SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Physics 1
Quarter 2 Week 3 – Module 3
Simple Harmonic Motion
General Physics 1 – Grade 12
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Quarter 2 – Module 3: Simple Harmonic Motion
Second Edition, 2021

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Development Team of the Module

Developers/ Writer:
Mrs. JANNIS MAY V. ANTOLIJAO – Master Teacher I - APAS National High School

Content Editors:

Ms. CELIA C. GEPITULAN – Principal I, Regino Mercado Night High School

Mrs. JOCELYN C. BUTANAS – Master Teacher I, Talamban National High School
Mr. BONNIE JAMES A. SACLOLO- Teacher III, Cebu City National Science High
School
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Mrs. ROQUESA B. SABEJON – PSDS North District 7

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What I Need To Know
A repeated motion, such as that of an acrobat swinging on a trapeze, called
a periodic motion. Other periodic motions include those made by a child on a
playground swing, a wrecking ball swaying to and from, and a pendulum of a
grandfather’s clock or a metronome. In each of these cases, the periodic motion is
back and forth movement over the same path. One of the simplest types of back-
and-forth periodic motion is a mass attach to a spring, assumed that the mass moves
in a frictionless horizontal surface. When the spring is stretched or compressed and
then released, it vibrates back and forth around its unstretched position.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• identify the condition of simple harmonic motion
• recognize the relationship between period and frequency
• calculate the period and frequency of an object vibrating
with simple harmonic motion

What I Know
Directions: Carefully read each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Use
a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which is the unit of amplitude?
A. Hz B. m C. N/m D. s
2. Which of the terms is referred to as the maximum displacement from equilibrium?
A. amplitude B. frequency C. period D. vibration
3. Which is the unit of frequency?
A. Hz B. m C. N/m D. s
4. What term is referred to as the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time?
A. amplitude B. frequency C. period D. vibration
5. Which is referred to as the vibration about an equilibrium position in which a
restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium?
A. simple harmonic motion C. single harmonious motion
B. simple harmonica motivation D. single harmonious movement
6. A child is on a playground swing with a 2.5 m long chain. What is the period of
the child’s motion?
A. 3.2 s B. 4.2 s C. 5.2 s D. 6.2 s
7. If the monkey swings on a 2.5 m long tree branch, what is the frequency?
A. 0.21 Hz B. 0.31 Hz C. 0.41 Hz D. 0.51 Hz
8. What is the period of oscillation of a 99.4 cm long pendulum?
A. 2.00s B. 4.00 s C. 6.00 s D. 8.00 s
9. Given below are (x-t) plots of linear motion of a particle. Which of the plots
represent periodic motion?

A. i, iii B. ii, iv C. i, ii D. iii, iv

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10. In one-dimensional simple harmonic motion, where is the object’s speed is at
its greatest?
A. equilibrium point
B. either end of its path
C. either one end of its path but not the other
D. between the equilibrium point and either end of its path
11. A trapeze artist swings in simple harmonic motion with a period of 3.8 s. What
is the length of the cables supporting the trapeze?
A. 3.0 m B. 3.2 m C. 3.4 m D. 3.6 m
12. A mass of 0.30 kg is attached to a spring and is set into vibrations with a period
of 0.24 s. What is its spring constant?
A. 2.1 x102 N/m B. 4.1 x102 N/m C. 6.1 x 102N/m D. 8.1 x 102N/m
13. If two mass-spring systems vibrate with simple harmonic motion, the spring
constants of each system are equal and the mass of one is twice that of the other.
How would you describe the relationship of the mass and period?
A. smaller mass; smaller period C. smaller mass; larger period
B. larger mass; larger period D. larger mass; smaller period
14. What is the free-fall acceleration at a location where a 6.00 m long pendulum
swings through exactly 100 cycles in 492 s?
A. 9.79 m/s2 B. 9.82 m/s2 C. 9.87 m/s2 D. 9.99 m/s2
15. Which of the following determines the oscillation frequency of an object at the
end of the spring?
I. speed III. mass
II. spring constant IV. position of the equilibrium
A. I, II B. I, III C. II, III D. III, IV

