SECTION 1 ILO

DEMONSTRATE UNDERSTANDING OF LEARNER

-CENTERED
THEORIES OF LEARNING AND THE TYPES OF LEARNING

SECTION 2 ILO
RELATE THE DIMENSIONS
LEARNING
OF IN
SELECTING EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES AND
METHODOLOGIES

SECTION 3 ILO
DESIGN LEARNING ACTIVITIES TO ADDRESS
.
THE DIVERSE NEEDS OF LEARNERS

SECTION 4 ILO
DEVELOP MOTIVATIONAL
TECHNIQUES FOR
EFFECTIVE LEARNER
-CENTERED
LEARNING.

SECTION 5 ILO
DESIGN LEARNING ACTI
VITIES TO
FACILITATE THE COGNI
TIVE AND
METACOGNITIVE PROCES
S IN LEARNING.

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Module 6

Chapter 6

Research Findings on the Influences of Development

al

Introduction
The topics on social learning and its many facets have been discussed, particularly, its role
and importance in facilitating learning. Man by nature is a social being, and as such, his social
nature has been studied and used as bases to explain many of his behaviors. Much of the
study of learning has as its basis the different theories developed by experts. Proof of the
veracity of the theories can be obtained with the conduct of researches and studies. In the
same way, studies have been conducted along the socio-cultural dimensions of learning to
gather data as proof to the veracity or “strength” of that theory. On the practical side, research
findings also give ideas and provide knowledge to practitioners so that they could use and
apply these to effectively deal with classroom situations or come up with effective teaching
methodologies especially as they relate to the socio-cultural dimensions of learning
This chapter presents researches done on the developmental and socio-cultural
dimensions of learning.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Discuss the importance of research findings on developmental and socio-cultural

dimensions of learning.
2. Identify research findings on the influences of developmental and socio-cultural
dimensions of learning.
3. Analyze research findings on the influences of development and socio-cultural
dimensions of learning

Pre-test
Directions: Read and analyze the following statements. Write TRUE if it is correct and
FALSE if otherwise on the blank space provided before the number.

________ 1. Man by nature is a social being.

________ 2. Science is a systematic and an orderly way of studying and looking for new
information. ________ 3. Research has been and is being done to gather more data on the
development and socio-cultural dimensions of learning.
________ 4. Parents of lower education are more likely to think and believe that their
involvement in the children’s education is very important.
________ 5. The more parental engagement and involvement there is, the higher is the
children’s achievement and performance in school.
________ 6. Authoritarian parents tend to have children who are high-achievers and who
interact with peers using competent social skills.
________ 7. Children of indulgent parents encounter more problems in relationships and
interactions. ________ 8. The kind of experiences and resources made available to the
children by their parents at home are also found no influence students’ interest and
motivation to pursue various activities.
________ 9. Peer influence was also found to effect a students’ motivation in many ways.
________10. Teachers carry with them a big amount of influence on the learners.

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Importance of Research Findings on Developmental

and Socio-cultural Dimensions of Learning

Research is a systematic and an orderly way of studying and looking for a new information
meant to add to build up existing knowledge. People do research in various fields of study
and for different purposes and reasons. In the same manner, research has been and is being
done to gather more data on the development and socio-cultural dimensions of learning. This
will enable especially the practitioners to analyze and evaluate for themselves what best
practices to adopt and apply in their teaching tasks. And more importantly, armed with
evidence and outputs of scientific study, practitioners would in a better position to develop
and apply learner-centered methodologies and approaches to teaching. Hopefully, too,
research findings would lead practitioners to modify their views, perspective and philosophy
of education considering the realities happening in class room and in the educational system.

Research Findings on the Influences of Developmental

and Socio-Cultural Dimensions of Learning

Parental Involvement. The most significant type of involvement is what parents do at

home. By monitoring, supporting, and advocating, parents can be engaged in ways that
ensure that their children have every opportunity for success. Parents with higher
education are more likely to think and believe that their involvement in their children’s
education is very important than parents of lower education-to be active participants in
their children’s education and to provide for their children intellectually stimulating
materials at home. Most likely, parents with higher educational levels have the technical
knowledge to understand the importance of actively getting involved in their children’s
activities and interacting actively with their children about school matters and activities.
The interaction between parent and child occurring during the home teaching period could
have created a good and satisfying climate for learning, which motivated these children to
perform better.
Parenting Style and Child-rearing
The effects of child-rearing practices which involve interaction behaviors between parents
and children, to learning have also been studied. Wigfield et. Al (2006, in Santrock, 2011, p.
459) found the following parenting services to result in improved motivation and achievement.

a. Knowing enough about the child to provide the right amount of challenge and the
right amount of support.
b. Providing a positive emotional climate which motivates children to internalize their
parents’ values goals.
c. Modeling motivated achievement behavior – working hard and persisting with effort
at challenging tasks.

