Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

Volume 45, Issue 9, Page 65-70, 2023; Article no.JEAI.103280

ISSN: 2457-0591
(Past name: American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Past ISSN: 2231-0606)

Economic Analysis on the Production

of Turmeric in Mamit District of
Mizoram
Laltlanhlua a++* and Ramchandra a++
a
Department of (Ag) Agricultural Economics, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology
and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007 (U.P.), India.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the
final manuscript.

Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/JEAI/2023/v45i92176

Open Peer Review History:

This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,
peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
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Received: 10/05/2023
Original Research Article Accepted: 18/07/2023
Published: 21/07/2023

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted in Mamit district of Mizoram. Totally 90 respondents were
randomly selected and interviewed from the district. The data was gathered in the form of a pre-
structured interview schedule. The study revealed that the average cost of cultivation of turmeric
per hectare was incurred Rs. 74929.55 which was found to be Rs. 78857.73, Rs. 74003.41, and
Rs. 71927.53 per hectare on Small, Semi-medium, and Medium respectively.
Input-output ratio related to cost C was (1:1.49) (1:1.66) and (1:1.89) on Small, Semi-medium, and
Medium farmers respectively. When compared to medium farmers small farmers employed
laborers for longer hours which resulted in a higher total cost of cultivation per ha.

Keywords: Turmeric; production cost; input-output ratio; cost.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
++
P.G. Student M.sc (Ag) Agricultural Economics, Assistant professor;
*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

J. Exp. Agric. Int., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 65-70, 2023

Laltlanhlua and Ramchandra; J. Exp. Agric. Int., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 65-70, 2023; Article no.JEAI.103280

1. INTRODUCTION 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a perennial
st
herbaceous plant belonging to the family 1 stage selection of districts
nd
Zingiberaceae, which is native to Southeast Asia 2 selection of block
rd
[1]. For centuries, turmeric has been used in 3 selection of villages
th
traditional medicine as a natural remedy for a 4 selection of farmers/ respondents
variety of health conditions due to its anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial 2.1 Selection of Districts
properties [2]. The active ingredient in turmeric,
Out of 11 districts present in the state of
curcumin, has been extensively studied for its
Mizoram, Mamit district was selected
potential therapeutic effects on various diseases,
purposively, because of its major contribution
including cancer, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease,
towards the state’s turmeric production. The
and diabetes [3]. Apart from its culinary uses,
district topography also favors the cultivation of
turmeric has been extensively studied for its
turmeric as the soil and climate are best suited
potential health benefits. Curcumin, the active
for the cultivation of turmeric.
ingredient in turmeric, has been shown to have
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial 2.2 Selection of Block
properties [1]. These properties make turmeric a
potential natural remedy for a variety of health There are only 3 blocks in the district viz Reiek
conditions. In addition to its potential therapeutic and west phaileng and zawlnuam. Reiek block
effects, turmeric has also been studied for its was selected purposively for this study because
effects on cognitive function and mental health. A of its climatic conditions and production of
study published in the American Journal of turmeric and moreover, it was easily accessible
Geriatric Psychiatry found that taking a daily for the researcher to visit the block.
dose of curcumin improved memory and mood in
older adults [4] Turmeric is an important 2.3 Selection of Villages
medicinal and spice crop cultivated in India.
A complete list of all the villages was prepared
Despite the potential health benefits of turmeric,
with the help of Block Development Officer.
it is important to note that it may interact with
Reiek, Khawrihnim, Chungtlang, and Ailawng
certain medications and may not be suitable for
villages were selected randomly for this study.
everyone [5]. India is the largest producer,
consumer, and exporter of turmeric in the World. 2.4 Selection of Sample Respondents
The marketing channels of turmeric in India have
been the subject of much research in recent A comprehensive record of all individuals who
years. Several studies have examined the cultivate turmeric was obtained from Reitlang
various aspects of the turmeric supply chain, Organic Producer Company Limited.
including production, processing, distribution, Subsequently, the individuals were sorted in
and marketing [6-8]. These studies have focused ascending order based on their turmeric
on understanding the dynamics of the turmeric cultivation practices and then categorized into
market, identifying the key players in the supply different groups based on their cultivation. Based
chain, and analyzing the factors that affect the on turmeric cultivation for the study the size of
efficiency and effectiveness of marketing the land holding farmers were classified into
channels [9,10]. Since it is a crop with a short different groups.
gestation period, turmeric can be harvested
within eight to nine months of being sown. Marginal farmers : 0-1 hectare
Because of this, it is an appealing cash crop for Small farmers : 1-2 hectare Semi-
marginal and poor farmers. Reiek, which is in the Semi-medium farmers : 2-4 hectares
western part of Aizawl, has hills that have a Medium farmers : 4-10 hectare
gradual slope and good monsoon rains from May Large farmers : above 10 hectares
to September. More farmers are switching to
turmeric cultivation as a result of the successful
3. ANALYSIS OF DATA
turmeric farming experiment in Reiek and the 3.1 Measures of Cost Concept
villages nearby. One of the most important cash
crops of North East India is turmeric with The different cost items that are included under
Mizoram leading the way in terms of the highest each cost concept are detailed below with their
productivity [11,12]. procedures.

