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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
307 viewsCH 9 & 10
Uploaded by
ashraf salahCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 116
Center of Gravity and
Centroid
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
* To discuss the concept of the center of gravity, center of mass, and
the centroid
* To show how to determine the location of the center of gravity and
ccenttoid for a system of discrete particles and a body of arbitrary
shape.
+ Touse the theorems of Pappus and Guldinus for finding the surface
area and volume for a body having axial symmetry.
* To present a method for finding the resultant of a general
distributed! loading and show haw it applies ta finding the resultant
force of a pressure loading caused by a fivid.
1 Center of Gravity, Center of Mass,
and the Centroid of a Body
In this section we will first show how to locate the center of gravity for a
body. and then we will show that the center of mass and the centroid of a
body ean be developed using this same method.
Center of Gravity. A body is composed of an infinite number of
Particles of dhitferential size, and so it the body 1s located within a
gravitational field, then each of these particles will have a weight dW,
Fig. 9-10, These weights will form an approximately parallel force
system, and the resultant of this system is the total weight of the body,
Which passes through a single point called the center of gravity, G,
Fig. 9-16."
"Tis is true as long as the gravity felis assumed to have the same magnitude and
irstion everywhere. That assumption is appropriate for most engineering application,
‘since gravity doesnot vary appreciably between, for instance. the botiom and the 19p of
a building448 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
® i)
©
Fig 8-1
Using the methods outlined in Sec. 48, the weight of the body is the sum.
of the weights ofall ofits particles, that is
+f, = BF w= faw
“The location of the conter of gravity, measured from the axis, is
determined by equating the moment of W about the y axis, Fig. 9-10, t0
the sum of the moments of the weights of the particles about this same
axis IfW is located at point (¥. ¥, 2), Fig 91a. then
(May = 2g aW = few
Similarly, if moments are summed about the x axis,
(Mae = SMG aw = fyaw
Finally, imagine that the body is fixed within the coordinate system and.
thie eyetom ie rotated 00° about the y axis, Fig. le, Then the sum of the
‘moments about the y axis gives
(M)y = 2M aw = fzaw
‘Therefore, the location of the center of gravity G with respect to the x.y,
axes becomes
[raw
y
jaw
ie the coordinates of the center of gravity G, Fig. 9-16,
3.¥, 7 are the eoordinates of each particle im the body, Fig. 9-14.
Here9.1 Ceres oF Gramry, Center oF Mass, ano THe Centnow OF a Boor 449
Center of Mass of a Body. In onder to study the dynamic
response or accelerated motion of a body. it becomes important to locate
the body's eentor of mass Cy, Fig 9-2.This location can be determined
by substituting dW = g dim into Eqs. 9-1, Since g is constant, it cancels
cut and so
fram
a
[am fan
Centroid of a Volume. If the body in Fig. 9-3 is made from a
homogeneous material. then its density p (rho) will be constant
Therefore, a differential element of volume dV has amass dm = p dV.
Substituting this into Eqs, 9-2 and canceling out p, we obtain formulas
that locate the ceniroid Cor geometric center of the body; namely
02)
03)
‘These equations represent a balance of the moments of the volume of
the body. Therefore. if the volume possesses two planes of symmetry.
then its centroid must lie along the line of intersection of these two
planes. For example, the cone in Fig. 9-4 has a centroid that lies on the y
axis so that 3 F ean be found using a single
integration by choosing a differential element represented by a thin disk
having a thickness dy and radius r= z Is volume is dV Fig 9-3
ar dy = az! dy and its centroid is at ¥ yF=0.450 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
ae
@) ©) ©
Centroid of an Area. Ifanarea liesin the
by the curve y = f(x), as shown in Fig. 9-Sa, th
this plane and can be detctiuived from integials sin
namely,
¥= = oe)
These integrals can be evaluated by performing a single integration it we
use a rectangular strip forthe differential area element. For example, if
vertical stip is us the area of the element is dA = y dx, and
lisee /2. If we consider a horizontal
strip, Fig. 9-Se, then dA /2and
Centroid of a Line. Ifa tine segment (or rod) ies within the x=»
Integration must be used to determine the Plane and it can be described by a thin curve y = f(x), Fig. 9-6a, then its
locaton ofthe center of gravity of hisgoal centroid is determined from
post die tothe curvature of the supporting aa
5)9.1 Center oF Gray, Cevren oF Mass, avo THE CenTRO® OF & Boo 451
Here, the length of the differential element is given by the Pythagorean y
+ (dy)? . which can also be written in the form
(QQ
Either one of these expressions can be used: however. for application,
the one that will result in a simpler integration should be selected. For
‘example, consider the rod in Fig. 9-6b, defined by y = 2x°, The length of
the element is dd = VI + (dy/dx)?dex, and since dy/dx ~ 4x. then
dL. = V/A + (Ax)? dx. The centroid for this element is located at ¥ = x
and
sasuke
* The centroid represents the geometric center of a body.
‘This point coincides with the center of mass or the center of
‘gravity only if the material composing the body is uniform or .
homogeneous
Formulas used to locate the center of gravity or the centroid
simply represent a balance between the sum of moments of all
the parts of the system and the moment of the “resultant” for the le
system.
In same eases the centroid it located at a point that is nat on the
object. as in the ease of a ring, where the centroid is at its center.
Also, this point will lie on any axis of symmetry for the body, Fig. 97
Fie. 9-7,452
Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
RCE
‘The center of gravity or centroid of an object or shape can be
determined by single integrations using the following procedure.
Differential Element
* Select an appropriate coordinate system, specify the coordinate
axes. and then choose a differential element for integration.
+ Forlines the element is represented by a differential line segment
of length dL.
* For areas the element is generally a rectangle of area dA, having
a finite length and differential width.
* For volumes the clement can be a circular disk of volume dV,
having a finite radius and differential thickness,
* Locate the element so that it touches the arbitrary point (x,y. 2)
‘on the curve that defines the boundary of the shape.
Size and Moment Arms.
* Express the length dL, arca dA, or volume dV of the element in
terms of the coordinates describing the curve,
* Express the moment arms ¥, ¥, 2 for the centroid or center of
‘gravity of the clement in terms of the coordinates describing
the curve,
Integrations
* Substitute the formulations for ¥, ¥, Zand dl, dA,ordV into the
appropriate equations (Eqs.9-1 through 9-5).
* Express the function in the integrand in terms of the same
Variable as the differential thickness of the element.
* The limits of the integral are defined from the two extreme
locations of the element’ differential thickness, so that when the
elements are “summed” or the integration performed, the entire
region is covered.*
“Formulas for integration ate given in Appendix A9.1 Ceres oF Gramry, Center oF Mass, ano THe Centnow OF a Boor 453
9.4
Locate the centroid of the rod bent into the shape ot a parabolic are as
shown in Fig. 9-8.
SOLUTION
Differential Element. The differential element is shown in Fig. 9-8
Itis located on the curve at the arbitrary point (x,y)
Area and Moment Arms. The differential clement of length dl.
can be expressed in terms of the differentials dx and dy using the
Pythagorean theorem,
db = Vid)? + (dy)? = v¢ y +1dy
dy.
Since then dx/d
and dy, we have
1». Therefore. expressing din terms of
dt = Vy)? + lay
As shown in Fig. 9-8, the centroid of the element is located at
vay,
Integrations. Applying Eqs. S, using the formulasin Appendix A
to evaluate the integrals, we
Ans.
Ans.
NOTE: These results for C seem reasonable when they are plotted on
Fig 08,454
Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
Locate the centroid of the circular wire segment shown in Fig, ¥-9.
Reo —
Fig. 9-9
SOLUTION,
Polar coordinates will be used to solve this problem since the arc is
circular.
Differential Element. A differential circular arc is selected as
shown in the figure. This element intersects the curve at (R.0).
Length and Moment Arm. ‘The length of the differential element
is dL = RdO, and its centroid is located at ¥ = R cos @ and
R sin 8.
Integrations. Applying Eqs. 9-S and integrating with respect to 0,
we obtain
a A.
fou [econ ef cased? 4
dL
= Ans.
[fe inoyrar | sino
=k Ans.
[om afm
NOTE: As expected, the two coordinates are numerically the same
due to the symmetry of the wire.9.1 Ceres oF Gramry, Center oF Mass, ano THe Centnow OF a Boor
455
Determine the distance y measured trom the x axis to the centroid ot
the area of the triangle shown in Fig. 9-10.
SOLUTION
Differential Element. Consider a rectangular element having a
thickness dy, and located in an arbitrary position so that it intersects
the boundary at (x,y). Fig. 9-10
‘Area and Moment Arms. ‘The ara of the element is dA = xy
(A = y) dy, and its centroid is located a distance ¥ = y from the
h
axis
Integration. Applying the second of Eqs. 9-4 and integrating with
respect toy yields
at Ans
NOTE: This result is valid for any shape of triangle. It states that the
centroid is located at one-third the height, measured from the base of
the triangle.456
XAMI
Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
Ez
Locate the centroid for the area of a quarter earele shown in Fig. 8-11.
y
=2 Rees
t= 2 cose,
Fig. 9-11
SOLUTION
Differential Element. Polar coordinates will be used, since the
boundary is circular. We choose the element in the shape of asriangie,
Fig. 9-11, (Actually the shape is a circular sector; however, neglecting
higher-order differentials, the clement becomes triangular.) ‘The
clement intersects the curve at point (0).
‘Area and Moment Arms, The area of the clement is
aa =\Ry(Rdo) = "ao
and using the results of Example 9.3, the centroid of the (triangular)
‘element is located at ¥ = 4 cos 0, ¥ = $Rsin 0,
Integrations. Applying Eqs. 9-4 and integrating with respect 10 0,
we obtain
fais [Gp
(4) ["oxvan
“3a
f" do
Ans.9.1 Ceres oF Gramry, Center oF Mass, ano THe Centnow OF a Boor 457
Locate the centroid of the area shown in fg. 9-120,
SOLUTION
Differential Element. A differcatial element of thickness dx is
shown in Fig. 9-124. The clement intersceta the eurve at the arhitnary
‘point (x, y). and so it has a height y.
‘Area and Moment Arms. ‘The area of the element is dA = y dx,
and its centroid is located at ¥ = x, ¥ = y/2.
Integrations. Applying Eqs 9-4 and integrating with respect tox yekis
z wf xtdv
[rsa [Pow _ [ew a 9250
0333
[wo [ve are
ls hy
ta
f waa wiivae eA G9
Se a ne
dA [ove dx
ls hy s
SOLUTION I
Differential Element. The differential element of thickness dy is
shown in Fig. 9-12b, The clement intersects the curve at the arbitrary
‘point (x,y), and so it has a length (1 ~ x).
‘Area and Moment Arms. ‘The area of the clement is
dA = (1 ~ x) dy,and its centroid is located at
(2 = =) iy
gaat (S*) = Arey
Integrations. Applying Eqs 9-4 and integrating with respect to y,
we obtain
[eea “a+ayaa-ay 2f"u-ne
[* LK xli-vay 3 f a-say
a
(-a)dy I, (- vy)dy
wimady [0-994 i
i iy eet To
a-xdy [a> vay
=03m Ans
Ia hs
NOTE: Plot these results and notice that they seem reasonable. Also,
{or this problem, elements of thickness dx offer a simpler solution,458 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
XAMP ce)
Locate sence tha beached area lal Fig $15
1 ¥
Lzes e fever
ita (xy ~- —
aa HS —- ——
= = s
@ (b)
Fig. 9-13
SOLUTION |
Differential Element. ‘The rectangular differemtial element parallel
to the y axis shown shaded in Fig, 9-13a will be considered. This
element has a thickness of dy and a height of
‘Area and Moment Arms. Thus, the area is dA = y dx, and its
‘centroid is located at ¥ = x and'¥ = y/2.
Integration. Since the area is symmetrical about the y axis,
¥=0 Ans.
Applying the second of Eqs 9-4 with y = Ele
2
yrds)
= ja
I dA ri ie
I bay!
SOLUTION II
Differential Element. The shaded rectangular differential element
‘of thickness dy and width 2x, parallel to the x axis, will be considered,
Fig. 9-13b.
‘Area.and Moment Arms. ‘The area is dA ~ 2x dy, and its centroid
isat¥ = Oand ¥ = y.
Integration. Applying the second of Eqs. 94, with x =
wehave9.1 Ceres oF Gramry, Center oF Mass, ano THe Centnow OF a Boor 459
Locate the y centroid tor the paraboloid ot revolution, shown in
Fig 9-14.
Fig. 9-4
SOLUTION
Differential Element. An clement having the shape of a thin disk is
chosen. This element has a thickness dy, it Intersects the generating,
curve at the arbitrary point (0, , 2), and so its radius is r =
Volume and Moment Arm. ‘The volume of the element is dV=
(w=!) dy, and its centroid is located at ¥ = y.
Integration. Applying the second of Eqs 9-3 and integrating with
respect toy yields460 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
AMPLE |9.8
‘Determine the location of the center of mass of the cylinder shown in
Fig. 9-15 if its density varies directly with the distance from its base,
jue p = 200z kg/m’.
Fig, 915
SOLUTION
For reasons of material symmetry,
aay Ans,
Differential Element. A disk clement of radius 0.5 m and thickness,
dz is chosen for integration, Fig. 9-15, since the density of the entire
element is constant for a given value of z.The clement is located along
the z axis at the arbitrary point (0,0,2).
Volume and Moment Arm. The volume of the clement is
dV= x(05) de, and its centroid is located at = z,
Integrations. Using an equation simitar to the third of Eqs 9-2 and
antegrating with respect to z, noting that p = 200z, we have
[row ff "™ (2002)[n( 03) de]
I dv ae (2002)7(05) dz
Ans.9.1 Center oF Grasy, Cevren oF Mass, avo THE CenTRO® OF & Boo 461
AUD Py ty MEW aged ed
9-1, Determine the centroid (¥, ) ofthe shaded area.
9-2, Determine the centroid (¥, )) of the shaded area,
-
y
—
pe
9-3. Determine the centroid ¥ of the shaded area,
FOAL Locate the center mass ¥ of the straight rod i its
‘mass per unit length is given by ra = any(l + 2°72),
POS. Locate the centroid ¥ of the homogencous solid
{formed by revolving the shaded area about the y axis.
4
ae-
PG, Locate the centroid 2 of the homogeneous solid
formed by evolving the shaded area about the zx. > |462 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
proses
‘94. Determine the massand the location of the centerof 9-3 Determine the distance ¥ to the center of mass of the
‘mass (&, 7) of the uniform parabolicshaped rod. The mass _homtogeneous rod bent into the shape shown. Ifthe rod has
per unit length of the rod is 2 kg/m, mass per unit length of 0.5 kg/m, determine the reactions
atthe fixed support O.
9-2, The uniform rod is bent into the shape of/a parabola *9-L_Determine the mass and locate the center of mass
and has a weight per unit length of 61b/ft. Determine the (5) ofthe uniform rod. The mass per unit length of the
reactions atthe fixed support A. rod is 3 kg/m.
artes
—
Prob. 94
Prob.9-29.1 Cente oF Gramny, Cente oF MASs, ano He CENTRO OF a Boor 463
9-5, Determine the mass and the location of the center of *9-8, Determine the area and the centroid (¥, 7) ofthe area,
mass x of the rod if its mass per unit length is
m= ml + x/L).
y
L 4
Prob. 9-8
9-6, Determine the location (3, )) of the centroid of the wite,
Prob.9-8
+99, Determine the area and the centroid (%, 5) ofthe area,
Prob.9-6 |
1
9-7, Locate tho centroid ¥ of the circular rod, Express the
answer in terms of the radius r and semiare angle ee
9410, Determine me arca ana the centroid (x. y) othe area
| a
y= 4a
sn vy
3h
4
rob. 9-10464 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CENTROID
9411. Determine the area and the centroid (¥, ) ofthe area, 9-14. Determine the atea and the centroid (x. ¥) ofthe area,
Prob. 9-14
9415. Determine the area and the centroid (%,¥) ofthe area.
Prob. 9-11
9-12, Locate the centroid ¥ of the area,
‘989-13, Locate the centroid of the area.
Prob. 9-15
9-16. Locate the centroid (X.) of the area.9.1. Cenren oF Gray, CENTER OF Mass, AND THE CeNIROD OF A Booy 465
9-17. Determine the area and the centroid (&. 9) ofthe area.
