Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Testing
HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is a statement
about the value of a population
parameter developed for the
purpose of testing.
VOCABULARY CHECK
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
A decision-making process of
evaluating claims about a population
based on the characteristics of a
sample assumed coming from that
population.
VOCABULARY CHECK
HYPOTHESIS
Alternative
Null Hypothesis
Hypothesis
VOCABULARY CHECK
NULL HYPOTHESIS
a statement indicating that
there is no difference between
two parameters
𝑯𝒐
VOCABULARY CHECK
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
CONFIDENCE LEVEL
- refers to the percentage of all
possible samples that can be
expected to include the true
population parameter.
VOCABULARY CHECK
REJECTION REGION
- critical region
- a part of the parameter space such
that observing a result that falls
under it will lead to the rejection
of the null hypothesis.
VOCABULARY CHECK
CRITICAL VALUES
- cut-off values that
define regions where the
test statistic is unlikely
to lie.
VOCABULARY CHECK
TEST STATISTIC
- a number calculated from a
statistical test of a hypothesis. It
shows how closely your observed
data match the distribution
expected under the null
hypothesis of that statistical test
TYPES OF TEST FOR
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
TWO- tailed test ONE- tailed test
(non-directional) (directional)
Left-tailed Right-tailed
TYPES OF ERROR IN STATISTICAL
HYPOTHESIS
TYPE I ERROR
TYPE II ERROR
Equal = ≠
Other words used
Less than At most, decreases
More than At least, increases
Equal Is
EXAMPLE:
The average TV viewing time of all six-year-
old children is less than 4 hours daily.
𝑯𝒐 = The average TV viewing time of all six-
year-old children is greater than or equal to
4 hours daily.
𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 ≥ 𝟒
EXAMPLE:
The average TV viewing time of all six-year-
old children is less than 4 hours daily.
𝑯𝒂 = The average TV viewing time of all six-
year-old children is less than 4 hours daily.
𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 < 𝟒
EXAMPLE:
The average TV viewing time of all six-year-old children is less
than 4 hours daily.
𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 ≤ 𝟏𝟎 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟎
EXAMPLE:
A social worker wants to test whether the average body mass
index of the students under feeding program is different from
28.2kg.
𝑯𝒐 = The BMI of the 𝑯𝒂 = The BMI of the
students is not students is different
different from 28.2kg from 28.2kg
𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒍 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒍
EXAMPLE:
The inventor of a new kind of light bulb claims that all such
bulbs last 3000 hours.
𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
TRY THIS: State the 𝑯𝒐 , 𝑯𝒂 , and their symbols
A psychologist believes
that it will take at least
an hour for certain
disturbed children to
learn a task.
TRY THIS: State the 𝑯𝒐 , 𝑯𝒂 , and their symbols
𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟓% 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟐𝟓%
A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a
new medicine reduces cholesterol by 25%. Test at 99%
confidence level.
Test Statistic Z – test, two - tailed
Confidence Level 𝑪𝑳 = 𝟗𝟗%
Margin of Error (α) 𝛂 = 𝟏% 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
Critical Values Z = ±2.567
According to a factory employer, the mean working time of workers in the
factory is more than 6 hours. A researcher interviewed 50% of the
employees and found out that their mean working time is 8 hours. The α
level is 0.05.
Write the hypothesis statement
𝑯𝒐 = The mean working 𝑯𝒂 = The mean working
time of workers in the time of workers in the
factory is less than or equal factory is more than 6
to 6 hours. hours.
TYPE I ERROR
TYPE II ERROR
DO NOT REJECT
REJECT (Accept)
Correct
𝑯𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 TYPE I Error
Decision
𝑯𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒆
Correct TYPE II
Decision Error
𝑯𝒐 : Sara DECISIONS ABOUT THE NULL
Duterte is the HYPOTHESIS
current Vice-
President of the DO NOT
REJECT
Philippines. REJECT
Correct
𝑯𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 Type I error
Decision
Correct
𝑯𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒆 Type II Error
Decision
𝑯𝒐 : Sara DECISIONS ABOUT THE NULL
Duterte is the HYPOTHESIS
current
President of the DO NOT
REJECT
Philippines. REJECT
Correct
𝑯𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 Type I error
Decision
Correct
𝑯𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒆 Type II Error
Decision
TRY THIS: State whether
the null is true or false,
what is the correct
decision, and type of error
which can be committed.
