CHAPTER 1: INTEGRATION

1.0 Indefinite Integral

Definition 1
Given a function, f ( x), on some interval, I , F ( x) is called an antiderivative if F '( x) = f ( x).

x3
Example 1. Given f ( x) = x2 . Then F ( x) = is an antiderivative of f ( x).
3

d d  x3 
Since  F ( x) =   = x 2 = f ( x).
dx dx  3 

x3
Example 2. Given f ( x) = x . Show that F ( x) = + 4 is also an antiderivative of f ( x).
2

d d  x3  d  x3  d
Since  
F ( x ) =  + 4  =   +  4 = x + 0 = x = f ( x).
2 2

dx dx  3  dx  3  dx

x3
Conclusion: F ( x) = + C represents the family of all possible antiderivative of f ( x) = x2 .
3
The process of finding antiderivative is also called an integration that is;
d
 F ( x) = f ( x)
dx
 f ( x)dx =F ( x) + C
where C is arbitrary constant and F ( x) + C is called the indefinite integral or the integral without
limits of integration.
d 
f ( x)dx  = f ( x).
dx  
Note:

which variable to integrate

1.1 Basic Integration Table

Differentiation Integration
d
 x = 1  1 dx = x + C
dx
d r
 x  = rx r −1 x r +1
 x dx = + C , r  −1
r
dx r +1
d 1 1
dx
ln x  =
x x dx = ln x + C

d x
e dx = e x + C
x
e  = e x
dx  
d
sin x  = cos x  cos x dx = sin x + C
dx
d
cos x  = − sin x ,  sin x dx = − cos x + C
dx
d
 − cos x  = sin x
dx
d
 tan x = sec2 x  sec x dx = tan x + C
2

dx
d
cot x  = − csc2 x ,  csc x dx = − cot x + C
2

dx
d
 − cot x  = csc2 x
dx
d
sec x  = ( sec x )( tan x )  ( sec x )( tan x ) dx = sec x + C
dx
d
csc x  = − ( csc x )( cot x ) ,  ( csc x )( cot x ) dx = − csc x + C
dx
d
 − csc x  = ( csc x )( cot x )
dx

Example 3. Find the following integrals.

x
4
a) dx
1
b)  x dx
3

c)  xdx
Solution:

x5
a)  x 4 dx = + C.
5

1 x −2 1
b)  3 dx =  x dx =
−3
+ C = − 2 + C.
x −2 2x
3
1
x2 2 3
c)  xdx =  x dx = 2
3
+ C = x 2 + C.
3
2
Example 4. Evaluate the following integrals.

a) 2 dx

 x dx
4 3
b)
c)  sec x tan x dx
Solution:

1.1.1 Properties of Integration

1.  cf ( x)dx = c  f ( x)dx
2.  f ( x)  g ( x)dx = f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
3.  f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  g ( x)dx
Example 5. Evaluate the following integrals.

a)  2 x dx
b)  1 + x dx
c)  4 cos x dx
Solution:

 x2 
a)  2 x dx = 2 x dx = 2   + C = x 2 + C.
2

x2
b)  1 + x dx = x + + C.
2

c)  4 cos x dx = 4  cos x dx =4sin x + C.

Example 5. Evaluate the following integrals.

 x + x dx
2
a)

 ( x − 2 )( x − 3) dx
2 2
b)
cos x
c)  sin 2
x
dx
t 2 − 2t 4
d)  t 4 dt
Solution:

1.2 Definite Integral

In the previous section, we learn about indefinite integral, that is  f ( x)dx , is a function. In this
b
section, we will learn about definite integral,  f ( x)dx. Definite integral is the integral with the
a

limits on the integration that is

b
b

 f ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx 
a
a
= F (b) − F (a)

where a and b are constants and known as lower and upper limit of the integration.
b
In other words,  f ( x)dx is a number.
a

1.2.1. Properties of Definite Integral

a
1.  f ( x)dx = 0
a
a b
2. 
b
f ( x)dx = −  f ( x)dx
a
b b
3.  cf ( x)dx = c  f ( x)dx
a a
b b b
4.  f ( x)  g ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a a
b c b
5.  f ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx +  f ( x)dx , where a  c  b
a a c

Example 6. Solve the following integrals.

