MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)

FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

Topics
1. Importance of process calculations
2. Dimensions and systems of units
3. Fundamental quantities
4. Derived quantities
5. Definition and units of force, volume, pressure, work energy, power, heat
6. Simple unit conversion problems in FPS, MKS and SI systems.

1. IMPORTANCE OF PROCESS CALCULATIONS

1.1 What is Stoichiometry?

The branch of stoichiometry deals with the calculation of various quantities of reactants or products
of a chemical reaction. The word “stoichiometry” itself is derived from two Greek words
“stoichion” that means element and “metry” means to measure.

THINGS TO KNOW

We have the following two sub-sections in this concept of stoichiometry.

Gravimetric analysis
Volumetric analysis
We can solve the problems on gravimetric and volumetric analysis by using the two well-known
concepts of mole concept and the concept of equivalence. To understand Stoichiometric
calculations, we must be able to understand the relationship between the various reactants and
products in a chemical reaction.
(Link:https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=gravimetric+analysis&docid=607987671753492937&mid=2B713E5527850C
4771992B713E5527850C477199&view=detail&FORM=VIRE)

For a reaction to be balanced, both sides of the equation should have an equal number of
elements. We use various stoichiometry coefficients to adjust the number of each element on
both sides of the reaction. These are the number of atoms that we write to balance the reaction.

1.2 Importance of Stoichiometry

The most important concept in stoichiometry is material balance of heat and mass because both the
thing directly affects the economy of the process and this concept are related to stoichiometry.
1 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

Stoichiometry generally deals with the material balance of the components take part in any unit
operation or unit processes. By using this you can calculate amount of feed required for particular
process or operation for the required amount of product and also calculate the heat for that process.

Stoichiometry also deals with how to find concentration of any solution in different forms such as
Normality, Molarity, Molality, ppm (parts per million). As you know that, for the discharge of any
effluent in environment there are certain amount of solid or liquid in liquid is decided by
environmental control board which is generally calculated using concept of stoichiometry. In many
processes conc. of acid is also plays major role and to get that concentration you have to use concept
of stoichiometry.

Things to know

Basic idea about ideal gas law and van der Waals law is also given by stoichiometry which are
the basic concept for the gas phase. These laws are very crucial when you deal with gaseous
substance. Vapour pressure, which is an important property of liquid is also given by
stoichiometry in the form of Antoine equation. And also, the ideal laws for the liquid mixture like
Raoul’s law and Henry’s law are given by the stoichiometry.

Stoichiometry gives an idea about various operations which take place in industries such as
distillation, absorption, humidification and many more.

In any industry, cost is a factor which affect the market and for that your process is required
economical and process is only become economical when you design a process using these
fundamental concepts)

2. Dimensions and systems of units

2.1 Introduction to Units and Dimensions

Every measurement has two parts. The first is a number (n) and the next is a unit (u). Q = nu.
For Example, the length of an object = 40 cm.
The number expressing the magnitude of a physical quantity is inversely proportional to the
unit selected.

If n1 and n2 are the numerical values of a physical quantity corresponding to the units u1 and
u2, then n1u1 = n2u2. For Example, 2.8 m = 280 cm; 6.2 kg = 6200 g.
Note: Dimensional Analysis: Any physical quantity can be represented in the form of MLTΘ
where M- Mass L- Length T- Time Θ- Temperature

2.2 Fundamental and Derived Quantities

FUNDAMENTAL UNITS: The quantities that are independent of other quantities are
called fundamental quantities (Base units). The units that are used to measure these
fundamental quantities are called fundamental units. (MASS, LENGTH, TIME,
TEMPRETURE)

There are four systems of units namely C.G.S, M.K.S, F.P.S, and SI.
C- Cm, G- Grams, S- Second
2 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

DERIVED UNITS: The quantities that are derived using the fundamental quantities are
called derived quantities. The units that are used to measure these derived quantities are called
derived units. (AREA (m*m), VOLUME (m*m*m), FORCE (kg*m/s2), ENERGY (kg*m2/s2)
ETC)

