Object oriented Programming

Lecturer: Dr. Wedad Al-Sorori

Object oriented Programming

Basics and Overview

Outlines


Identifiers

Variables

Operators

Statements’ type

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Identifiers
• Identifiers are used for class names, method names, and variable names.
• An identifier may be any sequence of uppercase and lowercase letters,
numbers, or the underscore and dollar-sign characters.
• Identifiers must not begin with a number.
• Java Identifiers are case-sensitive.
• Some valid identifiers are ATEST, count, i1, $Atest, and this_is_a_test
• Some invalid identifiers are 2count, h-l, and a/b
Operators

• An operator performs a function on one, two, or three operands.

• Unary operators (example: ++) (postfix and prefix)

• Binary operators (example: +) (infix)
• Ternary operators ( example: ?:) (infix)

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Operators

Java operators can be grouped into the following four groups:

Arithmetic,

Bitwise,

Relational, and

Logical.

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Arithmetic Operators
Th
e

Operator Result nu ope
m
bo eric rand
+ Addition o le s
an type. of th


- Subtraction (unary minus) ty p Y e

es, ou c arith


bu ann me

* Multiplication ty
ou ot us tic op

/ Division c an e a er a
use rithm tors

% Modulus the etic mu
m s
on oper t be o
++ Increment ch a t o
r fa

ar
+= Addition assignment typ s on

es
.

-= Subtraction assignment

*= Multiplication assignment

/= Division assignment

%= Modulus assignment

-- Decrement

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Bitwise Operators
Jav

Operator Result lon a bit

~ Bitwise unary NOT the g, int wise
i nd , s h o pe

& Bitwise AND ivid ort, rato
ua

| Bitwise OR l bi char, rs ca
ts n
^ Bitwise exclusive OR of byte. be a

the
ir o Bitwi pplie

>> Shift right pe s e d
ran Op to th

>>> Shift right zero fill ds. era e i
tor nte
<< Shift left s a ge

ct r
up t y p e

&= Bitwise AND assignment on s:

|= Bitwise OR assignment

^= Bitwise exclusive OR assignment

>>= Shift right assignment

>>>= Shift right zero fill assignment

<<= Shift left assignment

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Relational Operators
Th
e
rel rela
Operator Result ati t
on iona


sh lo
== Equal to ip p
be erat


tw ors

!= Not equal to ee
nt d
wo eterm

> Greater than op i
era ne th

< Less than nd e
s.

>= Greater than or equal to

<= Less than or equal to


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Operators

• Other operators:
Operator Description

?: Shortcut if-else statement

example : a == 1 ? true : false;
[] Used to declare arrays, create arrays, and access
array elements
. Used to form qualified names

{ params } Delimits a comma-separated list of parameters

( type ) Casts (converts) a value to the specified type

Operators

• Other operators:

• The new operator creates a new object or a new array.

• Example: creating a new Integer object from the Integer class in the java.lang package:
• Integer anInteger = new Integer(10);

• The instanceof operator tests whether its first operand is an instance of

its second.
• op1 instanceof op2
• op1 must be the name of an object and op2 must be the name of a class. An object is considered to be an
instance of a class if that object directly or indirectly descends from that class.
Operators
Operators precedence:
 [] . (params) expr++ expr--  ^
 ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !  |
 new (type)expr  &&
 */%  ||
 +-  ?:
 << >> >>>  = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<=
>>= >>>=
 < > <= >=
 == !=
 &
Data Types
• Three kinds of data types are supported by Java.
• Primitive data types
• a number, a character, or a boolean value
•
• Reference data types

Arrays, classes, and interfaces are reference types.

The value of a reference type variable, in contrast to that of a primitive type, is a reference to (an
address of) the value or set of values represented by the variable.

A reference is called a pointer, or a memory address. The Java does not support the explicit use of
addresses like other languages do. You use the the variable's name instead



The special null data type

{that is we may write if (obj!= null)}
Primitive Data Types in Java
Type Kind Memory Range

byte integer byte 1 to 127 128-

short integer bytes 2 to 32767 32768-

int integer bytes 4 to 2147483647 2147483648-

to 9223372036854775808-
long integer bytes 8
    -9223372036854775807

x 1038 to ±3.40282347
float floating point bytes 4
  ±3.40282347 x 10-45

x 10308 to ±1.76769313486231570
double floating point bytes 8
     ±4.94065645841246544 x 10-324

char single character bytes 2 all Unicode characters

boolean true or false bit 1  

There is no unsigned integer in java .