Lesson 1 Simple Harmonic Motion

What’s In
Planets move in nearly circular orbits around the sun, the force that
keeps these planets from coasting off in a straight line is gravitational force. It is
a field force that always exists between two masses, regardless of the medium that
separates them. It exists like not just between large masses like the sun, Earth, and
moon but between any masses, regardless of size and composition. It acts such that
objects are always attracted to one another like the Earth and the moon.
Gravitational force depends on the distance between two masses. If m1 and
m2 are separated by distance r. G is the universal constant which is equal to 6.673
x 10-11 Nm2/kg2. The law of the universal gravitation is an example of an inverse-
square law because the force varies as the inverse square of the separation. That
is, the force between two masses decreases as the masses move farther apart.
Gravitational force is localized to the center of a spherical mass on a particle
outside the sphere is the same as it would be if the entire mass of the sphere were
concentrated at its center.

What’s New
Read the situations below. Answer briefly on a separate sheet of paper.

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1. Earth’s Orbit
The motion of Earth orbiting the
sun is periodic. Is this motion simple
harmonic? Why or why not?

2.Pinball
In pinball games, the force exerted
by a compressed spring is used to
release a ball. If the distance the
spring is compressed is doubled,
how will the force act on the ball
change? If the spring is replaced
with one that is half as stiff, how will
the force act on the ball change?

What Is It
Measuring Simple Harmonic Motion
Amplitude – the maximum displacement from equilibrium.
In the absence of friction, a moving trapeze always returns to the same
maximum displacement after each swing. This maximum equilibrium position is the
amplitude. A pendulum’s amplitude can be measured by the angle between the
pendulum’s equilibrium position and its maximum displacement. For a mass-spring
system, the amplitude is the maximum amount of stretching or compressing of the
spring from its equilibrium position.
Period T – the time it takes to execute a complete cycle of motion.
Imagine the ride swinging from maximum displacement on one side of the
equilibrium to maximum displacement on the other side, and then back again. This
cycle is considered one complete cycle of motion. If one complete cycle takes 20 s,
then the period of this motion is 20 s. Note that after the time T, the object is back
where it started. In short, period is the time per cycle.
frequency f – the number of cycles of vibrations per unit time.
The number of complete cycles the ride swings through in a unit of time is
the ride’s frequency. If one complete cycle takes 20 s, then the ride’s frequency is
1/20 cycles/s, or 0.05 cycles/s. The SI unit of frequency is s-1, known as Hertz (Hz).
In this case, the ride’s frequency is 0.05 Hz. In short, frequency is the number of
cycles per unit time.
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇= 𝒐𝒓 𝑻 =
𝑻 𝒇
This relationship was used to determine the frequency of the ride.
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝐇𝐳
𝑻 𝟐𝟎 𝒔

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Table 1. Measures of Simple Harmonic Motion

The period of a simple pendulum depends on pendulum length and free-fall

acceleration
Although both a simple pendulum and a mass spring system vibrate with
simple harmonic motion, calculating the period and frequency vibrate with simple
harmonic motion, calculating the period and frequency of each requires a separate
equation. This is because in each, the period and frequency depend on different
physical factors.
For example, an experimental setup of two pendulums of the same length
but with bobs of different masses. The length of a pendulum is measured from the
pivot point to the center of mass of the pendulum is measured from the pivot point
to the center of mass of the pendulum bob.
If you were to pull each bob aside the small distance and then release them
at the same time, each pendulum would complete one vibration in the same amount
of time. If you then change the amplitude of one pendulum, you will find that they
would still have the same period. Thus, for small amplitudes, the period of a
pendulum does not depend on the amplitude.
However, changing the length of a pendulum does not affect its period. A
change in free-fall acceleration also affects the period of a pendulum.

period = x square root of (length divided by free-fall acceleration)

Why does the period of a pendulum depend on pendulum length and free-
fall acceleration? When two pendulums have different lengths but the same
amplitude , the shorter the pendulum will have the smaller arc to travel to because
the distance the mass travels from maximum displacement to equilibrium is less
while the acceleration of both pendulums remains the same, the shorter pendulum
will have a shorter period.
Why do you think that mass and amplitude do not affect the period of a
pendulum? When the bobs of two pendulums differ in mass, the heavier mass
provides a large restoring force, but it also needs a larger force to achieve the same
acceleration. This is similar to the situation for objects in free fall, which all have the
same acceleration regardless of their mass because the acceleration of pendulums is
the same, the period for both is also the same.
For small angles (<15°), when the amplitude of a pendulum increases, the
restoring force also increases proportionally because force is proportional to
acceleration, the initial acceleration will be greater. However, the distance this
pendulum must cover is also greater. For small angles, the effects of the two
increasing quantities cancel and the pendulum’s period remains the same.