2.3 What is the SI Unit?

SI unit is an international system of unit/ measurements that are used universally in technical
and scientific research to avoid the confusion with the units. Having a standard unit system is
important because it helps the entire world to understand the measurements in one set of unit
system. Following is the table with base SI units:

LIST OF S.I UNIT

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CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

2.4-Dimensional Analysis
What are Dimensions?
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental units are raised to obtain
one unit of that quantity.
Things to Know
Dimensional analysis is the practice of checking relations between physical quantities by
identifying the dimensions of the physical quantities. These dimensions are independent of the
numerical multiples and constants and all the quantities in the world can be expressed as a
function of the fundamental dimensions.

Dimensional Formula
The expression showing the powers to which the fundamental units are to be raised to obtain one
unit of a derived quantity is called the dimensional formula of that quantity.
If Q is the unit of a derived quantity represented by Q = MaLbTc, then MaLbTc is called dimensional
formula and the exponents a, b and, c is called the dimensions.
For eg: Area = length * length = m* m = M0L2T0
Force – Mass * Acceleration = kg * m/s2
Force in terms of dimensional analysis  M1 L1 T-2

THINGS TO KNOW
APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Dimensional analysis is very important when dealing with physical quantities. In this section,
we will learn about some applications of the dimensional analysis. Fourier laid down the
foundations of dimensional analysis. The Dimensional formulas are used to:
 Verify the correctness of a physical equation,
 Derive a relationship between physical quantities
4 DIVYA O.TIRVA
 Converting the units of a physical quantity from one system to another DEPARTMENT
CHEMICAL system.
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

2.5 Thermodynamic Temperature

The thermodynamic temperature (kelvin), defined in SI, is accepted as the absolute temperature in
the metric system. The thermodynamic temperature scale is defined by choosing the triple point of
water as the fundamental fixed point, and assigning to it the exact temperature value of 273.16
degrees kelvin. In other words, kelvin, the unit of thermodynamic temperature is 1/273.16 of the
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. In the FPS system, the unit of absolute
temperature is Rankine.
Degree Kelvin (K) = oC + 273.15*
Degree Rankine (OR) = OF + 459.67

Note: Although the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)3 has recommended
comma (,) as a decimal marker, the current practice of using a point (.) as the decimal marker
in India will be followed in this book.
oC = 5/9 (oF - 32)
oF
= 9/5 oC +32
Degree Rankine (OR) = OF + 459.67

Note: Conversion from Rankine to Kelvin

Degree Rankine (OR) = OF + 459.67 (Given)
Degree Rankine (OR) = 9/5 oC +32 + 459.67
Degree Rankine (OR) = 9/5 (K- 273.15) +32 + 459.67
Degree Rankine (OR) = 9/5 K – [(9 x 273.15)/5] = 491.67 +32 + 459.67
Degree Rankine (OR) = 9/5 K – 491.67 + 491.67
Degree Rankine (OR) = 9/5 K or 1.8 K

The thermodynamic temperature 273.15 K is by definition 0.01 K below the

thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. In the examples in the text, SI and
metric units of temperature are given. While giving a conversion of K to oC or vice versa,
the difference of 0.15 will be ignored for all practical purposes except for the values of high
accuracy.

2.6 Force
The definition of force follows from Newton's second law of motion, which states that force is
proportional to the product of mass and acceleration.

F∝ mxa

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CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

Introducing a proportionality constant K,

F=Kma
Force and acceleration are both vector quantities and hence they should act in the same direction.
There are two ways of selecting the constant K. In one case, K is selected as unity
(dimensionless), and with this value, the units newton (ST) and dyne are defined.