2
a)  2 dx
0
2

x − 2 x dx
2
b)
1

Solution:
2
a)  2 dx =  2 x 0 = 4 − 0 = 4.
2

2 2
2
 x3 2 x 2   x3 2 8  1  2
b)  x − 2 x dx =  −
2
 =  − x  =  − 4  −  − 1 = − .
1 3 2 1  3 1  3  3  3

Example 7. Solve the following integrals.

2
1
a) x+ x
1
dx


 2e
x
b) + sin x dx
0

Solution:
1.3 Techniques of Integration
In Sections 1.1 and 1.2, we solve integrals by using basic integration table. However, not all
integrals can fit that table. Hence, we need some methods to convert those integrals to
elementary forms, so that we can solve them all. The methods are
a) integration by substitution
b) integration by parts
c) integration by tabular method
d) integration using partial fractions
1.3.1 Integration by Substitution
Step 1: Choose ‘u’ so that the integration is easier
• Usually ‘u’ is the inside of something
• The derivative of ‘u’ must be in  (disregard constant)

Step 2: Transform  ' x ' dx → u du

Step 3: Do the integration

Step 4: Replace back to ‘x’
Example 8. Solve the following integrals by using substitution.

 2 x ( x +1)
2 50
a) dx

 x (x − 4 ) dx
2 3 5
b)

Solution:

a)  2 x ( x 2 +1)
50
dx

Step 1:

u = x 2 +1
du
= 2x
dx
Step 2:

 2x ( x +1)
du 50
dx →  u dx =  u 50 du
2 50

dx
Step 3:

u 51
 u du = +C
50

51
Step 4:

( x 2 + 1)
51
u 51
+C → + C.
51 51

b)  x 2 ( x 3 − 4 ) dx
5

Step 1:

u = x3 − 4
du
= 3x 2
dx
Step 2:

 x (x − 4 ) dx → 
du 1
( u ) dx =  u 5 du
2 3 5 5

3dx 3
1  u6 
=  +C
3 6 

(
1 3
x − 4 ) + C.
6
=
18
Step 3:

1 5 1  u6  u6
3
u du =   + C = + C.
3 6  18

Step 4:

u6
+ C → ( x 3 − 4 ) + C.
1 6

6 18
Example 9. Solve the following integrals by using integration by substitution.

 ( 5 x − 3) dx
15
a)
b)  cos ( 5 x ) dx
 2 x sin ( x ) dx
3 4
c)
1 
d)   x + sec2 ( x )  dx

2

cos x
e)  x
dx

Solution:
1.3.2 Integration by Parts
The formula for integration by parts:

 u dv = uv −  v du
d
Step 1: Choose ‘u’ so that the  ' dv ' is possible and ' u ' is better.
dx
Step 2: Substitute ‘du’ and ‘v’ into the formula and solve the integration
Example 10. Solve the following integrals by using integration by parts.

 xe dx
x
a)

 x ln x dx
3
b)

 x sin 2 x dx
2
c)

 e sin 2 x dx
x
d)

Solution:

a)  xe x dx

Step 1:

u=x dv = e x dx
du
= 1 v =  e x dx = e x
dx
Step 2:

 xe dx = xe −  e dx
x x x

= xe x − e x + C.

b)  x 3 ln x dx

Step 1:

u = ln x dv = x3dx
du 1 x4
= v =  x3dx =
dx x 4
Step 2:

 x 4   x 4   dx 
 x 3
ln x dx = ( ln x )   −    
 4   4  x 
x4 1
= ln x −  x 3dx
4 4
x4 1  x4 
= ln x −   + C
4 4 4 
x4 x4
= ln x − + C.
4 16

c)  x 2 sin 2 x dx

Step 1:

u = x2 dv = sin 2 xdx
du 1
= 2 x v =  sin 2 xdx = − cos 2 x
dx 2
Step 2:

 1   1 
 x sin 2 x dx = x  − cos 2 x  −   − cos 2 x  ( 2 xdx )
2

 2   2 
1
= − x 2 cos 2 x +  x cos 2 xdx (*)
2
 x cos 2 xdx
u=x dv = cos 2 xdx
du 1
= 1 v =  cos 2 xdx = sin 2 x
dx 2
1  1
 x cos 2 xdx = x  2 sin 2 x  −  2 sin 2 xdx
1 1 1 
= x sin 2 x −  − cos 2 x 
2 2 2 
1 1
= x sin 2 x + cos 2 x (**)
2 4
Substitute (**) into (*)
1
 x sin 2 x dx = − 2 x cos 2 x +  x cos 2 xdx
2

1 1 1 
= − x 2 cos 2 x +  x sin 2 x + cos 2 x 
2 2 4 
1 1 1
= − x 2 cos 2 x + x sin 2 x + cos 2 x + C.
2 2 4

d)  e x sin 2 x dx

Step 1:

u = ex dv = sin 2 xdx
du 1
= ex v =  sin 2 xdx = − cos 2 x
dx 2
Step 2:

 1   1 
e sin 2 x dx = e x  − cos 2 x  −   − cos 2 x  ( e x dx )
x

 2   2 
1 1
= − e x cos 2 x +  e x cos 2 xdx (*)
2 2
 e cos 2 xdx
x

u = ex dv = cos 2 xdx
du 1
= ex v =  cos 2 xdx = sin 2 x
dx 2
x1  1  x
 e cos 2 xdx = e  2 sin 2 x  −   2 sin 2 x  ( e dx )
x

1 1
= sin 2 x −  e x sin 2 xdx (**)
2 2
Substitute (**) into (*)
1 1
e sin 2 x dx = − e x cos 2 x +  e x cos 2 xdx
x

2 2
1 1 1 1 
= − e x cos 2 x +  sin 2 x −  e x sin 2 xdx 
2 2 2 2 
1 1 1
= − e x cos 2 x + sin 2 x −  e x sin 2 xdx
2 4 4
5 x 1 1
4  e sin 2 x dx = − e x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
2 4
4 1 x 1 
 e sin 2 x dx = 5 − 2 e cos 2 x + 4 sin 2 x 
x

2 1
= − e x cos 2 x + sin 2 x + C .
5 5

Example 11. Solve the following integrals by using integration by parts.

a)  ln x dx
 x cos x dx
2
b)

Solution:
1.3.3 Integration by Tabular Method

Solve the integration using  uv ' dx where dv = v ' dx.

Note: Choose ‘u’ so that ‘u’ can be differentiated repeatedly (until becoming zero) and v’ can be
integrated repeated easily.
Example 12. Solve the following integrals by using integration by tabular method.

 x e dx
2 2x
a)

 x sin x dx
2
b)

 e sin x dx
x
c)
d)  cos 2 x sin x dx
Solution:

a)  x 2 e 2 x dx

Signs Differentiate Integrate v’

u
+ x2 e2x
- 2x 1 2x
e
2
+ 2 1 2x
e
4
- 0 1 2x
e
8
1  1  1 
x e
2 2x
dx = ( x 2 )  e 2 x  − 2 x  e 2 x  + 2  e 2 x  −  0dx + C
2  4  8 
1 1 1
= x 2 e 2 x − e 2 x + e 2 x + C.
2 2 4

b)  x 2 sin x dx

Signs Differentiate Integrate v’

u
+ x2 sin x
- 2x − cos x
+ 2 − sin x
- 0 cos x
 x sin x dx = ( x ) ( − cos x ) − 2 x ( − sin x ) + 2 ( cos x ) −  0dx + C
2 2

= − x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + C.