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Try this….


/** This program demonstrates how Java

* adds two integers. */

public class BigInt

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

int a = 2000000000; //(9 zeros)

int b = 2000000000;

System.out.println ( “This is how Java adds integers”);

System.out.println ( a + “+” + b + “ = ” + (a+b) );

} // end of main
Output:

This is how Java adds integers

}// end of class 2000000000 + 2000000000 = -294967296

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Try this….


public class Significant

{

public static void main (String args[])

{

final float PI = 3.141519265359f;

float radius = 1.0f;

float area;

area = PI * radius * radius;

System.out.println (“The area of the circle = ” + area);

}// end of main

}// end of class

Output:
area of the circle = 3.1415193

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Variable
• The value of a final variable cannot change after it has been initialized. Such
variables are similar to constants in other programming languages.
• To declare a final variable, use the final keyword in the variable declaration
before the type:
final int aFinalVar = 0;

• It is possible declare the local variable and initialize it later (but only once):
final int blankfinal;
...
blankfinal = 0;
Declaration of variable

A variable is defined by an identifier, a type, and an optional initializer.

The variables also have a scope(visibility / lifetime).

It must be unique within its scope.

It must not be a keyword, a boolean literal (true or false), or the reserved word null.

In Java, all variables must be declared before they can be used. The basic form of a variable declaration is :


type identifier [ = value][, identifier [= value] ...] ;

Java allows variables to be initialized dynamically. For example: double c = 2 * 2;


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:Scope and life of a variable


Variables declared inside a scope are not accessible to code outside.

Scopes can be nested. The outer scope encloses the inner scope.

Variables declared in the outer scope are visible to the inner scope.

Variables declared in the inner scope are not visible to the outside scope.
•

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Try this….


public class Main

{ public static void main(String args[])

{ int x; // known within main

x = 10;

if (x == 10)

{ int y = 20;

System.out.println("x and y: " + x + " " + y);

x = y + 2; }

System.out.println("x is " + x);

}// end of main Output:
x and y: 10 20

}// end of class x is 22

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Try this….


public class Main2

{ public static void main(String args[])

{ if (true)



{ int y = 20;

System.out.println("y: " + y);

} // end of if Output
D:\>jav
:
 ac Main
locatio .java M
n: clas
s Main ain.java:9: ca
nnot fin

y = 100; y = 1 00
d symb
ol s y m
; // Erro bol : va
^ r! y not riable y
 known
1 error here


}// end of main

}// end of class

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Try this….


public class Main3

{ public static void main(String args[])

{ int i = 1;

{int i = 2;

}

}
Output

} Results
:
in compil
ation e
rror.
‘i‘ is alr
eady d
efined…
…

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Control Flow Statements

Statement type Keyword

looping while, do-while , for

decision making if-else, switch-case

exception handling try-catch-finally, throw

branching break, continue, label:, return

While, do-while and for

while (expression) { for (initialization; termination;

statement(s) increment) {

} statement
}

do { for ( ; ; ) {

statement(s) // infinite loop

} while (expression); ... }

If, if-else and switch
if (expression) switch (intVariable) {
{ statement(s) case 1:
} System.out.println(„1");
break;
default:
System.out.println(„The
if (expression) { number is wrong !");
// code to perform break;
true
}
} else {
// code to perform
false
}
Try, catch and finally

try {
statement(s)
}
catch (exceptiontype name) {
statement(s)
}
finally {
statement(s)
}
Try catch Example


try

{

Scanner in = new Scanner(new File("input.txt"));

String input = in.next();

process(input);

}

catch (IOException exception)

{

System.out.println("Could not open input file");

}
Break, continue and return
Break and continue:
1) break; || continue; Return:

2) break label; || continue label; 1) return value;

Example (by analogy is continue): 2) return;

...
search:
for ( ; i < arrayOfInts.length; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < arrayOfInts[i].length; j++) {
if (arrayOfInts[i][j] == searchfor) {
foundIt = true;
break search;
}}}
Break Example
Control Flow Statements
Question:
What's wrong with the following code :
if (i = 1) {
/* do something */
}

Answer:
Condition is ALWAYS true. Typical mistake of programmers:
= is an assignment == is a comparison
Ussually compiler warns about it.
Control Flow Statements(3)
Question:
What is an output if aNumber = 2?

if (aNumber >= 0)
if (aNumber == 0) System.out.println("first string");
else System.out.println("second string");
System.out.println("third string");

Answer:
second string
third string



The end

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