The newton (N) is the force which when applied to a body having a mass of one kilogram gives
it an acceleration of one m/s2.
The dyne (dyn) is the force which when applied to a body hasting a mass of one gram gives it an
acceleration of one cm/s2. Based on these definitions,
1 N = 105 dyn
A similar unit in the FPS system is the poundal which is the force, when applied to a body having
a mass of one pound gives it an acceleration of one ft/s2.
1 pdl = 30.48 x 453.5924 = 13 825.5 dyn = 0.138 255 N
Another choice of the constant K yields the technical unit of force and is defined as a
fundamental quantity. Thus, the constant K becomes a dimensional quantity. Its numerical
value is not unity but fixed at l/gc.

gc called the Newton law conversion factor. Its value corresponds to the acceleration due to
gravity (g) at the mean sea level (9.806 65 m/s2 or 32.174 ft/s2). It should be clearly noted that
gc does not vary even though g varies from place to place.

In ordinary calculations, however, g/gc is taken as 1.0 kgf/kg. By definition, go has the units of
I (kg • m)/(N • s2) in SI. The technical units of force in MKS and FPS systems are kilogram-
force and pound-force, respectively. The kilogram-force (kgf) is the force which when applied
to a body having a mass of one kilogram gives it an acceleration of 9.806 65 m/s2.

The pound force (l bf) is the force which when applied to a body having a mass of one pound
gives it an acceleration of 32.174 ft/s. The force becomes weight when the body acts under
gravitational acceleration (g), i.e., when a — g in

THINGS TO KNOW
FORCE
Aristotle famously represented a force as anything that causes an object to undergo “unnatural
motion”. Sir Isaac Newton was one of the first scientists to study gravity and force. Any kind of
force is just a push or a pull.
6 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
 It can be described as a push or pull on an object. In Physics, forceUNIVERSITY,
MARWADI is defined as:
RAJKOT
 “The push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change its velocity.”
 The Force can be measured using a spring balance. The SI unit of force is Newton(N).
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

Force is an external agent capable of changing the state of rest or motion of a particular
body. It has a magnitude and a direction. The direction towards which the force is applied is
known as the direction of the force, and the application of force is the point where force is
applied.

 Common symbols:  F→, F

 SI unit:  Newton

 In SI base units:  kg·m/s2

 Other units:  dyne, poundal, pound-force, kip, kilopond

 Derivations from other quantities:  F=ma

 Dimension:  LMT-2

What are the Effects of Force?

In physics, motion is defined as the change in position with respect to time. In simpler words,
motion refers to the movement of a body. Typically, motion can either be described as:

 Change in speed
 Change in direction
 The Force has different effects and here are some of them.
 Force can make a body which is at rest to move.
 It can stop a moving body or slow it down.
 It can accelerate the speed of a moving body.
 It can also change the direction of a moving body along with its shape and size.
Formula for Force
The quantity of force is expressed by the vector product of mass (m) and acceleration (a).
The equation or the formula for force can mathematically be expressed in the form of:
 F = ma
Where,
m = mass
a = acceleration
It is articulated in Newton (N) or kg * m/s2.
Acceleration a is given by
 a = v/t or
 Where
 v = velocity and t = time taken
 So, Force can be articulated as:
 F = mv/t (Inertia formula is termed as p = mv which can also be articulated as
7 Momentum. DIVYA O.TIRVA
 Therefore, Force can be articulated as the rate of change ofCHEMICAL
momentum.DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
F = p/t = dp/dt
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

2.7 PRESSURE
What is Pressure?
The amount of force exerted (thrust) on a surface per unit area is defined as ‘Pressure’. It can also
be defined as the ratio of the force to the area (over which the force is acting).
Formula and Unit of Pressure
Pressure (P) = Force/ Area
The SI unit is ‘pascals (Pa)’. 1 Pa = 1N/m2

Example: It is easier to hammer a sharp pin than to hammer a blunt pin. This is because the area
at the end of the sharp pin is smaller than the area at the end of a blunt pin. This leads to an
increase in pressure leading to hammer the sharp pin easily.

The common units of pressure in SI, MKS and FPS units are N/m2 (known as Pascal, symbol
Pa), kgf/cm2 and lbf/in2 (commonly known as psi), respectively Pressure is normally measured
with the help of a gauge which registers the difference between the pressure in vessel and the
local atmospheric pressure. This is known as the over pressure/gauge pressure (pe) and the letter
'g' follows the unit. The gauge pressure does not indicate the true total pressure. In order to obtain
the true pressure or pressure above reference zero, it is necessary to add the local atmospheric
or barometric pressure expressed in coherent units to the gauge pressure. This sum is called the
absolute pressure and the letter 'a' follows the units.

Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure

Although the actual atmospheric pressure varies from one locality to another, its value at the mean
sea level is 101 325 N/m2 or Pa (= 1.033 kgf/cm2) and is called the standard atmosphere (symbol
'atm'). In SI, the standard atmosphere and bar are accepted as the practical units.

1 atm = 101 325 Pa (exact) 1 bar= 105 Pa = 1.019 716 kgf/cm2 = 0.986 923 atm
Quite often, the pressure is expressed in pressure heads. Pressure head = absolute pressure/density
The more commonly used pressure heads are in terms of mercury and water columns. 1 atm = 760
Torr (or mmHg at 0oC or 273.15 K) = 10.33 mH20 at 0oC or 273.15 K (Vacuum refers to sub-
atmospheric pressure.)

Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure — vacuum

Vacuum is usually expressed in Torr (mmHg) or Pa or mbar.

8 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

TYPES OF PRESSURE
 Atmospheric Pressure
 Absolute Pressure
 Differential Pressure
 Gauge Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure: The earth’s atmospheric air is surrounded by a layer of gases and so this
air surrounding the earth exerts a pressure known as the ‘atmospheric pressure’. Its value
at sea level is 101325 Pa.
It is measured using a mercury barometer (hence atmospheric pressure is also known as barometric
pressure), indicating the height of a column of mercury which exactly balances the weight of the
column of atmosphere over the barometer. It can be expressed in several different systems of
units such as millimeters (or inches) of mercury, pounds per square inch (psi), dynes per square
centimeter, millibars (mb), standard atmospheres, or kilopascals.
The atmospheric pressure decreases near Earth’s surface, with height at a rate of about 3.5
millibars for every 30 meters (100 feet).)
2.8 Volume
Absolute Pressure The absolute pressure is defined as a total pressure at a point in the fluid, which is
equal to the
Volume sum of gauge
is measured pressure
in cubic and the
metres atmospheric
and litres (SI)pressure. Gauge pressure
and in gallons (FPS). is positive for the pressure
higher than the atmospheric pressure, and it is negative for the pressure below than the atmospheric
A litre isThe
pressure. theformula
volumeforoccupied by pressure
atmospheric a mass isofgiven
one by
kilogram of pure air free water at the
o
temperature of its maximum density (40 C or 277.15 K) and under standard atmospheric
pressure. Absolute Pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric Pressure.

Things to know
The cubic decimetre and litre are unequal and differ by about 28 parts in 106 parts. Hence
the word 'litre' can be employed as a special name of the cubic decimetre. However, the
name litre should not be employed to give the results of high accuracy volumetric
measurements. 1 litre 1.000 028 cubic decimetres (exact).
The Imperial and US gallons are different. The former is defined as the volume occupied
by a quantity of distilled water, which weighs 10 1b in air 'at the temperature of 620F
(16.670C or 289.82 K) and the pressure of 30 inHg (762 Ton). The US gallon is equal to
9231 in3 (3.7854 L). DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

2.9 WORK
Work: Work (energy) is defined as the product of the force acting on a body and the distance
travelled by the body in the direction of the applied force.
W=F*L
The units of work (energy) in SI, MKS and CGS systems are Joule, m.kgf and erg respectively.
Heat: It is the form of energy that flows from one body to another as a result of temperature
difference. The unit of heat in SI, MKS and CGS systems are Joule, kilocalorie (kcal) and calorie
(cal).

Energy is a physical entity which is present in a system in different forms, e.g.,

mechanical (work), electromagnetic, chemical or thermal. One form of energy is
convertible to another from.
“One joule is the work done when the point of application of one newton force moves a
distance of one metre in the direction of the applied force.”