c)  e x sin x dx

Signs Differentiate Integrate v’

u
+ ex sin x
- ex − cos x
+ ex − sin x

In this case stop the differentiation

and integration until we get the
multiple of e x and sin x .

e
x
sin x dx = ( e x ) ( − cos x ) − e x ( − sin x ) +  e x ( − sin x )dx
= − e x cos x + e x sin x −  e x sin xdx
2 e x sin x dx = − e x cos x + e x sin x
1
e sin x dx =  −e x cos x + e x sin x  + C.
x

d)  cos 2 x sin x dx

Signs Differentiate Integrate v’

u
+ cos 2x sin x
- −2sin 2x − cos x
+ −4cos 2x − sin x

In this case stop the differentiation

and integration until we get the
multiple of cos 2x and sin x .

 cos 2 x sin x dx = ( cos 2 x )( − cos x ) − ( −2sin 2 x )( − sin x ) +  ( −4 cos 2 x )( − sin x )dx

= − cos x cos 2 x − 2sin x sin 2 x + 4  cos 2 x sin xdx
−3 cos 2 x sin x dx = − cos x cos 2 x − 2sin x sin 2 x
1
 cos 2 x sin x dx= 3 cos x cos 2 x + 2sin x sin 2 x  + C.
Example 13. Solve the following integrals by using integration by tabular method.

 2 x e dx
2 3x
a)

 e sin 2 x dx
2x
b)

 2 x cos 3x dx
3
c)
d)  3cos 3x sin 2 x dx
Solution:
1.3.4 Integration by Partial Fractions
‘The How’
1. Every polynomial can be factored into a product of linear or irreducible quadratic factors
that is (ax + b) or (ax2 + bx + c).
R( x)
2. Every rational function, , where degree of R( x)  degree of Q( x) (known as proper
Q( x)
fraction) can be decomposed into partial fractions
• For degree of R( x)  degree of Q( x) (known as improper fraction), we need to do
long division first.
Example 14. Solve the following integrals by using integration by partial fractions.
3x + 2
a) x
+ 3x + 2
2
dx

x
b)  dx
x +1
Solution:
3x + 2
a) x 2
+ 3x + 2
dx

Step 1: Factorize denominator and then, decompose fraction into partial fraction
3x + 2 3x + 2 A B
= = +
x + 3x + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) x + 1 x + 2
2

Step 2: Equalize both sides to solve for A and B

3x + 2 A B
= +
( x + 1)( x + 2 ) x + 1 x + 2
3x + 2 A ( x + 2) B ( x + 1)
= +
( x + 1)( x + 2 ) ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) ( x + 1)( x + 2 )
3x + 2 = A ( x + 2 ) + B ( x + 1)

Let x = −2

3 ( −2 ) + 2 = A ( −2 + 2 ) + B ( −2 + 1)
−4 = − B
B=4
Let x = −1
3 ( −1) + 2 = A ( −1 + 2 ) + B ( −1 + 1)
−1 = A
A = −1
3x + 2 −1 4
= +
( x + 1)( x + 2 ) x + 1 x + 2
3x + 2 −1 4
 ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) dx =  +
x +1 x + 2
dx

= − ln x + 1 + 4 ln x + 2 + C

( x + 2)
4

=ln + C.
x +1

x
b)  x + 1 dx
x 1
By long division, we have = 1−
x +1 x +1
x 1
 x + 1 dx =  1 − x + 1 dx = x − ln x + 1 + C.
Example 15. Solve the following integrals by using integration by partial fractions.
x −3
a)  3x 2
+ 2x − 5
dx

x2
b)  x − 1 dx
Solution:
1.4 Numerical Methods
In this section, two numerical methods to solve definite integral will be discussed.
1.4.1 Trapezoidal Rule
Formula:

h n −1

b

 f ( x)dx = 
2
f ( a ) + f (b ) + 2 
i =1
f ( a + ih ) 