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When the length of one pendulum is
decreased, the distance that the
pendulum travels to equilibrium is
also decreased because the
accelerations of the two pendulums
are equal, the shorter the pendulum
will have a smaller period.

Simple Harmonic Motion of a Simple Pendulum

Sample Problem 1
Problem: You need to know the height of a tower, but darkness obscures the
ceiling. You note that a pendulum extending from the ceiling almost touches the floor
and that its period is 12 s. How tall is the tower?
Given: T = 12 s g = 9.8 m/s2
Unknown: L = ?
Solution:

Use the equation:

𝑻√𝒈 = 𝟐𝝅√𝑳
(𝑻√𝒈) = 𝟐𝝅√𝑳
𝟏 𝟏
(𝑻√𝒈)𝟐 = (𝟐𝝅√𝑳)𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝑻𝟐 𝒈
=𝑳
4π2
𝑳 = (12 s )2 (9.8 m/s2) = 36 m
4π2
Period of a mass-spring system depends on mass and spring constant
Consider the period of a mass-spring system. In this case, according to
Hooke’s law, the restoring force acting on the mass is determined by the
displacement of the mass and by the spring constant (Felastic = -kx). The magnitude
of the mass does not affect the restoring force. So unlike the case of the pendulum,
where a heavier mass increased both the force on the bob and the bob’s inertia, a
heavier mass attached to a spring increases with inertia without providing a
compensating increase in force, because of this increase inertia, a heavy mass has a
smaller acceleration than a light mass has. Thus, a heavy mass will take more time
to complete one cycle of motion. In other words, the heavy mass has greater period.
Thus, as mass increases, the period of vibration likewise increases.
The greater the spring constant (k), the stiffer the spring; hence a greater
force is required to stretch or compress the spring. When force is greater, the
acceleration is greater, and the amount of time required for a single cycle should
decrease (assuming that the amplitude remains constant). Thus, for a given
amplitude, a stiffer spring will take less time to complete one cycle of motion than
one that is less stiff.
𝒎
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√
𝒌
period = x square root of (mass divided by spring constant)
Note that, as with the pendulum, changing the amplitude of the vibration
does not affect the period. This statement is true only for systems and circumstances
in which the spring obeys Hooke’s law.

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Simple Harmonic Motion of a Mass-Spring System
Sample Problem 1
Problem: The body of a 1275 kg car is supported on a frame by four springs. Two
people riding in the car have a combined mass of 153 kg. When driven over a pothole
in the road, the frame vibrates with a period of 0.840 s. For the first few seconds, the
vibration approximates simple harmonic motion. Find the spring constant of a single
spring.
Given: m = (1275 kg + 153 kg) = 357 kg T = 0.840 s
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Unknown: k = ?
Solution:
𝒎 𝒎
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ 𝒌 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ 𝒌

𝑻√𝒌 = 𝟐𝝅√𝒎
𝟏 𝟏
(𝑻√𝒌)𝟐 = (𝟐𝝅√𝒎)𝟐
𝑻𝟐 𝒌 = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝒎
𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐
𝒌 = 4𝝅𝟐 𝒎 = 4𝝅 (357 kg)
𝟐
= 2.00 x 104 N/m
𝑻𝟐 0.84 s

Conditions of Simple Harmonic Motion

Figure 1
At the equilibrium position, velocity reaches a maximum
In figure 1 above, it shows that the position 1 the spring is stretched away
from its unstretched, or equilibrium, position (x = 0). When released, the spring
exerts a force on the mass toward the equilibrium position. This spring force
decreases as the spring moves toward the equilibrium position, and it reaches zero
at the equilibrium. The mass’s acceleration also becomes zero at equilibrium.
Though the spring force and acceleration decreases as the mass moves
toward the equilibrium position, the velocity of the mass increases. At the
equilibrium position, when acceleration reaches zero, the velocity reaches a
maximum. At that point, although no net force is acting on the mass, the mass’s
momentum causes it to overshoot the equilibrium position and compress the spring.
At maximum displacement, spring force and acceleration reach maximum
In figure 1 above, it shows that the position 2 as the mass moves beyond
equilibrium, the spring force, and the acceleration increase. But the direction of the