¥
yo de
J i
peeet
9-18 The plate is made of steel having a density of
7880 kg/mm’. Ifthe thickness ofthe plates 10 mm, determine
the horizontal and vertical components of reaction a the pin
‘Aand the tension in cable 6C.
ie
2m
Prob, 9-18
9-19. Determine the location ¥ to the centroid C of the
‘upper portion of the cardioid,r = a(l ~ cos #).
tall cosa)
Y
°9-20, The plate has a thickness of 0.5 in. and is made of
steel having a specific weight of 490 Ib/ft. Determine the
‘horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pitt A
andthe force in the cord at.
/
*9-21, Locate the centroid ¥ of the shaded area.466 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
9-22. Locate the centroid ofthe area, £9.28. Determine the area and the centroid (¥.¥) of the
9-23. Locate the centroid ¥ ofthe area. si
y »
Bin wad
sin 2
—a—
Prob. 9.2223
9-24 Locate the centroid (¥,5) ofthe area. 9-26. Locate the centroid ofthe area.
9-27, Locate the centroid ¥ of the area.9.1 Cente oF Gramny, Cente oF MASs, ano He CENTRO OF a Boor 467
°9-28, Locate the centroid ¥ of the area.
#929. Locate the centroid ¥ of the area.
9-30, ‘The steel plate is 03 m thick anid haa a density of
‘7830 kg/m’, Determine the location of its center of mass
‘Also determine the horizontal and vertical reactions at the
ppinand the reaction atthe roller support. fime"The normal
force at B is perpendicular to the tangent at B, which i
found from tan @ = dy/dx,
9-31 Locate the centroid of the area. Hinz: Choose
‘elements of thickness dy and length (2 ~ y) ~ »°}
9.32. Locate the centroid ¥ af the area.
9-38, Locate the centroid ¥ of the area468 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
9-34 If the density at any point in the rectangular plates «9-37, Locate the centroid of the homogeneous solid
defined by p= pol + 1/a), where py is a constant, formed by revolving the shaded area about the y axis,
determine the mass and locate the center of mass ¥ of the
plate. The plate hasa thickness
y
Prob, 934
9-85. Locate the centroid ¥ of the homogeneous solid
formed by revolving the chaded area about tho y ania.
Prob. 9-37
9-38 Locate the centroid = of the homogeneous solid
frustum of the paraboloid formed by revolving the shaded
area about the z axis.9.1 Cente oF Gramny, Cente oF Mass, ano me CENTRO OF a Boor
9.39. Locate the centroid y of the homogeneous solid
{formed by revolving the shaded area about the y axis.
Prob. 9-39
9-40. Locate the center of mass ¥ of the ctcular cone
formed by revolving the shaded area about the y axis. The
density at any point inthe cone is detined by p = (p/H)¥.
‘where ps. constant.
469
9-41. Determine the mass and locate the center of mass ¥
‘of the hemisphere formed by revolving the shaded area
about the y axis The density at any point in the hemisphere
‘can be defined by p = py(l + y/a).where py isa constant.
2
Prob. 9-41
9-42, Determine the volume and locate the centroid (. 2)
‘of the homogeneous conical wedge.
y
sis
iil tie
Poe ee
Renocenn470
Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CENTROID
9.2 Composite Bodies
A composite body consists of a series of connected “simpler” shaped
bodies, which may be rectangular, triangular, semicircular, etc. Such a body
can often be sectioned or divided into its composite parts and, provided
the weight and location of the center of gravity of
known, we can then eliminate the need for integr
center of gravity for the entire bod: The method for doing this follows the
same procedure outlined in See.9.1, Formulas analogous to Eqs 9-1 result;
however, rather than account for an infinite number of differential weights,
we have instead a finite number of weights. Therefore,
(9-6)
represent the coordinates of the center of gravity G of the
composite bod!
represent the coordinates of the center of gravity of each
‘composite part of the body.
is the sum of the weights ofall he composite parts of the body,
‘orsimply the total weight of the body.
When the body has a constant density or specific weight, the center of
gravity coincides with the centroid of the body. The centroid for composite
lines, areas, and volumes can be found using relations analogous to
Eqs 9-6; however, the W's are replaced by 27s, A's and V's, reapectively.
Centroids for common shapes of lines areas.shells, and volumes that often
‘make up a composite body are given in the table on the inside back eover.
Inorder to determine the force requited 10
tip over this concrete barrier it is fist
nccestary to determine the location ofits
center of gravity G: Due to symmetry will
ie'on the verucal axis of symmetry92 Composite Bootes an
Weta oer ee
‘The location of the center of gravity of a body or the centroid of a
composite geometrical object represented by a line, area, or volume
can be determined using the following procedure,
‘Composite Parts.
Using a sketch, divide the body or object into a finite number of
‘composite parts that have simpler shapes
* If a composite body has a hole, oF a geometric region having no
‘material, then consider the composite body without the hole and
‘consider the hole as an additional composite part having negative
‘weight or size,
Moment Arms.
* Establish the coordinate axes on the sketch and determine the
‘coordinates ¥, 5, of the center of gravity or centroid of each part.
Z by applying the center of gravity equations,
Eqs 9-6, or the analogous centroid equations.
* IF an object is symmetrical about an axis, the centroid of the
‘object lies on this axis.
If desired, the calculations can be arranged in tabular form, as
indicated in the following three examples.
“Theeenter of gravity ofthis wotertank can
be delermined by dividing it into
‘composite parts nd applying Eqs 9-6,rer 9 Center oF Gravity AND CeNTRoID
Tats)
Locate the centroid of the wire shown in Fig. 9-16a,
SOLUTION
Composite Parts. ‘The wite is divided into three segmeats as shown
in Fig. 9-160,
Moment Arms. The location of the centroid for each segment is
determined and indicated in the figure. In particular, the centroid of
segment (Dis determined either by integration or by using the table
con the inside back cover.