a

b−a
where n =
h
Step 1: Determine h, a, b, n

Step 2: Build a table

i xi = a + ih f ( xi ) = f ( a + ih )
0 a f (a)
1 a + 1h f ( a + 1h )
2 a + 2h f ( a + 2h )

n b f (b)
Sum f ( a ) + f (b) n −1

 f ( a + ih )
i =1

Step 3: Substitute all values into formula

2
1
Example 16. Solve  x dx with n = 10. Write your answer to 3 decimal places.
1

b − a 2 −1
h= = = 0.1
n 10

i xi = a + ih f ( xi ) = f ( a + ih )
0 1 1
1 1.1 0.909
2 1.2 0.833
3 1.3 0.769
4 1.4 0.714
5 1.5 0.667
6 1.6 0.625
7 1.7 0.588
8 1.8 0.556
9 1.9 0.526
10 2 0.5
Sum 1.5 6.187

2
1 0.1
 x dx = 1.5 + 2(6.187) = 0.694
1
2
1.4.2 Simpson’s Rule
Formula:

b  n −1 n −1

h
 f ( x)dx = f (a) + f (b) + 4  f ( a + ih ) + 2  f ( a + ih ) + 
3  i =1 i =1

a
 i odd i even 

b−a
where n =
h
Step 1: Determine h, a, b, n

Step 2: Build a table

i xi = a + ih f ( xi ) = f ( a + ih )
0 a f (a)
1 a + 1h f ( a + 1h )
2 a + 2h f ( a + 2h )
3 a + 3h f ( a + 3h )
4 a + 4h f ( a + 4h )

n b f (b)
Sum f ( a ) + f (b) n −1 n −1


i =1
f ( a + ih )  f ( a + ih )
i =1
i odd i even

Step 3: Substitute all values into formula

2
1
Example 17. Solve  x dx with n = 10. Write your answer to 3 decimal places.
1

b − a 2 −1
h= = = 0.1
n 10

i xi = a + ih f ( xi ) = f ( a + ih )
0 1 1
1 1.1 0.909
2 1.2 0.833
3 1.3 0.769
4 1.4 0.714
5 1.5 0.667
6 1.6 0.625
7 1.7 0.588
8 1.8 0.556
9 1.9 0.526
10 2 0.5
Sum 1.5 3.459 2.728
2
1 0.1
 x dx = 1.5 + 4(3.459) + 2(2.728) = 0.693.
1
3

2
1
Example 18. Solve 
1 x +1
dx by using Trapezoidal rule with n = 10. Write your answer to 3

decimal places.
2
1
Example 19. Solve 
1 x +1
dx by using Simpson’s rule with n = 10. Write your answer to 3

decimal places.
Tutorial 1
1. Find the following general indefinite integrals.
a)  x5 − 2 x3 + 4e 2 x dx

x
2
b) x dx

 (1 + x )
2
c) dx
x −5
d) 4 
x
dx

2. Evaluate the following definite integrals.

5
a)  6 x − 7 dx
−1
3
1
b) t
2
2
dt

2
8
c)  2 x + cos x dx
0

3

 3sin  − sec  d
2
d)

4

3. Evaluate each integral by using substitution method.

a)  x − 5 dx
x +1
b) x 2
+ 2x − 6
dx

ln x
c)  x
dx

d)  ecos x sin x dx
4. Evaluate the following integrals by using integration by parts method.
a)  t sec 2t dt

 ( 3x − 5) e dx
−4 x
b)
c)  ( 3x + 5) sin ( 2 x + 3) dx
 e cos x dx
−x
d)
5. Evaluate the following integrals by using partial fraction method.
dx
a)  2
x −1
6x + 7
b)  dx
( x + 2)
2

x+4
c)  x − 2 dx
5 x3 − x 2
d)  x 2 − 1 dx
6. Use the trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule with n = 8 to solve the following integrals. Write
your answers to 3 decimal places.
5
a) 
1
1 + x 2 dx

3
ln ( 2 x − 3)
b) 
2
ex
dx