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Laltlanhlua and Ramchandra; J. Exp. Agric. Int., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 65-70, 2023; Article no.JEAI.103280

Laltlanhlua and Ramchandra. cultivation per hectare was Rs. 74929.55. The
cost of cultivation varied among different
• Plantation cost: land preparation + cost of categories of farmers, with small, semi-medium,
plant +planting material + Tools and other and medium farmers incurring Rs. 78857.73, Rs.
input. • 74003.41, and Rs. 71927.53 per hectare,
• Fixed cost: Land revenue + Depreciation + respectively. The study also found that the input-
Interest on fixed capital + Plantation cost+ output ratio related to cost C was 1:1.16,
Rental value of land. indicating that for every rupee spent on
• Variable cost: Cost of input used including cultivation, the farmers received a return of Rs.
labour + Interest on Working capital + 1.16.
Maintenance cost
The study highlights the importance of turmeric
• Maintenance cost: After the establishment
cultivation in the district, as it provides a source
cost turmeric growers incur expenditure on
of income for the farmers and contributes to the
year regular basis for maintenance.
local economy. The findings of the study can be
Total cost = Fixed cost + variable cost used to develop strategies to improve the
profitability of turmeric cultivation and to promote
3.2 Measures of Farm Profitability the use of turmeric as a natural remedy for
various health conditions.
Gross income = per quintal price X yield per
hectare in quintal In conclusion, the economic analysis on turmeric
production in Mamit district provides valuable
Net income = Gross income – Cost C insights into the cost of cultivation and the input-
output ratio related to cost C. The study
Input-output ratio (cost-benefit ratio) =
emphasizes the need for further research to
Cost C - Gross income
explore the potential benefits of turmeric
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cultivation and to develop strategies to
improve the profitability of turmeric farming in the
The economic analysis on turmeric production in region.
Mamit district revealed that the average cost of

Table 1. Cost of cultivation of turmeric per hectare for Small farmers

Sl. No. Items of Expenditure Rs/ha

A Operational cost
1. Labor Cost 19850.00
(i) Land preparation 7000.00
(II) Irrigation 350.00
(III) Harvesting 10000.00
(Iv) Drying 1250.00
(v) Crushing 1250.00
2. Machinery Labour 3500.00
Total operational cost 23350.00
B. Material cost
1. Rhizomes 27500.00
2. Fertilizers 625.00
3. Plant protection 650.00
Total material cost 28775.00
C. Other costs
1. Land revenue paid 395.00
2. Miscellaneous charges 350
3. Interest on working capital @7.5 p.a 3151.53
4. Depreciation on fixed resources 1150.50
5. The rental value of Land 19714.28
6. Interest on fixed capital @10 % 1971.42
Total other cost 26732.73
Total cost (A+B+C) 78857.73