‘Summations. For convenience, the calculations can be tabulated as
Follows
Segment L (am) ——E(mm) (mm) —Z(mm) «FL (mm) FL (mm') EL (mm)
Tw) = 1885 60 38D 0 11310 7200 0
2 o 0 20 0 0 0
3 20 0 40 -0 0 80
TL = 28s Hl= 0
Thus,
Ans.
Ans.
BEL _ _ 200
a 520 = -os0s te
2-7 7 pas 7 08S mm Ans.
® o9.2 Cowrosite Bones 473
Locate the centroid of the plate area shown in Fig. 9-1 7a.
Fig, 9.17
SOLUTION
Composite Parts, The plate is divided into three segments as
shown in Fig. 9-175, Here the area of the small rectangle @) is
considered “negative” since it must be subtracted from the larger
Moment Arms. The centroid of each segments located as indicated
in the figure. Note thatthe ¥ coordinates of @) and @) are negative
‘Summations. Taking the data from Fig. 9-17h, the calculations are
tabulated as follows:
Seoment AE) FW) SAGE) FAC)
oe ee
T wens 1 1 a B
2 @)@=9 1S 1s 135
3 -@=-2_ 252
SASS
Thus,
A
= Sa Tins 7 Oss Ans ©
2ya_
- Pease Ans
NOTE: If these results are plotted in Fig. 9-17, the location of point C
seems reasonable.Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CENTROID
SEE
: Locate the center of mass of the assembly shown in Fig. $-18a. Lhe
conical frustum has a density of p, = 8 Mg/m’, and the hemisphere
has a density of py = 4 Mg/m’. There is a 25-mm-radius cylindrical
hole in the eenter of the frustum.
SOLUTION
Composite Parts. The assembly can be thought of as consisting of
four segments as shown in Fig, 9-18h, For the calculations, @) and @
+——» must be considered as “negative” segments in order that the four
som segments, when added together, yield the total composite shape
shown in Fig. 9-180.
) Moment Arm. Using the table on the inside back cover, the
aon ‘computations for the eentroid of each piece are shown in the figure.
‘Summations. Because of symmetry, note that
y=0 Ans.
‘Since W = mg, and g is constant, the third of Eqs. 9-6 becomes
‘Sm/SEni. The mass of each piece can be computed from m = pV
f=
z
and used for the calculations. Also, 1 Mg/m* = 10° kg/mm®, so that
‘Segment mike) Zmm)
T ‘510 (5) #(50)*200) = 489
(10° (3) (30)* = 1.087 =1875
~8(10"*)(§} (25)°(100) = -0524 100 + 25 = 125
=8(10-*)x(25)°(100) = —1.571_ $0
142
= Ts
)9.2 Cowrosire Bones A758
FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS
F9-7. Locate the centroid (
shape shown,
2) ofthe wire bent in the FU-10, Locate the centroid (7, j) ofthe cross-sectional area.
9-8, Locate the centroid ¥ of the beam’s cross-sectional FUL. Locate the center of mass (i,
area, homogeneous solid block.
2) of the
Wt
25am Sam
Pes
9-9, Locate the cemtroid ¥ of the beam’s cross: 9-12, Determine the center of mass (2) of the
homogeneous solid block,476 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
PTeRoeMS
944. Locate the centroid (¥,¥) of the uniform wire bent 9-86, Locate the centroid (,¥,£) of the wire.
in the shape shown.
,
a |
- Ben
‘symm
Prob, 9-44 Prob. 9-46
945. Locate the centroid (fy, 2) of the wire, 9-47. Locate the centroid (¥,
inthe shape shown,
400 ma
rob, 343 Prob, 479.2 Cowrosite Bones 477
°9-48. ‘The truss is made from seven members cach having 9-80, Each of the three members ofthe frame has a mass
‘a mass per unit Jength of 6 kwm. Locate the position (X,) pet unit fength of 6 kg/m, Locate the position (¥,y) of the
‘of the center of mass. Negleet the mass ofthe gusset plates center of mass. Neglect the size ofthe pins atthe joints and
atthe joints, the thickness of the members. Also, calculate the reactions
atthe pin A and roller £,
passe
Tm
Prob. 9-48 Prob, 9-50
+9-49. Locate the centroid (F.) ofthe wire. Ifthe wire is 981, Locate the centroid (X,y) of the cross-sectional area
suspended from A, determine the angle segment AB makes of the channel
‘withthe vertical when the wire i in equilibrium.
Fron, 49478 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
9-82. Locate the centroid ¥ of the cross-sectional area of -9-S4, Locate the centroid ¥ of the channel's cross-
the eonerete beam. sectional area.
49-53. Locate the centroid y of the cross-sectional area of 9-88, Locate the distance ¥ to the centroid of the
the built-up beam, member's cross-sectional area
,
asin
| '
tin.
in,
|
6.
J
in
Prob. 0.5% Prob. 9-859.2 Cowrosire Bones 479
*9-86. Locate the centroid y ofthe cross-sectional area of 948% Locate the centroid ¥ ofthe composite area.
the builtup beam,
‘Prob. 9-$8
9-89. Locate the centroid (¥. ¥) of the composite area,
+957, The gravity wall is made of concrete. Determine the
location (x,y) ofthe center of mass G tor the wall480 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CENTROID
9-61. Divide the plate into parts, and using the grid for
‘measurement, determine approximately the location (X,¥)
‘of the centroid ofthe plate.