BAUMRIND PARENTING STYLES: FOUR TYPES

Authoritarian Parenting. Authoritarian parents are often thought of as disciplinarians. They

use a strict discipline style with little negotiation possible. Punishment is common.
Communication is mostly one way: from parent to child. Rules usually are not explained.
Children of authoritarian parents perform worse academically, are less independent and are
generally unhappy.
Permissive Parenting. Permissive or Indulgent parents mostly let their children do what they
want and offer limited guidance or direction. They are more like friends than parents. Their
discipline style is the opposite of strict. They have limited or no rules and mostly let children

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figure problems out on their own. Communication is open but these parents let children
decide for themselves rather than giving direction. Children of indulgent parents encounter
more problems in relationships and interactions.
Uninvolved Parenting. Uninvolved parents give children a lot of freedom and generally stay
out of their way. Some parents may make a conscious decision to parent in this way, while
others are less interested in parenting or unsure of what to do. No discipline style is utilized.
An uninvolved parent lets a child mostly do what he wants, probably out of a lack of
information or caring. Children of uninvolved or neglectful parents tend to be more impulsive
and cannot regulate their emotions.
Authoritative Parenting. Authoritative parents are reasonable and nurturing, and set high,
clear expectations. Children with parents who demonstrate this style tend to be self-
disciplined and think for themselves. This style is thought to be most beneficial to children.
Authoritative parents tend to have children who are high achievers and who interact with
peers using competent social skills. While authoritative parents set rules and boundaries,
they encourage open discussion and reasoning. This could be the reason why their children
achieve highly and are socially competent.

Provision for Specific Experiences at Home

The kind of experiences and

resources made available to
the children by their parents
at home are also found to
influence students’ interest
and motivation to pursue
various activities. The
extent to which parents
emphasize academic
achievement or sports and
provide opportunities and resources for their children to participate in these activities
influence whether the children are likely to continue to choose course work and
extracurricular activities consistent with these activities in adolescence. Having educational
resources at home is a better predictor of achievement than ethnic.

Peer Influence
Peers play a large role in the
social and emotional development
of children and adolescents. Their
influence begins at an early age
and increases through the teenage
years. It is natural, healthy, and
important for children to have and
rely on friends as they grow and
mature. Peers can be positive and
supportive. They ca help each
other develop new skills, or
stimulate interest in books, music,
or extracurricular activities. Peer
influence was also found to affect
a students’ motivation in many
ways. It was found that students
who are more accepted by their
peers and who have well social skills often do better in school and have positive academic
achievement motivation. However, peers can also have a negative influence. They can

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encourage each other to skip classes, steal, cheat, use drugs or alcohol, share inappropriate
material online, or become involve in other risky behaviors.
Kirk Johnson analysis on peer influences

a. The peer effect is particularly a strong effect on achievement especially among fourth
graders.
b. The peer effect is independent of other variables like ethnicity, gender, income, and
other background variables.
c. Family background factors such as household environment and parental education
also play a big hand in explaining achievement.

Teachers
Teachers play vital roles in the
lives of the students in their classrooms.
Teachers are best known for the role of
educating the students that are placed
in their care. Beyond that, teachers
serve many other roles in the
classroom. Teachers set the tone of
their classrooms, build a warm
environment, mentor, and nurture
students, become role models, and
listen and look for signs of trouble.
Teachers also play an important role in
the classroom when it comes to the
environment. Students often mimic a
teacher’s actions. If the teacher
prepares a warm, happy environment, students are more likely to be happy. An environment
set by the teacher can be either positive or negative. Mentoring is a natural role
taken on by teachers, whether it is intentional or not. This again can have positive or negative
effects on children. Mentoring is a way a teacher encourages students to strive to be the best
they can. This also includes encouraging students to enjoy learning. Muntner (2008) identified
ten important factors that should be considered in classrooms to improve and increase
student-teacher interaction, which they believe should subsequently improve social
development and learning. The ten factors have been classified and lumped into three,
namely, emotional support, classroom organization, and instructional support.

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ACTIVITY: SELF-REFLECTION
Directions: Write your reflection by answering the following question and send your output to
our Google Class.

1. Do you favor or not to the research findings on the influences of developmental and
socio-cultural dimensions of learning of the following:
a. Parental Involvement,
b. Parenting Style and Child-rearing,
c. Provision for Specific Experiences at Home,
d. Peer Influence, and
e. Teachers?

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Assessment

Name: ___________________ Yr. & Sec. _________________ Date: _____________

Directions: Read and analyze the given situations below and identify the parenting style. Write
only the letter that corresponds to your answer.
a. Authoritarian Parenting c. Uninvolved
Parenting
b. Permissive Parenting d. Authoritative
Parenting

1. They express warmth and cooperate with peers.

2. They exhibit less violent tendencies.
3. They set clear limits on behavior.
4. They are emotionally supportive and responsive to their children.
5. Children make their own decisions without input from parents.
6. Children are punished if rules are not followed.
7. Open communication is generally not an option in this style of parenting.
8. Children in these families have poor self-esteem.
9. Over-emphasis on being successful in school.
10. They show little warmth and affection towards their children.

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