One erg is the work done when the point of application of one dyne force moves a distance of one
centimetre in the direction of the applied force.
1 J = 107 erg
Power P is defined as the work W done per unit time.
Power P = W/ θ
1 Watt = 1 J/s
I metric horsepower = 75 (m • kgf)/s = 0.7355 kW - 0.986 32 hp
I British horsepower = 550 (ft • lbf)/s = 0.7457 kW = 1.01387 metric hp
Note: Horsepower units are not recommended for use with SI.
2.10 Heat
Heat is one form of energy that flows from higher temperature to lower temperature, i.e., enthalpy
in transit. The units of heat in SI, MKS, cgs and FPS systems are the joule (J), kilocalorie (kcal),
calorie (cal) and British thermal unit (BTU), respectively and are same as those for energy.
There are several definitions of BTU and cal. All are defined in terms of the joule.
Each BTU and its corresponding cal are related by a heat capacity equation.
1 calorie (thermochemical) = 4.184 J (exact)
1 calorie (International Steam Tables, called IT) = 4.1868 J (exact)
1 Btu (International Steam Tables, called IT) = 1055.056 J
The Celsius Heat Unit (CHU) and Therm were also used in the FPS system.
 1 CHU = 1.8 Btu
10 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

 1 Therm = 105 Btu

In the SI system, heat flux (i.e., heat flow rate), 4, is customarily expressed in unit of power, i.e.
watts (W).
3.1 CONVERSION OF UNITS
It is often necessary to convert a physical quantity from one system of units to another. This is
done with the help of conversion factors, when the quantity is expressed in terms of the
fundamental units of mass, length, time and temperature.
Sr.No. Quantity/ To convert to Multiply by OR
from
1. Length (L)
 ft m 0.3048 1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 m = 1/0.3048
1m = 3.2808 ft
 cm m 0.01 1 cm = 0.01 m
1 m = ? cm
1 m = 100 cm
 in mm 25.4 1 in = 25.4 mm
1 mm =? in
1 mm = 0.0393 in
 in m 0.025 1 in = 0.025 m
1 m = 1/0.025= 40 in
2. Area (L*L)
 ft2 m2 (0.3048)^2 1 m2 = ?ft2
0.0929 1/0.0929 = 10.764
 cm2 m2 (0.01)^2 1 m2 = ?cm2
10-4 1 m2 = 10,000 cm2
 in2 mm2 (25.4)^2 1 m2 = ?mm2
645.16 1 in2 = 0.0015 mm2
 in2 m2 (0.025)^2 1 m2 = ?in2
0.000625 1 m2 = 1600in2
3. Volume (L*L*L)
 ft3 m3 0.0283 1 m3 =? ft3
1 m3 = 35.335 ft3
 cm3 m3 10-6 1 m3 =? cm3
1 m3 = 106 cm3
 l m3 0.001 (10-3) 1 m3 =? l
1 m3 = 1000 l
4. Velocity (L/T)
 ft/s m/s 0.3048/
 ft/h m/s 0.3048/3600 = 1 min = 60 sec
8.467 x 10-5 1 hr = 60 min
Therefore = 1 hr =
60 * 60 = 3600 sec
*  in/s m/s 0.0254 m/s
 cm/s m/s 0.01 m/s
11 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

 cm/h m/s 0.01/3600 =

2.778 x 10-6
5. Volumetric flow rate
(L3/T)
 ft3/s m3/s 0.0283
 ft3/h m3/s 0.0283/3600=
7.86 x 10-5
 l/h m3/s 0.001/3600=
2.77 x 10-7
 l/s m3/s 0.001

6. Mass, M
 lb (Pound) kg 0.4536 1 kg ? lb
1/0.4536 =2.2045 lb
 ton kg 1000 1 kg ? Ton
1/1000= 0.001 ton
 gm kg 10-3 (0.001) 1 kg ? Gm
1/0.001 = 1000 gm

