
which simplifies to
Eliminating between the two equations by multiplying the first by and the second by and
adding gives M1
1 1
A1
Similarly, the nth collision gives
and
M1
Eliminating between these two equations by multiplying the first by k and subtracting from the
second M1
1 1 1 (**) A1
Adding the left hand side of the equation from the n‐1 th collision to the right hand side of that just
obtained (and vice versa)
1 1 1
M1
Thus
1 1 1 1 1
M1
Giving
1 1 1 1 0
A1* (10)
Thus
70 67 3
A1
Letting 0
M1
and letting 1
7 5 67 3
10 7 70
M1
So 49 50 67 3
Thus
17 3
and
18 3
M1 A1 (6)
Thus
7 5
17 3 18 3
10 7
M1
5 49
17 3 18 3
7 50
E1
→ 18 3 0
E1* (4)
0
M1
In equilibrium, G is vertically below A, so sin A1 (2)
Applying the cosine rule to triangle OAP,
2 cos 2 1 sin
2
M1 M1
Thus
2
2 1 sin 2 1
M1 A1* (4)
The kinetic energy of the disc about L is B1 and the kinetic energy of the particle about L is
2 1 sin 1 sin
B1 M1
The potential energy of the system relative to the zero level of the point G in equilibrium is
1 cos cos 1 cos
B1 M1
So, during the motion, conserving energy
1
1 sin cos 1 cos
2
Is constant. E1 (6)
1
1 sin cos 1 cos
2
Differentiating with respect to time,
and because ,
3 2 3 3 4
2 sin 0
2 5 2 2 5
M1
so
27
2 0
10
That is
20
27
A1
and hence the period of small oscillations is
27 3
2 3
20 5
M1 A1* (8)
′ cos
So at the point when the string becomes slack,
cos
M1
sin cos
M1
and
1
cos sin
2
M1
The string is taut when M1
So
1
sin cos cos sin
2
A1
Thus
So
1
cos sin 0
4
But as cos ,
1
sin 0
4
M1
4 sin
and as 0 ,
4 sin
A1* (7)
cos
B1
sin
B1
Thus
sin sin 4 sin
tan 3 tan
cos cos
M1 A1* (4)
The particle comes instantaneously to rest if and only if its motion is radial at the point of impact.
In other words,
tan
Thus
4 sin
sin cos sin cos sin 4 sin cos
M1
and
1 4 sin 1 4 sin
cos sin cos sin
2 2
So
M1
Thus
8 sin 4 sin 1 0
So
4 4√3 1 √3
sin
16 4
√
However, sin 0 , so sin A1* (6)
M1
So
1 1 1 ⋯
1 2
1
as required. A1* (3)
(ii)
! ! 1 ! 1
! ! ! 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 ! 1
M1 A1 (5)
1
so
1
M1
1 1
M1
1 1
M1
1 1
1 1
1
M1
M1
1
1
1
as required. A1* (6)
Thus
1
1
1
1
B1 (2)
(iii)
1 1
1 1
1 1
M1
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
M1 M1
1 1 1 ! ! !
1 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1
A1 (4)
1 1 2 2 ⋯ 2 ⋯ 2 0 2 4 ⋯
M1
Thus
1
0 2 4 ⋯ 1 1
2
as required. A1* (3)
!
! !
M1 A1* (2)
(i)
1
0 2 4 ⋯ 1 1
2
M1
cosh
1
2 2
As
1
cosh
A1
⋯
2! 4!
M1
1 ⋯
2! 4!
1 ⋯ 1 ⋯
2 2! 3! 4! 2! 3! 4!
as required.
1
sinh
cosh
M1
Thus
sinh
tanh
cosh
M1 A1* (3)
for 0
Alternatively,
sinh 1
cosh 1
(ii)
⋯
1 ⋯
1 ⋯
⋯
⋯
1 1 4 4 ⋯ 4 0 4 ⋯
1
0 4 ⋯ 1 1
4
1
4
1 ⋯
4! 8!
1 ⋯ 1 ⋯ 1 ⋯
4 2! 2! 2!
1 ⋯
2!
4
cosh cos
2
M1
As 1 1 ,
So
cosh cos
cosh cos
A1ft
sinh sin
cosh cos
And thus
sinh sin
1
cosh cos
M1
3 1 3 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
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