𝑯𝒐 : There are 10 DECISIONS ABOUT THE NULL
HUMSS HYPOTHESIS
sections in
Grade 11 of DO NOT
REJECT
GSCNHS. REJECT
Correct
𝑯𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 Type I error
Decision
Correct
𝑯𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒆 Type II Error
Decision
𝑯𝒐 : Koronadal DECISIONS ABOUT THE NULL
is the OVERALL HYPOTHESIS
Champion in DO NOT
SRAA 2023 REJECT
REJECT
Correct
𝑯𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 Type I error
Decision
Correct
𝑯𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒆 Type II Error
Decision
Q4 SEATWORK 1
HYPOTHESIS STATEMENTS
DATE:
PART 1. GENERAL INSTRUCTION
a. 𝑯𝒐 (in symbols)
b. 𝑯𝒂 (in symbols)
c. Test statistic
d. Confidence level and Margin of error
e. Critical values
1. The manufacturer of cigarette claims that the
average nicotine content per stick is 2.1mg.
Test the claim using 90% confidence level.
2. An FDA Officer claims that Pharma XYZ’s
new capsule contains less than 300mg of
paracetamol. Test the claim at 99%
confidence.
3. The school record claims that the mean
grade in Stat of Grade 11 students is at least
90. Test the claim at 95% confidence level.
PART 2. GENERAL INSTRUCTION
25 points
3. The school record claims that the mean grade
in Stat of Grade 11 students is at least 90. Test
the claim at 95% confidence level.
a. 𝑯𝒐 (in symbols) 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 90
b. 𝑯𝒂 (in symbols) 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 90
c. Test statistic 𝑧 − 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 ; 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑 (right)
d. Confidence level and Margin of error 𝐶𝐿 = 95%,
𝛼 = 5% 𝑜𝑟 0.05
e. Critical values 𝑧 = 1.645
25 points
1. 𝑯𝒐 : Manila is the capital of the Philippines.
True
Do not reject 15 points
Type I error
1. 𝑯𝒐 : SHS has 3 semesters per year.
False
Reject 15 points
Type II error
Part 1 – 75 points
Part 2 – 30 points
TOTAL – 105 points
Central
Limit
Theorem
It is hypothesized that the average
production cost in making a movie is
₱24.6 million. This year, a random sample
of 15 movies have shown an average
production cost of ₱28.3 million with a
standard deviation of ₱9.5 million. At
0.01 level of significance, is the
hypothesized average production cost
true?
A researcher claims that the average
allowance of senior high school
students is ₱100.00. A practice
teacher wanted to verify the claim by
asking 40 senior high school students
with α at 0.05.
Problem
Solving
State the hypotheses
Identify level of significance and
type of test
Compute the test statistic (z-
computed)
Steps Determine the critical value, draw
the normal curve, and identify
the critical region
State your decision and make a
conclusion
EXAMPLES
State the hypotheses
𝐻𝑜 : μ = 30 months
computed)
Determine the
critical value, draw
𝐻𝑎 : μ ≠ 30 months
the normal curve,
and identify the
critical region
Determine the
Given: 𝒙
ഥ = 26 , μ = 30, σ = 7, critical value, draw
the normal curve,
and identify the
n = 40 critical region
ഥ − 𝝁 𝟐𝟔 − 𝟑𝟎
𝒙 State your decision
and make a
𝒛𝒄 = 𝝈 = conclusion
𝟕 State the hypotheses
𝒏 𝟒𝟎 Identify level of
significance and
𝒛𝒄 = −𝟑. 𝟔𝟏 type of test
Determine the critical value, draw the normal curve, and identify the critical region
Identify level of
𝒁𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅 = −𝟑. 𝟔𝟏 significance and
-1.960 1.960 type of test
𝐻𝑜 : μ ≤ 48 grams
computed)
Determine the
critical value, draw
𝐻𝑎 : μ > 48 grams
the normal curve,
and identify the
critical region
CL = 90% computed)
Determine the
critical value, draw
Determine the
Given: 𝒙
ഥ = 50.5 , μ = 48, critical value, draw
the normal curve,
and identify the