7. Density Density =
mass/volume
 lb/ft3 Kg/m3 16.019
 gm/cm3 kg/m3 1000
 kg/m3 g/l 1

8. Mass flow rate, M/T

 lb/s Kg/s 0.4536
 lb/hr Kg/s 0.000126

9. Force
 lbf N 4.448 N= 0.2248 lbf
 kgf N 9.807 N= 0.101kgf
 dyn N 10-5 N = 100000 Dyn

10. Pressure= Force / Area

 lbf/ft2 N/m2=Pa 47.88 1
 std.atm N/m2=Pa 1.01325 x 105
 std.atm kPa 101.325
 in Hg N/m2=Pa 3.386
 in H2O N/m2=Pa 249.1
 dyn/cm2 N/m2=Pa 10-1
 mm Hg N/m2=Pa 133.3
 torr N/m2=Pa 133.3
 bar N/m2=Pa 105
 kgf/cm2 N/m2=Pa 9.808 x 104

12 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1atm = 760 torr

3.2 NUMERICALS BASED ON ABOVE CONVERSIONS

1. Convert a pressure of 2 atm to mmHg.
Solution: Given : Pressure = 2 atm
To convert = mm Hg
Conversion atm – mm /Hg =

We know that
1 atm = 760 mmHg
2 atm = ?
2x 760 /1 = 1520 mm Hg
OR
Atm = 1.01325 x 10 5 Pa atm – mm Hg – Pa
mm Hg = 133.3 Pa
atm = mm Hg = 101325/133.3 = 760
2. Convert a volumetric flow rate 2 m3/s to l/s.
Given – 2 m3 /s
Convert to l/s
1 m3 = 1000 l
2m3 = ?
2 x 1000 = 2000 l/s

3. Convert 1000 dyne to Newton

Solution Given :1000 dyn N = 100000 Dyn
Convert = N
We know that
1 dyn = 10-5 N
1000 dyn = ?
1000 x 10-5 / 1 = 0.01 N

4. Convert 127 lb/ft3 to g/cm3

1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 kg = 1000 gm
0.4536 kg= ?
0.4536 x 1000 = 453.6 gm
1 ft 3 = 0.0283 m3

1 lb = 453.59 gms
1 ft3 = 28,316.84 cm3
453.59/28316.84 = 0.016 x 127 = 2.034

5. Convert a pressure of 1400 mmHg to atm.

1 atm = 760 mm Hg
Atm = 1400 mm Hg

13 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

1400 x 1 / 760 = 1.842 atm

6. A force of 20 kgf is applied on a piston of diameter 5 cm . Find the pressure

exerted on the piston in kPa.
Solution Given, Force = 20 kgf
D = 5 cm
We know that, Pressure = Force / Area
Area = Pi r 2 = 19.635 cm2
F = 20 kgf
P = F/A
20/19.635 = 1.018 kgf/cm2
We have
1 kgf/ cm2 = 9.808 x 104
1.018 kgf/ cm2 = ?
P = 1.018 x 9.808 x 104
P = 99845.44 Pa
We know that 1 k Pa = 1000 Pa
? = 99845.44 Pa
Therefor = 99845.44 / 1000 = 99.845 kPa
7. In a multiple effect evaporator system, the second effect is maintained under
vacuum of 475 torr (mm Hg). Find the absolute pressure in kPa, bar and psi.

Hint – Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure – Vacuum

Absolute pressure = 760 mmHg – 475 mm Hg = 285 mm Hg (torr)

We know that,
1 torr = 133.3 Pa
285 torr = ?
285 x 133.3 = 37990.5 Pa ------ kPa
We know that
1 Pa = 10-3 kPa
37990.5 Pa = ?
37990.5/1000 = 37.99 kPa or 38 kPa

For conversion into bar

we know that
1 bar = 105 Pa
? = 37990.5 Pa
37990.5 x1 /100000 =0.37990 bar or 0.38 bar

For conversion into psi (lbf/in2 )

1 kPa = 0.145038 psi
38 kPa = ?
38 x 0.145038/1 = 5.5144 psi
8. Iron metal weighing 500 lb occupies a volume of 29.25 l. Calculate the
density of Fe in kg/dm3. (Hint: mili > centi > deci > meter > deca > hector >
kilo)
Given = mass = 500 lb
14 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

Vol. = 29.25 l
To find: density (kg/dm3)
Density = mass / volume
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
500 lb =?
= 500 x 0.4536/1 = 226.8 kg
Volume 29.25 l --- dm3
Therefore d = m/v
= 226.8/29.25 = 7.754 kg/dm3
9. The diameter and height of a vertical cylinder tank are 5 ft and 6 ft 6 in
respectively. It is full up to 75% height with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), the
density of which is 1.6 kg/l. Find the mass in kilograms.