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spring force and acceleration (toward equilibrium) is opposite the mass’s direction of
motion (away from the equilibrium), and the mass begins to slow down.
When the spring’s compression is equal to the distance the spring was
originally stretched away from the equilibrium position (x), the mass is at maximum
displacement, and the spring force and acceleration of the mass reach a maximum
(refer to position 3 in Figure 1.) At this point, the velocity of the mass becomes zero.
The spring force acting downward causes the mass to change its direction, and the
mass begins moving back toward the equilibrium position. Then the entire process
begins again, and the mass continues oscillate back and forth over the same path.
In an ideal system, the mass-spring system would oscillate indefinitely. But in the
physical world, friction retards the motion of the vibrating mass, and the mass-
spring system eventually comes to rest. This effect is called damping. In most cases,
the effect of damping is minimal over a short period of time, so the ideal mass-spring
system provides an approximation for the motion of a physical mass-spring system.
In simple harmonic motion, restoring force is proportional to displacement
The spring force always pushes or pulls the mass back toward its original
equilibrium position. For this reason, it is sometimes called a restoring force.
Measurements show that the restoring force is directly proportional to the
displacement of the mass. Any periodic motion that is the result of a restoring force
that is proportional to displacement is described by the term simple harmonic
motion. Because simple harmonic motion involves a restoring force, every simple
harmonic motion is a back-and-forth motion over the same path.
A stretched or compressed spring has elastic potential energy
A stretched or compressed spring stores elastic potential energy, consider an
archer shooting an arrow from a bow, bending the bow by pulling back the bowstring
is analogous to stretching a spring. Once the bowstring has been pulled back, the
bow stores elastic potential energy, because the bow, arrow, and bowstring (the
system) are not at rest, the kinetic energy of the system is zero, and the mechanical
energy of the system is solely elastic potential.
When the bowstring is released, the bow’s elastic potential energy is
converted to the kinetic energy of the arrow. At the moment the arrow leaves the
bowstring, it gains most of the elastic potential energy originally stored in the bow.
Thus, once the arrow has been released, the mechanical energy of the bow-an-arrow
system is solely kinetic, because mechanical energy must be conserved, the kinetic
energy of the bow, arrow and bowstring is equal to the elastic potential energy
originally stored in the bow.
The restoring force of a pendulum is a component of the bob’s weight
If the restoring force is proportional to the displacement, then the
pendulum’s motion is simple harmonic, with the coordinate system in which the x-
axis is tangent to the direction of motion and the y -axis is perpendicular to the
direction of motion, because the bob is always changing its position, these axes will
change at each point of the bob’s motion.
The forces acting on the bob at any point include the force exerted by the
string and the bob’s weight. The force exerted by the string always act along the y-
axis, which is along the string. At any point other than the equilibrium position, the
bob’s weight can be resolved into two components along the chosen axes, because
both the force exerted by the string and the y component of the bob’s weight are
perpendicular to the bob’s motion, the x component of the bob’s weight is the net
force acting on the bob in the direction of its motion. In this case, the x component
of the bob’s weight always pushes or pulls the bob toward its equilibrium position
and hence is the restoring force.