Prob. 9-61
9-62, To determine the location of the center of gravity of
the automobile itis first placed in a fevel position, with the
Wheels on one side resting on the scale platiorm Fn
is position the scale records a reading of W,. Then, one
side is elevated to a convenient height cas shown. The new
reading on the scale is Ws If the automobile has a total
‘of W, determine the location of te center of gravity
we
9-63, Locate the centroid y of the cross-sectional area of
the built-up beam,
"9-64, Locate the centroid ¥ of the cross-sectional area of
the built-up beam,©9465, ‘The composite plate is made from both steel (A)
‘and brass (8) segments. Determine the mass and location
(5.2) of its mass center G. Take py ~ 785 Mg/m* and
pw, > S74 Me/m', +
Prob. 9-65
9-66, ‘The car rests on four scales and in this position the
scale readings of both the front and rear tires are shown by
F and Fy. When the rear wheels are elevated t0 a height of
3 fl above the front scales the new readings of the front
‘wheels are also recorded. Use this data to compute the
location ¥ and ¥ to the center of gravity G of the car. The
tires each have a diameter of L98 ft.
- oan “
y= 129% + 168i = 207
p= 975 + 988 1 = 19991
Fog = 12601 + 1207 Ih = 25761
Prob, 9-66
92 Composite Bootes 4g1
9-67. Uniform blocks having a length Land mass m ate
stacked one on top of the other. with each block overhanging
the other by a distance d, as shown Ifthe blocks are glued
together, so that they will not topple over. determine the
location ¥ ofthe center of mass ofa pile of n blocks.
9-68. Uniform blocks having a length Z. and mass mate
stacked one on top of the other, with each block
overhanging the other by a distance d.as shown. Show that
the maximum number of blocks which ean be stacked in
this manner isn ~ yx In all cases the pressure aets norma! to the surface area
4A located at the specified point.
Using Eq. 9-13 and the results of See. 94, itis possible to determine
the resultant force caused by a liquid and specify its location on the
surface of a submerged plate. Three different shapes of plates will now
‘be considered.
‘in particular. for water y ~ 62 Ib/W, oF y = 9g = 9SION/m" since p ~ 1000 g/t
ang aFlat Plate of Constant Width. A flat rectangular plate of
constant width, which is submerged in a liquid having a specific weighty,
ieshown in Fig. 0.25e, Since pressure varies linearly with depth, Eq. 0-13,
the distribution of pressure over the plate’s surface is represented by a
trapezoidal volume having an intensity of p; = yz at depth z, and
py = yer at depth 2). As noted in Sec. 9.4, the magnitude of the resultant
Force By is equal to the volume of this loading diagram and By has a disre
‘of action that passes through the volume’s centroid C. Hence, Fx does
not act at the centroid of the plate; rather, it acts at point P. called the
center of pressure.
Since the plate has a constant widih, the loading distribution may also
be viewed in two dimensions, Fig. 9-25b. Here the loading intensity is
‘measured as force/length and varies linearly from w; = bp, = byzy to
We = bp» = byz2. The magnitude of Fx in this case equals the
Irapevaidal area, and Ry has a line of action that passes. throush
the area’s centroid C. For numerical applications, the area and location
of the centroid for a trapezoid are tabulated on the inside back cover
@
rig. 9-25
9.5 Fi Pressure 495
“The walls ofthe tank must be designed
to support the pressure loading of the
liquid that is contained within it
quid surface496 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
Curved Plate of Constant Width, When a submerged plate of
constant width is curved, the pressure acting normal 10 the plate
continually changes both its magnitude and direction, and therefore
calculation of the magnitude of F¢ and its location P is more difficult
than for a flat plate, Three- and two-dimensional views of the loading
saris yen are ahown in Fign 9-Dor and 9-260, reapectvely Althouse
Iningrton ean bo used toe ie pecblers, steps oethod cxsis
‘This method requires separate calculations for the horizontal and
vertical components of Fp.
Tor cumple, the diibuted loading ting on Ibe pte ‘cin be
represented by the equivalent loading shown in Fig. 9-26c. Here the plate
‘supports the weight of liquid W, contained within the block BDA. This
force hasa magnitude W, = (yb{(areay)) and ats through the centroid
of BDA. lu adsiton, ere are the prosers cstabutone caused 67 Ihe
liquid acting along the vertical and horizontal sides of the block. Along the
vertical side AD, the force Fyy has a magnitude equal to the area of
theteapenoid It ats teough the eontckd Cy, of sates The bat
Toading along the horizontal side AB is constant since all points lying in
this plane are at the same depth from the surface of the liquid. The
magnitude of Fy is simply the area of the rectangle, This force acts
through the centroid C.4g or at the midpoint of AB. Summing these three
forces pistes g'= 2 Rap + Fag © Wy Hal ne isan of he
center of pressure P on the plate is determined by applying My = 2M.
which states that the moment of the resultant force about a convenient,
reference point such as D ot B, in Fig. 9-26b, is equal to the sum of the
SSO he Loe soocrin Figo ahem eb seme or.Flat Plate of Variable Width. The pressure distribution acting
‘on the surface of a submerged plate having a
dA, parallel to the x axis, then its magnitude is dF = p dA, Since the
depth of dA is z, the pressure on the element is p = yz. Therefore,
dF = (y2\4A and so the resultant force becomes
Fa= [dF =yJ2da
If the depth to the centroid C* of the area is 2, Fig, 9-27, then,
[2dA = ZA. Substituting, we have
Fa=¥ (1a)
In other words, the magnitude of the resultant force acting on any flat
plate is equal to the product of the area A of the plate and the pressure
p= Yat the depth of the area's centroid C’, As discussed in Sec. 9.4, this
force is also equivalent to the volume under the pressure distribution,
Realize that its line of action passes through the centroid C of this
volume and intersects the plate at the center of pressure P. Fig. 9-27.