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Laltlanhlua and Ramchandra; J. Exp. Agric. Int., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 65-70, 2023; Article no.JEAI.103280

Table 2. Cost of cultivation of turmeric per hectare for Semi-medium farmers

Sl. No. Items of Expenditure Rs/ha

A Operational cost
1. Labor Cost 17839.00
(i) Land preparation 6000.00
(II) Irrigation 339.00
(III) Harvesting 9500.00
(Iv) Drying 1000.00
(v) Crushing 1000.00
2. Machinery Labour 3000.00
Total operational cost 20839.00
B. Material cost
1. Rhizomes 24750.00
2. Fertilizers 610.00
3. Plant protection 630.00
Total material cost 25990.00
C. Other costs
1. Land revenue paid 379.00
2. Miscellaneous charges 350
3. Interest on working capital @7.5 p.a 2816.85
4. Depreciation on fixed resources 1000.00
5. The rental value of Land 20571.42
6. Interest on fixed capital @10 % 2057.14
Total other cost 27174.41
Total cost (A+B+C) 74003.41

Table 3. Cost of cultivation of turmeric per hectare for Medium farmers

Sl. No. Items of Expenditure Rs/ha

A Operational cost
1. Labor Cost 15799.00
(i) Land preparation 5500.00
(II) Irrigation 299.00
(III) Harvesting 8400.00
(Iv) Drying 800.00
(v) Crushing 800.00
2. Machinery Labour 2600.00
Total operational cost 18399.00
B. Material cost
1. Rhizomes 23100.00
2. Fertilizers 605.00
3. Plant protection 600.00
Total material cost 24305.00
C. Other costs
1. Land revenue paid 360.00
2. Miscellaneous charges 350
3. Interest on working capital @7.5p.a 2577.33
4. Depreciation on fixed resources 950.50
5. The rental value of Land 22714.28
6. Interest on fixed capital @10 % 2271.42
Total other cost 29223.53
Total cost (A+B+C) 71927.53

The data revealed that per ha cost of cultivation material cost. The highest investment was done
of turmeric Rs. 78857.73 which included Rs in rhizomes (Rs 27500.00) and labor costs (Rs
23350.00 operational cost and Rs. 28775.00 19850.00). The cost of cultivation estimated

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Laltlanhlua and Ramchandra; J. Exp. Agric. Int., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 65-70, 2023; Article no.JEAI.103280

Table 4. Profitability of cultivation of turmeric per hectare in different farm groups

Sl. No Particulars Size of farm Groups Average

Small Semi-medium Medium
1. Production (quintals) 27.6 28.8 31.8 29.4
2. Total Cost (Rs) 78857.73 74003.41 71927.53 74929.55
3. Gross Return (Rs) 118285.71 123428.57 136285.71 125999.99
4. Net Return (Rs) 39427.98 49425.16 64358.18 51070.44
5. Benefit Cost Ratio (B.C 1:1.49 1:1.66 1:1.89 1:1.68
Ratio)

per ha for turmeric by semi-medium farmers was enhancing resources like manure and fertilizers.
Rs. 74003.41. The operational cost amounted to Due to the availability of resources, semi-medium
Rs. 20839.00 and the material cost was and medium farmers applied irrigation more
determined to be Rs 25990.00. For semi-medium times as opposed to small farmers who were
farmers, the major portion of Profitability in the mostly dependent on rainfall for irrigation
cultivation of Turmeric. investment was attributed purposes. From this, it is clear that medium
to rhizomes and rental value of land and the cost farmers earn more profit than small and semi-
of cultivation per ha for turmeric in the case of medium farmers.
medium farmers was Rs. 71927.53 in which the
operational cost and material cost was calculated COMPETING INTERESTS
to be Rs. 18399.00 and Rs. 24305.00
respectively. The expenditure of medium farmers Authors have declared that no competing
was found to be high in rental value of land and interests exist.
rhizomes.
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© 2023 Laltlanhlua and Ramchandra; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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