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For small angles, the pendulum’s motion is simple harmonic
As with mass-spring system, the restoring force of a simple pendulum is not
constant. Instead, the magnitude of the restoring force varies with the bob’s distance
from the equilibrium position. The magnitude of the restoring force decreases as the
bob moves toward the equilibrium position and becomes zero at the equilibrium
position. When the angle of displacement is relatively small (<15°), the restoring force
is proportional to the displacement. For such small angles of displacement, the
pendulum’s motion is simple harmonic, because simple pendulum vibrates with
simple harmonic motion, many of our earlier conclusions for mass-spring system
apply here. At maximum displacement, the restoring force and acceleration reach a
maximum while the velocity becomes zero. Conversely, at equilibrium the restoring
force and acceleration become zero and the velocity reaches a maximum.
Gravitational potential increases as a pendulum’s displacement increases
As with the mass-spring system, the mechanical energy of a simple
pendulum is conserved in an ideal (frictionless) system. However, the spring’s
potential energy is elastic, while the pendulum’s potential energy is gravitational. We
define the gravitational potential energy of a pendulum to be zero when it is at the
lowest point of its swing. At maximum displacement from equilibrium, a pendulum’s
energy is entirely gravitational potential energy. As the pendulum swings toward the
equilibrium, it gains kinetic energy and loses potential energy. At the equilibrium
position, its energy becomes solely kinetic. As the pendulum swings past its
equilibrium position, the kinetic energy decreases while the gravitational potential
energy increases. At maximum displacement from equilibrium, the pendulum’s
energy is once again entirely potential energy.

Table 2. Comparison of SHM between Simple Pendulum and Spring-Mass System

What’s More
Direction: Solve the following problems. Write your answers and the corresponding
solutions on a separate sheet of paper.
If the period of the pendulum in the preceding sample is 24 s, how tall would
the tower be? Calculate the period and frequency of a 3.500 m long pendulum at the
following locations:
a. the North Pole, where g = 9.832 m/s2 c. Jakarta, Indonesia where g = 9.782 m/s2
b. Chicago, where g = 9.803 m/s2

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1. When a mass of 25 g is attached to a certain spring, it makes 20 complete
vibrations in 4.0 s. What is its spring constant?
2. A spring with a spring constant of 30.0 N/m is attached to different masses,
and the system is set in motion. Find the period and frequency of vibration
for masses of the following magnitudes:
a. 2.3 kg b. 15 g c. 1.9 kg

What I Have Learned

Match correct term on the left column to the definitions on the right refer to the
words you can see in the box.
Period Frequency Periodic Motion
Amplitude Simple harmonic Motion
TERM DEFINITION
__________________ 1. the time it takes to execute a complete cycle of motion
2. vibration about an equilibrium position in which a
__________________ restoring force is proportional to the displacement from
equilibrium
__________________ 3.the maximum displacement from equilibrium
__________________ 4.the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time
__________________ 5.movement back and forth over the same path

What I Can Do
Perform the activity and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Energy of a Pendulum
Materials: pendulum bob (any available material for as long as it is not sharp, bolt,
washer “tinga”) and string, tape, toy car, protractor, ruler, or tape measure.
Procedure: Tie one end of a piece of a string around the pendulum bob, use tape to
secure it in place. Set the toy car on a smooth surface and hold the string of the
pendulum directly above the car so that the bob rests on the car. Use your other
hand to pull back the bob of the pendulum, do not forget to measure the angle of the
pendulum with the protractor before you release it.
Release the pendulum so that the bob strikes the car. Measure the
displacement of the car.
Results & Discussion:
Length of Angle Displacement
the String
30 cm 15°
30 cm 25°
30 cm 30°

What happened to the pendulum’s

potential energy after you released the bob? Repeat the process using 3 different
angles. How can you account for your results?
Conclusion:(https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/simple-
harmonic-motion-ap/simple-pendulums-ap/v/pendulum - click the link for
explanation)