σ = 3.8, n = 35 critical region
ഥ − 𝝁 𝟓𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟒𝟖
𝒙 State your decision
and make a
𝒛𝒄 = 𝝈 = conclusion
𝟑. 𝟖 State the hypotheses
𝒏 𝟑𝟓 Identify level of
significance and
𝒛𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟗 type of test
Determine the critical value, draw the normal curve, and identify the critical region
Identify level of
significance and
𝒁𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟗
1.282 type of test
Identify level of
A printer manufacturing significance and
type of test
company claims that its new ink Compute the test
efficient printer can print an statistic (z-
computed)
average of 1580 pages of word Determine the
docs with an SD of 78. Thirty critical value, draw
the normal curve,
printers showed a mean of 1605 and identify the
critical region
pages. Test at 95%. State your decision
and make a
conclusion
State the hypotheses
Identify level of
significance and
type of test
𝐻𝑜 : μ = 1580 pages
computed)
Determine the
critical value, draw
𝐻𝑎 : μ ≠ 1580 pages
the normal curve,
and identify the
critical region
Determine the
Given: 𝒙
ഥ = 1605 , μ = 1580, critical value, draw
the normal curve,
and identify the
σ = 78, n = 30 critical region
ഥ − 𝝁 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟎
𝒙 State your decision
and make a
𝒛𝒄 = 𝝈 = conclusion
𝟕𝟖 State the hypotheses
𝒏 𝟑𝟎 Identify level of
significance and
𝒛𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔 type of test
Determine the critical value, draw the normal curve, and identify the critical region
Identify level of
significance and
-1.960 1.960 type of test
𝐻𝑜 : μ ≤ 23.5 kph
computed)
Determine the
critical value, draw
CL = 99% computed)
Determine the
critical value, draw
Determine the
Given: 𝒙
ഥ = 25.4 , μ = 23.5, critical value, draw
the normal curve,
and identify the
σ = 3.7, n = 36 critical region
ഥ − 𝝁 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓
𝒙 State your decision
and make a
𝒛𝒄 = 𝝈 = conclusion
𝟑. 𝟕 State the hypotheses
𝒏 𝟑𝟔 Identify level of
significance and
𝒛𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖 5 points type of test
Determine the critical value, draw the normal curve, and identify the critical region
Identify level of
significance and
𝒁𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖
type of test
2.326
Compute the test
statistic (z-
computed)
State your decision and make a conclusion
𝐻𝑜 : μ = ₱ 3, 000
computed)
Determine the
critical value, draw
𝐻𝑎 : μ ≠ ₱ 3, 000
the normal curve,
and identify the
critical region
Determine the
Given: 𝒙
ഥ = 2750 , μ = 3000, critical value, draw
the normal curve,
and identify the
σ = 550, n = 36 critical region
ഥ − 𝝁 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒙 State your decision
and make a
𝒛𝒄 = 𝝈 = conclusion
𝟓𝟓𝟎 State the hypotheses
𝒏 𝟑𝟔 Identify level of
significance and
𝒛𝒄 = −𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 5 pointstype of test
Determine the critical value, draw the normal curve, and identify the critical region
BASANEZ,
CAUBE APUNDAR PALEC MAHILUM ESCABARTE LEGASPI ORIBIA
BEVES
Z
CERBO Z REYES ACHARON Z DELA CRUZ CALUMPAG TAN, RYZA SOSTINO
CUTAMORA
Z
CASTANARES Z DOLIGUEZ GENON MACA Z BALARES Z DOONG
CARPESANO
MALINAO,
LUMNA ABELLA NOJARA ESPRA BUCUL BELONCIO INCIO
ROWELL
BURGOS,
INDO SAGANG ER-ER OMEGA PARAS LUNZAGA MATAGANAS
RHEA
BURGOS,
PANCHO DELFIN SOTTO SANCHEZ LAYSON BAJAN VALLENTE
RAIN
DELOS
ONDOY DIMSON ZULLA MOTOY PAGATPAT PULIA
REYES
VICTORIAN MAGLACIO
PAPAS SILARTA OMAR REGIDOR PARANDAS
O N, JEREMIE
MAGPARAN
PINUELA LEBRADO GALLARDO PALLER DACULA LINAZA
GALAN
RAYMUND MAGLACIO
MARSADO BORLADO MAXINO TAN MONDEJAR
O N, SHANE