‘Notice that the location of C’ does not coincide with the location of P.
rig 9-27
9.5 Fiuw Pressure 497
‘The resultant force of the water pressure
and its location on the elliptical ack plate
ff this tank truck must be determined by
integration.498 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
Weed cae
Fig 28
‘Determine the magnitude and location ot the resultant hydrostatic toree
‘acting on the submerged rectangular plate AB shown in Fig. 9-28e. The
plate has a width of LS m; py = 1000 ke/m
SOLUTION |
‘The water pressures at depths A and B are
Pa = Pus = (1000 ke/m')(9.81 m/s?)(2m) = 19.62 kPa
Pa = Puts ~ (1000 ke/m*)(9.81 m/s*)(5m) = 49.05 kPa
Since the plate has a constant width, the pressure loading can be
‘viewed in two dimensions as shown in Fig. 9-285. The intensities of
the load at A and B are
wa = bpa = (1.5 m)(19.62 kPa) = 29.43 kN/m.
Wp = bpp = (LS m)(49.05 kPa) = 73.58 kN/m
From the table on the inside back cover, the magnitude of the
resultant force Fy created by this distributed load is
Fa= (3)(294 + 736) =1545KN Ans.
Ans.
measured upward from B, Fig. 9-315,
SOLUTION I
‘The same results can be obtained by considering two components of
Fx. defined by the triangle and rectangle shown in Fig. 9-28e. Each
{force acts through its associated centroid and has a magnitude of
Fre = (29.43 KN/m)(3.m) = 88.3 KN
F, = $(44.15 KN/mm)(3 m) = 66.2 KN.
Hence,
Fie = Fre + F, = 883 + 66.2 = 1545kN Ans.
‘The location of Fx is determined by summing moments about B,
Fig. 9-286 and c,
C+(Mp)a = SMg; (154.5)h = 88.3(1.5) + 66.2(1)
b= 129m Ans.
NOTE: Using Eq. 914, the resultant force can be caleulated as
Fg = y2A = (9810 N/w)(3.5 m)(3 m)(1.5 m) = 154.5 KN,9.5 Flu Pressure 499
Determine the magnitude ot the resultant hydrostatie force acung on
the surface of a seawall shaped in the form of a parabola as shown in
Fig. 9-294, The wall is 5 m long; py = 1020 kg/m’.
n= 1501
@) o
Fig, 9-29
SOLUTION
‘The horizontal and vertical components of the resultant force will be
calculated, Fig. 9-290, Since
Ps = Pete = (1020 kg/m')(9.81 m/s*)(3 m) = 30.02 kPa
then
1m(30.02 kPa) = 150.1 KN/m
43 m) (150.1 kN/m) = 225.1 kN
‘The area of the parabolic sector ABC ean be determined using the
table on the inside back cover. Hence, the weight of water within this
Sm long region is
F. = (pugb)(atea jac)
= (1020 kg/m) (9.81 mi/s?)(5m)[4(1m)(3 m)] = 50.0kN
‘The resultant foree is therefore
Faq = VFR + FS = VQ251 KN + GOOKN)
231 KN Ans.500 Charter 9 Center oF Gravity AND CenTROID,
We
Ez
‘Determine the magnitude and location ot the resultant torce acting
on the triangular end plates of the water trough shown in Fig. 9-30
‘pw = 1000 ke/m’.
E
@
SOLUTION
‘The presure distribution acting on the end plate £ is shiow in Fig. 9-300.
‘The magnitude of the resultant foree is equal to the volume of this
Joading distribution. We will solve the problem by integration, Choosing
the differential volume element shown in the figure, we have
P= V = pda = pygz(2udz) = 19 620zxdz
x= 05(1— 2)
Hace, substituting and integrating with respect (9 2 from , ofthis equation are 90° apart, and so they each
specity the anclination 6 one ot the principal axes In order to substitute
them into Eq, 10-9, we must first find the sine and cosine of 20, and 20).
‘This can be done using these ratios from the triangles shown in
Fig. 10-17, which are based on Eq. 10-10.
Substituting each of the sine and cosine rattos into the first or second
‘of Eqs. 10-9 and simplifying, we obtain
(0-1)
Depending on the sign chosen, this result gives the maximum or
minimum moment of inertia for the area, Furthermore, if the above
lrigonometric relations for &p, and 0p, are substituted into the third of
Eqs 10-9, it ean be shown that f,, = O; that is,the product of inertia with
respect tothe principal axes is zero. Since it Was indicated in Sec. 10.6 that
the product of inertia is zero with respect to any symmetrical axis it
therefore follows that any symmetrical axis represents a principal axis of
‘mera for the area.
Fig. 10-17
5935536
Charter 10 Moments oF INeRria
a a
a
00
[a
tomb
4
— tom
Fig. 10-18
100 3m
‘Determine the principal moments ot inertia and the orientation ot the
principal axes for the cross-sectional area of the member shown in
Fig. 10-18« with respect to an axis passing through the centroid.
SOLUTION
‘The moments and product of inertia of the cross section with respect
to the x, y axes have been determined in Examples 10.5 and 10.7. The
results are
J, = 2,90(10") mm* 1, = 5,60(10") mm* 1, = -3,00(10°) mm
Using Eq. 10-10, the angles of inclination of the principal axes «and
ware
=. Shy 00(10")}
~ (Ly = 4,)/2 ~ [2.90(10") — 5,60(10°)/2.
“y= ~00.8" and 1142"
tan 20, 22
‘Thus, by inspection of Fig. 10-18b,
p= ~32.9" and 0, = 571° Ans.
‘The principal moments of inertia with respect to these axes are
determined from Eq. 10-11, Hence,
(10°)
Ing = 425(10") + 329(10")
Tnx = 754(10°) meat yg = 0.960(10°) man Ans.
NOTE: The maximum moment of inertia, Imx = 7.54(10") mm,
‘occurs with respect to the « axis since by inspection most of the cross-
sectional area is farthest away from this axis, Or, stated in another
manner, yy O8eUFS about the w axis since this axis is located within
445° of the y axis, which has the larget value of f (7, > 1,)-Also, this
can be concluded by substituting the data with @ = 57.1° into the first
of Eqs. 10-9 and solving for I.10.7 More's Circte For Momens oF luesmia
*10.7 Mohr’s Circle for Moments.
of Inertia
[Equations 10-9 t0 10-11 have a graphical solution that is convenient to use
and generally easy to remember. Squaring the first and third of Eqs. 10-9
and adding, it found that
2
) + By
Here J. fy, and Jy, are known constants. Thus, the above equation may
be written in compact form as
ty ly
(1, a)? +B
When this equation is plotted on a set of axes that represent the
reypective moment of inertia and the proxluet of inertia, ws shown in
Fig. 10-19, the resulting graph represents a circle of radius
aE
and having its center located at point (a,0). where a = (I, + 1,)/2.The
circle s0 constructed is called Mohr’ circle, named after the German
‘engineer Otto Mohr (1835-1918).
4
~ Axis for minor praia
‘moment of nerf,
Fig. 10-19)
537538
Axis for minor principal
‘moment Of NE
Axis for major principal
‘moment of ert Jn
@
Fig 10-19
Charter 10 Moments oF INeRria
gel em Ur hei
‘The main purpose in using Mobr’s circle here is to have a
convenient means for finding the principal moments of inertia for
‘an area. The following procedure provides a method for doing this.
Determine J, and lye
* Establish the x, y axes and determine f,,/,and [,y, Fig. 10-190,
te system such that the abscissa
represents the moment of inertia /, and the ordinate represents
the product of inertia J,,, Fig. 10-196.
* Determine the center of the circle, O, which is located at a
distance (1, + 1,)/2 from the origin, and plot the reference point
“A haying coordinates (Fx, fy) Remember, 2; is always positive,
Whereas 7,, can be either positive or negative.
* Connect the reference point A with the center of the circle and
determine the distance OA by trigonometry, This distance
represents the radius of the circle, Fig. 10-19. Finally, draw
the circle.
Principal Moments of inert
“© ‘The points where the circle intersects the F axis give the values
of the principal moments of inertia Imig and Imaa- Notice that,
as expected, the product of inertia will be zero at these points,
Fig. 19-190.
tiganometr to find the angle 2, eared from th red
‘OA 10 the positive Laxis, Fig. 10-19. This angle represents avice
the angle from the x axis to the axis of maximum moment of
inertia fy, Fig. 10-19a. Both the angle on the circle, 28, and
the angle @,. must he measured in the same sense, as shown in
Fig. 10-19. The axis for minimum moment of inertia Igy #8
perpendicular-to the axis for Tine
Using trigonometry, the above procedure can be verified t0 be in
accordance with the equations developed tn Sec. 10.6.10.7 Mone’s Circie FoR Moments oF Inenria 939
‘Using Monr's circle, determine the principal moments of inertia and
the orientation of the major principal axes for the cross-sectional area
Of the member shown in Fig. 10-20a, with respect to an axis passing
through the centroid.
aa
10m
100mm
ven"
SOLUTION a
Determine ty ly hy. ‘The moments and product of inertia have
‘been determined in Examples 10.5 and 10.7 with respect to the x,
axes shown in Fig, 10-20, The results are, 1, = 290(10") mm’,
Ty = S410?) mn, and 7, — —2.00(109) mnt
Construct the Circle. The /and /. axes are shown in Fig. 10-206. The
‘enter of the circle O,lies ata distance (/,+1,)/2= (2.90+5.60)/2=4.25
{rom the origin. When the reference point A(I,,I,,) or A(2.90,~3.00) is
connected to point Q, the radius OA ts determined. from the tangle
OBA using the Pythagorean theorem.
04 = ViI35) + 3.00) = 3.29
“The etre is constructed tn Fig. 10-20e.
Principal Moments of Inertia. The circle intersects the / axis at
points (7.54, 0) and (0.960, 0), Hence,
Tas = (425 + 320)109 = 754(10%) mont Ane
Tin = (4.25 ~ 3.29)10" = 0.960(10") mm* Ans
Principal Axes. As shown in Fig 10-20¢, the angle 20), is
determined from the cirele by measuring counterclockwise from OA 5
to the direction of the positive axis. Hence, 2
{Bal (38)
= a0°— sin BAL 300)
Sac (ea 3.29
“The principal axis for Ise = 7.54(10") mm is therefore oriented at a
an angle 6, ~ 57.1", measured counterclockwise, from the positive x
axis to the positive w axis. The v axis is perpendicular to this axis. The ig 10-20
results are shown in Fig, 10-20d.
) = 180° — sin 142°540 Charter 10 Moments oF INeRria
EEGs
"10-60, Determine the product of inertia of the parabolic “10-64, Determine the product of inertia ofthe area with
area with respect to the x and y axes. respect to the x and y axes,
910-61. Determine the product of inertia /,, of the right
half of the parabolic area in Prk, 10-60 founded by the
lines y= 2inand.x = 0. y
IV's kas)
robs, 10-606 Prob, 10-64
410-62, Determine the product of inertia of the quarter 10-65, Determine the product of inertia ofthe atea with