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Assessment
Instructions: Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which is referred to as the time it takes to execute a complete cycle of motion?
A. amplitude B. frequency C. period D. vibration
2. What is the unit of spring constant?
A. Hz B. m C. N/m D. s
3. Which is the equation of period?
𝑳 𝒎 𝒎
A. 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ B. 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ C. 𝑻 = 𝟐𝒅√ D. both A & B
𝒈 𝒌 𝒌
4. Which will NOT determine the amplitude of an object in one dimensional simple
harmonic motion?
A. its mass B. initial speed C. initial position D. equilibrium point
5. What is the period of a 3.98 m long pendulum?
A. 2.00 s B. 4.00 s C. 6.00 s D. 8.00 s
6. How does the restoring force act on a pendulum bob changes as it swings toward
the equilibrium position?
A. constant B. increases C. decreases D. undetermined
7. You are designing a pendulum clock to have a period of 1.0 s. How long should
the pendulum be?
A. 20 cm B. 25 cm C. 30 cm D. 35 cm
8. A block is in simple harmonic motion while another block is placed rapidly
securely on top of it. Which of the following are responsible of the changes, while
it swings at an end point of its path?
I. Amplitude II. Frequency III. Spring constant
IV. Phase constant V. Mechanical energy
A. I, III B. II, V C. I, II, III D. III, IV, V
9. Which is the formula of frequency?
A. f = 1/T B. T = 1/f C. t = f x T D. T = f x t
10. A desktop toy swings back and forth once every 1.0 s. How tall is this toy?
A. 0.10 m B. 0.15 m C. 0.20 m D. 0.25 m
11. Why does the acrobat swing past the equilibrium position? He swings past the
equilibrium because the acrobat’s _________ is at __________ from previous
_________ when an acrobat reaches the equilibrium position, the net force acting
along the direction of motion is zero.
A. acceleration; maximum; velocity C. velocity; maximum; acceleration
B. acceleration; minimum; velocity D. velocity; minimum; acceleration
12. A 125 N object vibrates with a period of 3.56 s when hanging from a spring.
What is its spring constant?
A. 18.6 N/m B. 27.3 N/m C. 39.6 N/m D. 45.0 N/m
13. How does the pendulum bob’s acceleration and velocity change along the
direction of motion? The acceleration __________ and velocity ____________.
A. both decreases C. decreases; increases
B. both increases D. increases, decreases
14. Which point in a one-dimensional simple harmonic motion the acceleration is
at its greatest?
A. equilibrium point C. between the equilibrium point
B. either end of its path D. either one end of its path but not the other
15. A pinball machine uses a spring that is compressed 4.0 cm to launch a ball. If
the spring that is compressed is 13 N/m. What is the force on the ball at the
moment the spring is released?
A. 0.42 N B. 0.52 N C. 0.62 N D. 0.72 N

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References
Faughn, Jerry S. and Serway, Raymond, 2017. Physics-Annotated Teacher’s
Edition”. Harcourt Classroom Education Company. pages
Caldwell, D. 2016. Measures of Simple Harmonic Motion. Accessed January 24,
2021. https://slideplayer.com/slide/7945383/
Science & Math. Formula of Period. n.d. Accessed January 24, 2021.
shorturl.at/vyFOY
Hutchinson Aerospace and Industry 2021. Engineering Shock and Vibration
Illustration of spring-mass system. n.d. Accessed January 24, 2021.
https://hutchinsonai.com/engineering-capabilities/
Topper Learning. x-t Graph Linear Motion. n.d. Accessed January 25, 2021.
shorturl.at/uwOWY
Francis, M. 2011. Physics Quanta. The Pendulum Swing. Accessed January
26,2021. https://galileospendulum.org/2011/05/24/physics-quanta-the-
pendulums-swing/
Khan Academy. Simple Pendulum. Accessed January 26, 2021.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/simple-harmonic-
motion-ap/simple-pendulums-ap/v/pendulum

Answer Key
What’s New
1. No; because Earth dos not oscillate about an equilibrium position.
2. The force will double; the force will be half as large
What’s More
1. 1.4 x102 N 3. 25 N/m
2. a. 3.749 s; 0.2667 Hz 4. a. 1.70 s, 0.59 Hz
b. 3.754 s; 0.2664 Hz b. 0.14 s, 7.10 Hz
c. 3.758 s; 0.2661 Hz c. 1.60 s, 0.62 Hz
What I Have Learned
1. Period 2. SHM 3. Amplitude 4. Frequency 5. Periodic Motion
What I Can Do
(Answers Vary)
Length of the Angle Displacement
String
30 cm 15°
30 cm 25°
30 cm 30°
We define the gravitational potential energy of a pendulum to be zero
when it is at the lowest point of its swing. At maximum displacement from
equilibrium, a pendulum’s energy is entirely gravitational potential energy.
As the pendulum swings toward the equilibrium, it gains kinetic energy and
loses potential energy. At the equilibrium position, its energy becomes solely
kinetic. As the pendulum swings past its equilibrium position, the kinetic
energy decreases while the gravitational potential energy increases. At
maximum displacement from equilibrium, the pendulum’s energy is once
again entirely potential energy.

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Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Office Address: Imus Street, Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (032) 255-1516 / (032) 253-9095
Email Address: [email protected]

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