5 ft
Density = 1.6 kg/l

6 ft 6 in

Given : 1) Diameter = 5 ft – m = 1 ft = 0.3048 m

5 ft = ? , 5 x 0.3048/1= 1.524 m (Diameter)
2) Height = 6 ft 6 in –
6 ft – m = 1.828 m , 6 in – m = 0.15 m = 1.828+ 0.15=
1.978 m

3) Density = 1.6 kg/l

To find = Mass
Since Density = mass / volume

Volume of cylinder = 22/7 x r2 x h = 22/7 x (1.524)2 /4 x 1.978

= 22/7 x 0.762 x0.762 x 1.978 = 3.609
m3
For 75% of Volume= 0.75 x 3.609 = 2.706 m3

OR

H = 1.978 m – 0.75 x 1.978= 1.4835 m

V= 22/7 x (0.762)2 x 1.4835 = 2.706 m3
1 m3 = 1000 l
2.706 m3 = ?
2.706 x 1000 /1 = 2706 l
Therfore = D = m/v
1.6 = m/2706
M = 4329.6 kg

15 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

10. The conductance of a fluid flow system is defined as the volumetric flow rate
to a pressure of one torr (133.33 Pa). For an orifice, the conductance C can
be computed from
C = 89.2 A √𝑻/𝑴 ft3/s

Where , A = area of opening, ft2

T = Temperature, oR
M = Molar Mass
Convert the above empirical equation into SI unit.

Solution: C = 89.2 A √𝑻/𝑴 ft3/s

A (ft2) – A’(m2)

Solution: C (m3/s) – C’(35.34) Since 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3

1 m3 = 35.34 ft3
T (K) – T’(1.8) oR
A (m2) - A’(10.763)(ft2 )

New Equation:
C’(35.34) = 89.2 A’(10.763) √(𝟏. 𝟖)𝑻/𝑴
C’ = 36.43 A √𝑻/𝑴 m3/s
11. Find the value of Universal gas constant R in following units.
(1) atm.liter/gmmole. k Ideal gas Eq = pV = nRT
3
(2) m .atm/kmol. K R = pV/nT = 8.31451 kPa. m3/ kmol. K
(3) joule/gmmole.k R = 101.325 x 22.414
3 0
(4) cm . torr/gmmole. k 1 x 273.15
(5) J /mol.K

Given: NTP (Normal Temperature Pressure)

PV= nRT Therefore R = PV/T
At 273.15 K (0oC) and 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 1 kmol
At the above temperature n pressure the V = 22.414 m3/kmol or 22.414 l/mol
R= 8.314 m3. kPa /kmol . K
12. Vapour pressure of benzene in the temperature range of 7.5 oC to 104 oC can
be calculated using the following Antoine Equation. Convert the following
equation in S.I unit.

𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟎
log10 p = 6.9057 – 𝒕+𝟐𝟐𝟎.𝟖
Where Vapour pressure = torr (mm Hg)
Temperature = oC
Solution: 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟎
log10 p = 6.9057 – 𝒕+𝟐𝟐𝟎.𝟖
Given Pressure - P (torr) = Pa
Temperature -T (oC) = K

(0.0075) TORR = PASCAL

(1 torr = 133.3 Pa)
16 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETR (09CH1302)
FACULTY OF DIPLOMA STUDIES UNIT: 1 BASICS OF PROCESS CALCULATION

Since K = C + 273.15

𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟎
log10 p (0.0075) = 6.9057 – (𝒕−𝟐𝟕𝟑.𝟏𝟓) +𝟐𝟐𝟎.𝟖

Final equation = log 10 p = A – B

t+C

17 DIVYA O.TIRVA
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
MARWADI UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT