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Key Enablers of Industrial IoT:

Connectivity – Part 4

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

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LPWAN

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Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2
Introduction to LPWAN

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 LPWAN stands for “Low Power Wide Area Network” is a
wireless wide area network technology.
 Enables long range wireless communication among “things” at
a low bit rate.

PT
 It includes both standardized and proprietary solutions. Some
of the technologies include LoRa, Sigfox's LPWAN.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3

LoRa and LoRaWAN

EL
 LoRa, a short form for Long Range, incorporates a spread
spectrum modulation technique based on chirp spread
spectrum (CSS) technology.
 LoRa operates in the license-free sub-gigahertz radio frequency

PT
bands of 169 MHz, 433 MHz, 868 MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz
(North America).
 LoRaWAN is the network in which LoRa operates and enables
communication between devices.
Source: What is LoRa?.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4

SIGFOX

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 The SIGFOX network and technology achieves low cost wide
coverage for application domains with machine to machine
networking and communication.
 The SIGFOX radio link operates in the unlicensed ISM radio
bands.

PT
 SIGFOX network give a performance of upto 140 messages per
day with a payload of 12 bytes per message.
 The wireless throughput achieved is of up to 100 bits per
second.
Source: Ian Poole. SIGFOX for M2M & IoT

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5

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Hands-On
(Industrial Environment Monitoring)

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Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6
System Overview

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 Sensor (DHT) and Communication Module (LoRa) interfaced
with Processor (NodeMCU)
 Both transmitter and receiver module consists of a
NodeMCU board connected to a LoRa module.

PT
 Transmitter module has the sensor that monitors the
temperature and humidity of the environment and sends the
data to the receiver module.
 Receiver module responds according to the set condition.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7

System Overview (contd.)

EL
Requirements:
The picture can't be displayed.

 NodeMCU
 LoRa

PT
 DHT Sensor
 Jumper wires
 LED

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8

NodeMCU

EL
 This is an ESP-12 module and works
with Arduino IDE.
 We can use other Arduino Boards as
well.

PT
 Pin configuration along with other
documentation can be found here.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9

LoRa

EL
 This is a LoRa transceiver module as
discussed in the previous slides.
 It is used for long range wireless
communication in industrial

PT
applications.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10

DHT Sensor

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 Digital Humidity and Temperature
(DHT) Sensor
 Pin Configuration (from left to right)
 PIN 1- 3.3V-5V Power supply

PT
 PIN 2- Data
 PIN 3- Null
 PIN 4- Ground

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11

Interfacing

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 The connection between The picture can't be displayed.

NodeMCU and LoRa is shown in

the diagram.

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12
Interfacing

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 The connection between The picture can't be displayed.

NodeMCU and DHT is shown in

the diagram.
 NodeMCU ---- DHT

PT
 GPIO 4 – Data
 3V3 – Vcc
 Gnd – Gnd

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13

Pre-requisites

EL
 Adafruit provides a library to work with the DHT22 sensor.
 To work with LoRa we use the Radiohead library which can be
downloaded from the below URL.
 https://learn.adafruit.com/radio-featherwing/using-the-rfm-9x-radio

PT
 The initial connections have to be soldered in the LoRa module as
mentioned in the URL provided above.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14

Pre-requisites (contd.)

EL
 To add Node MCU board in the Arduino IDE, follow the below
steps:
 Arduino IDE >> File >> Preferences (Shortcut is CTRL + COMMA)>> Settings
tab >> on Additional Board Manager URL side type this >>
 http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json


PT
click ok

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15

Pre-requisites (contd.)

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PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16
Pre-requisites (contd.)

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PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 17
Program: LoRa interfaced with NodeMCU

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 Here we declare the
pins for connection
with the CS, RST and
IRQ pin of LoRa.

PT  The DHT data pin is

mapped with the Node
MCU pin.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 18

Program: LoRa interfaced with NodeMCU(Tx)

EL
 The temperature and
humidity value from the
sensor is read and saved in
a string.

PT  The data is sent to the

receiver module in a
character array with a
delay of 1 second.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19

Program: LoRa interfaced with NodeMCU(Rx)

EL
 The data is received by the
Receiver module.
 After successful reception, an
acknowledgement message is

PT sent to the sender module.

 Every time a message is
received, the LED pin is set to
HIGH.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20

Output from Tx Serial Monitor

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PT
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Output from Rx Serial Monitor

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PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22
References

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1. Industrial Internet of Things: IIoT communication and connectivity technology 2017. Online. URL:
https://www.i-scoop.eu/internet-of-things-guide/industrial-internet-things-iiot-saving-costs-
innovation/iiot-connectivity-connections/
2. What is LoRa?. Online. URL: https://www.semtech.com/lora/what-is-lora

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23
Tx Program: LoRa interfaced with NodeMCU

EL
#include <SPI.h> delay(10);
#include <RH_RF95.h> RH_RF95 rf95(CS, INT);
#include <DHT.h> while (!rf95.init()) {
void setup() Serial.println("Initialization Failed!");
#define CS 2 // "E" D4 { while (1);
#define RST 5 // "D" D1 pinMode(RST, OUTPUT); }
#define INT 15 // "B" D8 digitalWrite(RST, HIGH); Serial.println("LoRa Initialized!");
// DHT temperature and humidity sensor
#define DHTPIN 4 // Pin numbers in Serial.begin(115200); if (!rf95.setFrequency(FREQ)) {

PT
GPIO/D2 while (!Serial) { Serial.println("setFrequency failed");
#define DHTTYPE DHT22 // DHT 22 delay(1); while (1);
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE); } }
delay(100); Serial.print("Frequency set to: ");
float hum; //Stores humidity value Serial.println("LoRa Tx Node"); Serial.println(FREQ);
float temp; //Stores temperature value rf95.setTxPower(23, false);
// manual reset }
#define FREQ 915.0 digitalWrite(RST, LOW);
//Can be changed to other freq but should be delay(10);
same as that of the Rx digitalWrite(RST, HIGH);

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 24

Tx Program: LoRa interfaced with NodeMCU

EL
void loop() delay(10); else
{ rf95.send((uint8_t *)radiopacket, 26); {
//Reading data from the DHT sensor delay(10); Serial.println("No Receiver Node Found!");
hum = dht.readHumidity(); rf95.waitPacketSent(); }
temp= dht.readTemperature(); uint8_t buf[RH_RF95_MAX_MESSAGE_LEN];
String msg1= "Temp: "; uint8_t len = sizeof(buf); }
msg1 += temp;
msg1 += "C, Hum: "; if (rf95.waitAvailableTimeout(1000))
msg1 += hum; {

PT
msg1 += "%"; if (rf95.recv(buf, &len))
delay(1000); // Delay of 1 second before {
transmitting the data Serial.print("Acknowledgement
Serial.println("Sending temperature and Received!\n");
humidity"); }
else
//Send data to the receiver {
char radiopacket[26]; Serial.println("Receive failed\n");
msg1.toCharArray(radiopacket,26); }
Serial.println(radiopacket); }

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 25

Rx Program: LoRa interfaced with NodeMCU

EL
#include <SPI.h> Serial.begin(115200); Serial.println("setFrequency failed");
#include <RH_RF95.h> while (!Serial) { while (1);
delay(1); }
#define CS 2 // "E" } Serial.print("Frequency set to: ");
#define RST 5 // "D" delay(100); Serial.println(FREQ);
#define INT 15 // "B"
Serial.println("LoRa Rx Node"); rf95.setTxPower(23, false);
#define FREQ 915.0 digitalWrite(RST, LOW);//Reset manually }
delay(10);

PT
RH_RF95 rf95(CS, INT); digitalWrite(RST, HIGH);
delay(10);
#define LED 4 //GPIO4- D2
while (!rf95.init()) {
void setup() Serial.println("Initialization Failed!");
{ while (1);
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT); }
pinMode(RST, OUTPUT); Serial.println("LoRa Initialized!");
digitalWrite(RST, HIGH);
if (!rf95.setFrequency(FREQ)) {

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 26

Rx Program: LoRa interfaced with NodeMCU

EL
void loop() rf95.waitPacketSent();
{ Serial.println("Acknowledged!");
if (rf95.available()) digitalWrite(LED, LOW);
{ }
uint8_t else
buf[RH_RF95_MAX_MESSAGE_LEN]; {
uint8_t len = sizeof(buf); Serial.println("Receive failed");
}
if (rf95.recv(buf, &len)) }

PT
{ }
digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);
//RH_RF95::printBuffer("Received: ", buf,
len);
Serial.print("Received: ");
Serial.println((char*)buf);

// Send a reply
uint8_t data[] = "Data Received";
rf95.send(data, sizeof(data));

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 27

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PT
Introduction to Internet of Things 28
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Key Enablers of Industrial IoT:
Connectivity – Part 5

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

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Hands-On
(Zigbee Connectivity)

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Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2
System Overview

EL
 Basic connectivity model to enable data transfer between xbee
modules is discussed. The hands-on focuses on the following
areas:
 Basic configuration of Xbee module

PT
 Introduction to basic communication between two Xbee modules using
python programming language.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3

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Zigbee

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Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4
Introduction to Zigbee

EL
 Zigbee is a communication protocol with its physical and MAC layer
based on the IEEE 802.15.4.
 It is one of the well known standards for low power low data rate
WPAN.

PT
 Zigbee supports 3 topologies: Start, Tree and Mesh
 It is mostly used in home and industrial automation applications.
 The communication ranges varies between 10-100 meters
depending on the device variant.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5

Introduction to Zigbee (Contd.)

EL
 A Zigbee device can be any of the three types: 1) Coordinator 2) Router
and 3) End device.
 A coordinator is the root of a the network and acts as a bridge
between different networks.
 Router relays the information to other nodes in the network. It can

PT
also run small scale applications
 End devices are only responsible to connect to the parent node, no
relaying of information is supported.

Source: Tarun Agarwal, ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6

Zigbee and Xbee

EL
 Zigbee is a mesh communication protocol based on the IEEE
802.15.4
 Xbee is the product that uses the Zigbee communication
protocol for radio communication.

PT
 Xbee is a product by Digi which comes in may variants.
 Digimesh is another protocol that works similar to Zigbee with
additional desirable features.

Source: ZigBee Vs. XBee: An Easy-To-Understand Comparison

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7

Pre-requisites

EL
 Install the xbee library
 Pip install xbee
 Install XCTU software from here.
 XCTU will be used to configure the xbee modules before using

PT
them for communication.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8

Xbee Configuration

EL
 Open XCTU.
 Click on the discover button
to discover the Xbee
devices which are currently

PT
connected in the COM ports.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9

Xbee Configuration (cont.)

EL
 After discovering the devices,
identify the port id and the MAC
address of the Xbee devices.
 Port id and MAC id are required for

PT
the communication.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10

Tx Program: Xbee Transmitter

EL
Importing the library files of DigiMesh protocol.

Sender port id.

PT dest_addr refers to destination address. The default

target is to broadcast the message.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11

Rx Program: Xbee Receiver

EL
Importing the library files of DigiMesh protocol.

Receiver port id.

PT Waiting for receiving the data from sender.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12

Output Console for Transmitter

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PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13
Output Console for Receiver

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PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14
References

EL
1. XCTU: Next Generation Configuration Platform for XBee/RF Solutions. Online.
https://www.digi.com/products/xbee-rf-solutions/xctu-software/xctu#productsupport-utilities
2. Tarun Agarwal, ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications. Online. URL:
https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-zigbee-technology-architecture-and-its-applications/
3. Xbee. Online. URL: https://pypi.org/project/XBee/

PT
4. Glenn Schatz. April 15, 2016. ZigBee Vs. XBee: An Easy-To-Understand Comparison. Online. URL:
https://www.link-labs.com/blog/zigbee-vs-xbee

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15

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PT
Introduction to Internet of Things 16
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Key Enablers of Industrial IoT:
Processing-Part 1

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

IIoT Processing: Necessity

EL
GPS
 Billions of connected devices ~50 KB/s

 Cisco prediction of 50 billion

connected devices by 2020 SONAR
~10-100 KB/s
 Autonomous cars generate ~100
MB data per second

PT
 Intermittent, unstructured, highly Camera RADAR LIDAR
~20-40 MB/s ~10-100 KB/s ~10-70 MB/s
diverse data
 Businesses do not need raw data
deluge; need insights from data in
real-time
Source: Self driving cars, Intel

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2

IIoT Processing: Data characteristics

EL
 Polymorphism
Relevance
 Heterogeneous sensors –
pressure, vibration, sound
 Different metrics, precision,
Massive IIoT
formats

PT
Real-time
polymorphism Data
 Temporal/causal
relationships in data
Dynamic
 Correlation in space, time heterogeneity

and other dimensions

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3

IIoT Processing: Challenges

EL
 Complexity of data is increasing
 Cyber Physical Systems (CPS)
 Distributed connected applications
 Need to interpret patterns
 Accurate decisions with minimal latency

PT
 Analysis before storage
 Complex Event Processing (CEP)
 Analyse and correlate event streams
from different data sources

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4

IIoT Processing: Complex Event processing (CEP)

EL
 Rule-based engine
 Extract causal and temporal
patterns using predefined rules
 Handles multiple data streams

PT
and correlates them to provide
meaningful output
 Can process data in near real-
time
Figure: CEP Components

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5

IIoT Processing: Types

EL
edge computing
analysis distributed computing
centralized computing

PT
sensors
cloud
analysis

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6

IIoT Processing: Middleware

EL
 Software layer between infrastructure layer and application
layer
 Provides services according to device functionality
 Support for heterogeneity, security

PT
 Many middleware solutions are based on service-oriented architecture
(SOA)

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7

IIoT Processing: End to End

EL
deploy rules to edge
agent analytics
edge agent aggregates,
filters, applies rules and
2
4 generates alerts
enrich data with context
6 and apply deeper
analytics
On premises gateway

PT
edge analytics data and actions flow
agent 5 back to the cloud

IIoT analysis
activate
sensors Broker (e.g., MQTT)

configure rules and

device data flows from
1 actions in the cloud
actions
3 sensor to edge

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8

IIoT: Processing & Analytics
Questions: What already happened and

EL
currently happening
Questions: What & why to perform some Enablers: Dashboard/Reports/Scorecards
action Descriptive Outcomes: Business questions &
Enablers: Optimization/Simulation/ opportunities
Decision models
Outcomes: Best possible business
decision

PT
Business
Processing Questions: What will happen and why
Analytics Enablers: Data mining/Web mining/
predictions
Outcomes: Forecasting of future
Prescriptive Predictive conditions

Source: Wang et al., TENCON 2015

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9

IIoT Processing: Supervisory Control &
Management

EL
 Challenge: Management of the huge number

Management
Mobile App

Monitoring
Service-

Business
of heterogeneous devices in the SOA-based Cloud
collaboration
 Function: Dynamic control & automation as
per the business requirements
 Service-Cloud ERP

PT
 Facilitates the remote supervisory MES
control
SCADA
 Dynamic & rapid composition of
multiple services Control/Interlocking

 Virtualization of the automation Sensors/Actuators

hierarchy Production Process
Source: Colombo et al., Springer 2014

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10

MIDAS: IoT/M2M Platforms

EL
 Modular, scalable & secure architecture
 Flexible design – facility for both on premise and cloud-based
deployment
 Reliable data transfer with support for many existing protocols

PT
 Provide a platform for custom application design
 Analytics platform:
 Both runtime and batch analytics
 Repository consists of pre-designed solutions
Source: MIDAS: IoT/M2M Platforms

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11

IIoT Processing: On-going Research

EL
 Content-aware processing
 Analytical energy model of IIoT
 Relationship between transmission and processing energy costs
 Exact expression of stochastic fluid model relating data correlation

 Results
PT
coefficient and computing types

 Distributed computing is applicable for highly correlated data sources

Source: Zhou et al., 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12

IIoT Processing: On-going Research (cont.)

EL
 Context-aware stream processing
 Limitation of current CEP systems
 Manual threshold specification
 Run-time update of threshold not possible

PT
 Not context-aware
 Proposed uCEP engine
 Uses adaptive clustering techniques to dynamically detect boundaries between
CEP values and find optimal rules
 Extract causal and temporal patterns using adaptive rules
Source: Akbar et al., 2015

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13

IIoT Processing: On-going Research (cont.)

EL
 Processing topologies
 Real-time IoT processing systems use message brokers (e.g. MQTT, Apache
Kafka) and transfer them to analytical pipelines
 Single message queue – not scalable, increased latency
 Size of queue increases with increase in

PT
 Data volume
 Number of sensors
 Out of order data that needs more buffer space
 Naive approach – Install more servers
 Impractical
 Existing server not fully utilized
Source: Dey et al., 2015

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14

IIoT Processing: On-going Research (cont.)

EL
aggregation to analytical
 Producer phase key-value pairs pipelines

 Similar across topologies sensor topic

sensor topic
 Consumer phase sensor topic
sensor toplogy

 Extracts topic data and converts sensor topic

into key-value pairs sensor

PT
topic
 Workload increases from sensor sensor
room topology
to floor topology sensor
topic
 Modelling phase sensor

sensor
 Workload of room topology is sensor
reduced compared to sensor topic floor topology
sensor
topology sensor
Source: Dey et al., 2015

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15

IIoT Processing: On-going Research (cont.)

EL
 Semantic Rules Engine (SRE)
 Rules Engine deployed at the gateways
 high level concepts such as location and measurement type used for
rule formation

PT
 Semantic engine to provide abstraction heterogeneity of devices
 Business logic automatically implemented as low level rules
 Leverage device metadata and enable retrieval of contextual data
from devices
Source: Kaed et al., 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16

IIoT Processing: On-going Research (cont.)

EL
Land BDA
CPU/GPU/
 Big data analytics for maritime industry (Wang Storage

Land
Cloud
et al., TENCON 2015)
Visualization
 Two-layer BDA-IIoT framework
 Vessel BDA+IIoT Vessel BDA
 On-board, real-time & local processing Storage CPU/GPU
 Limited resources

PT
 IIoT: Consists of communication technologies, Visualization

Vessel
sensor/actuators, devices/machinery
IIoT
 Vessel BDA: CPU/GPU, Storage, Virtualization
 Land BDA Communication Technologies
 Remote high-power computing Sensors/Actuators
 Components: CPU/GPU/ Cloud, Storage,
Virtualization Devices/Machinery

Source: Wang et al., 2015

Fig: BDA-IIoT Framework

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 17

IIoT Processing: On-going Research (cont.)

EL
 Data Processing [Karnouskos et al., 2014]
 Functional group & block: In devices Model
or in cloud Alarm Discovery
 Services: Simple filtering to complex
analytics Service Engine
 Complex event processing (CEP): Data

PT
Real-time correlation & aggregation Management Data Processing Security

of event data Calculation

 Rule-based deployment on incoming Filtering

events Configuration
Integration

 API-based facility to create, modify, Deployment

or delete rules
Source: Karnouskos et al., 2014

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 18

IIoT Processing: On-going Research (cont.)

EL
 HealthIIoT [Hossain et al., 2016] Services

 Health data collected by sensor-equipped

wearable devices Health
Secure Users/Healthcare
Cloud &
Access professionals
 Cloud-based analytics for clinical prediction Analytics

 Incorporates watermarking & user

PT
identification in the health data to enhance
Gateways
security
Watermarked
 Cloud-based dynamic resource Health data

management & service provisioning Wearable Environmental

Sensors Control
 Health condition monitoring by in-loop Smart home
healthcare professional Source: Hossain et al., 2016

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19

IIoT Processing: On-going Research (cont.)

EL
Supervisory Control Terminals
 Self-organized Multi-agent System in
Smart Factory [Wang et al., 2016]
 Components: cloud, industrial network, Big Data
smart terminals Processing
Framework
 Increased flexibility due to distributed
cooperation and autonomous decision

PT
making framework
 Self-organizing is achieved by intelligent Industrial Network
negotiations between agents
 Cloud-based big data processing
framework assists the self-organization & Machines Conveyers Products
supervisory control Physical Resources
Source: Wang et al., 2016

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20

IIoT Processing: On-going Research (cont.)

EL
 Line Information System Architecture (LISA) [Theorin et al. , 2017]
 Event-driven information system
 Loosely-coupled system with prototype-oriented information model
 Components

PT
 LISA events: machine state change, occurrence of new information
 Message bus: enterprise service bus with standard & structured
framework for message routing
 Communication end-points: interoperable communication for services
 Service end-points: interoperable communication to standard interfaces
Source: Theorin et al., 2017

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 21

References

EL
[1] A. Dey, K. Stuart and M. E. Tolentino, “Characterizing the impact of topology on IoT stream processing,” in
Proc. of the IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2018, pp. 505-510.
[2] C. E. Kaed, I. Khan, A. Van Den Berg, H. Hossayni and C. Saint-Marcel, “SRE: Semantic Rules Engine for the
Industrial Internet-Of-Things Gateways,” in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 715-
724, 2018.
[3] A. Akbar, F. Carrez, K. Moessner, J. Sancho and J. Rico, “Context-aware stream processing for distributed IoT
applications," in Proc. of the IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2015, pp. 663-668.

PT
[4] L. Zhou, D. Wu, J. Chen and Z. Dong, “When Computation Hugs Intelligence: Content-Aware Data Processing
for Industrial IoT," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1657-1666, 2018.
[5] H. Wang, O. L. Osen, G. Lit, W. Lit , H.-N. Dai, W. Zeng, “Big Data and Industrial Internet of Things for the
Maritime Industry in Northwestern Norway,” in Proc. IEEE TENCON, Macao, China, 2015.
[6] A. W. Colombo, S. Karnouskos and T. Bangemann, “Towards the Next Generation of Industrial Cyber-Physical
Systems,”Industrial Cloud-Based Cyber-Physical Systems, A. W. Colombo et al. (eds.), Springer, 2014.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22

References

EL
[7] S. Karnouskos, A. W. Colombo, T. Bangemann, K. Manninen, R. Camp, M. Tilly, M. Sikora, F. Jammes, J.
Delsing, J. Eliasson, P. Nappey, J. Hu and M. Graf, “The IMC-AESOP Architecture for Cloud-Based Industrial
Cyber-Physical Systems,”Industrial Cloud-Based Cyber-Physical Systems, A. W. Colombo et al. (eds.), Springer,
2014.
[8] M. S. Hossain and G. Muhammad, “Cloud-assisted Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) – Enabled framework
for health monitoring,” Computer Networks, vol. 101, pp. 192-202, 2016.

PT
[9] S. Wang, J. Wan, D. Zhang, D. Li, C. Zhang, “Towards smart factory for industry 4.0: a self-organized multi-
agent system with big data based feedback and coordination,” Computer Networks, vol. 101, pp. 158-168,
2016.
[10] A. Theorin, K. Bengtsson, J. Provost, M. Lieder, C. Johnsson, T. Lundholm, and B. Lennartson, “An event-
driven manufacturing information system architecture for Industry 4.0,” International Journal of Production
Research, vol 55, no. 5, pp. 1297-1311, 2017.
[11] MIDAS: IoT/M2M Platforms, Web: https://www.happiestminds.com/solutions/iot-service-platform-midas/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23

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PT
Introduction to Internet of Things 24
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Key Enablers of Industrial IoT:
Processing-Part 2

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

FarmBeats

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Data-driven precision agriculture
Challenges: Intra- & Inter-farm connectivity management, data
collection and energy management
Components: Soil sensors, camera, UAVs, weather station, IoT

PT
gateway, IoT base station, cloud-services
Suitable for large-scale long-term deployment
Gateway incorporates weather-aware decisions & UAV flight
planning
Source: Vasisht et al., 2017

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

2
FarmBeats (cont.)

EL
Cloud-Servic Mobile
es App
User

IoT Gateway

PT IoT Base Station

Network of Soil Sensors,

Camera, UAV
Fig: FarmBeats Architecture Source: Vasisht et al., 2017

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

3
Smart Water Management Platform (SWAMP)

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Irrigation management for different types of crops & climate
in different countries
Services
Entirely replicable services: interaction with virtual entities, storage,

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analytics
Fully customizable services: water management & distribution
Application specific services: custom requirement specific & supports
different architectures
Source: Kamienski et al., 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

4
Smart Water Management Platform (SWAMP)
(contd.)

EL
Components: sensors, virtual entity, analytics & learning, data
management, service management
SWAMP enables a smart management layer between the
water distribution network & farm-based irrigation system

PT Source: Kamienski et al., 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

5
SWAMP (cont.)

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Weather
Information

Water Distribution Status Prediction Farm-based

Water Reserve SWAMP

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Network Irrigation System

Agricultural
Practice

Fig: SWAMP Architecture

Source: Kamienski et al., 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

6
AR Drones-based Precision Agriculture

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Precise fertilizer spray to the weeds
Components: AR Drones, laptop, sprayer installed in a tractor
The video processing module deployed in the laptop detects
the weeds

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The precision sprayer installed in the tractor actuated
according to the locations detected by the video processing
module
Source: Cambra et al., 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

7
AR Drones-based Precision Agriculture (cont.)

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Video Processing
Module
Coordinates for
GPS-tagged Weeds
Video
Tractor with
AR Drones

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Sprayer

Video Capture Fertilizer Spray

Agricultural Field

Fig: AR Drone-based Precision Agriculture

Source: Cambra et al., 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8

Vineyard Health Monitoring

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Challenge: Different variety of grape needs different climate
conditions
Real-time sensing and monitoring of vineyards
Analytics to empower understanding of plant growth

PT
according to soil and climatic conditions
Objective:
Increase yield, quality of grapes, with optimal use of water
Disease detection & control, optimal use of fertilizers
Source: SensorCloud by LORD
MicroStrain

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

9
Vineyard Health Monitoring (cont.)

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Cloud-Services
Visualization Alerts
Math Engine

Sensor Network

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Gateway

Sensors Deployed at
Vineyard

Fig: Vineyard Health Monitoring Framework

Source: SensorCloud by LORD MicroStrain

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10

SmartSantander

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IoT-based smart city deployment platform for large-scale
applications
Design considerations –
experimentation realism

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heterogeneity
scale
mobility
reliability
user involvement Source: SensorCloud by LORD MicroStrain

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

11
SmartSantander (contd.)

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Components – IoT nodes, repeaters, and IoT gateways
Architectural layers: Authentication, Authorization and
Accounting (AAA) subsystem, Testbed management
subsystem (MSS), Experimental support subsystem (ESS), and

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Application support subsystem (ASS)

Source: SensorCloud by LORD MicroStrain

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

12
SmartSantander (cont.)

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PT Fig: SmartSantander
Source: SensorCloud by LORD MicroStrain

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

13
iRobot-Factory: Cognitive Manufacturing

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Application of cognitive intelligence & edge computing for
improved manufacturing
Automation of the production line by information interaction
& data fusion

PT
Components:
Intelligent terminal: Tasked with sensing user’s emotion & request
computing resources accordingly
Source: Hu et al., 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

14
iRobot-Factory: Cognitive Manufacturing (contd.)

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System Management: Real-time analysis on collected data – emotion
data, factory data
Edge Computing Node: Enables low-latency response & decision system
at the edge

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Cognitive Engine: Cloud-based high performance long-term data
analytics using artificial intelligence techniques
Intelligent Device Unit: The hardware assembler and manufacturing unit
Production Line Layer: Production line sequencing with intelligent
conveyer units
Source: Hu et al., 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

15
iRobot-Factory (cont.)

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System Intelligent
Management Terminal
Cloud-bas
ed
Cognitive
Engine

Edge

PT
Intelligent
Device Unit Computing
Node

Production Line Layer

Mechanical
Workers Equipment
Arm

Fig: iRobot-Factory System Architecture

Source: Hu et al., 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

16
Big Data Driven Smart Manufacturing

EL
Challenges: Existing investments, risk & regulation for new
technology, lack of skill, mixed workplace
Different phases of smart manufacturing
Phase 1 - integration of data and contextual information: gather data
from sensors placed at different parts of the industry to have a

PT
contextual view
Phase 2 – synthesis & analysis: processing of data to build knowledge
required for decision making
Phase 3 – innovation in process & production: using knowledge and
intelligence to find new insight and use it for future innovation
Source: Donovan et al., 2015

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

17
Big Data Driven Smart Manufacturing (cont.)

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Subscription
Service

Message Queue
Cloud-b
ased
Site Manager Service

Data

PT
Aggregation

Automation Enterprise
Network Network
Data Generation from Deployed Sensors

Fig: Architecture for Big Data Processing in Smart Manufacturing

Source: Donovan et al., 2015

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

18
Smart Warehousing

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REST-based framework
Data collection module:
Uniquely identifiable objects with RFID tags, sensors
Database for storing the information
Authenticated & secure access

PT
Administrative module:
Organize & process data, decision making
Generating & controlling the events in real-time
Dynamic operational parameters & history-based decision making
Source: Jabbar et al., 2016

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

19
Smart Warehousing (cont.)

EL
Administrator Module
RESTful
Administrator Services Web Server
API

Smart

PT
Gateway

Sensors Actuators RFID Tags

Fig: System Architecture for Smart Warehousing

Source: Jabbar et al., 2016

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

20
Industrial Manufacturing

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Cloud computing & IoT services-based
User entities:
Providers: service offering organization
Consumers: service subscribers

PT
Operators: middle-man, who provisions the services

Source: Tao et al., 2014

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

21
Industrial Manufacturing (contd.)

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Workflow:
Phase 1: collection of the service offerings & infrastructure
Phase 2: virtualization, allocation & management of services
Phase 3: on-demand service provisioning

PT
Layers: (bottom) IoT layer, (middle) Service layer, (top)
Application layer, (cross-layer) bottom support layer
(knowledge, cloud security, wider internet)

Source: Tao et al., 2014

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

22
Industrial Manufacturing (cont.)

EL
Application Layer Bottom Support Layer
Commerce
Business Logic User Interface
Cooperation

Wider Internet Layer

Cloud Security Layer
Knowledge Layer
Service Layer
Service Service

PT
Service
Management Interface Aggregation

IoT Layer
Communication Manufacturing Manufacturing
Infrastructure Resources Capabilities

Fig: System Architecture for Industrial Manufacturing

Source: Tao et al., 2014

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

23
References

EL
[1] D. Vasisht, Z. Kapetanovic, J. ho Won, X. Jin, R. Chandra, A. Kapoor, S. N. Sinha, M. Sudarshan, and S. Stratman,
“FarmBeats: An IoT platform for data-driven agriculture,” in Proc. of USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems
Design and Implementation (NSDI) , Boston, MA, USA, 2017, pp. 515-529.
[2] C. Kamienski, J.-P. Soininen, M. Taumberger, S. Fernandes, A. Toscano, T. S. Cinotti, R. F. Maia, and A. T. Neto,
“SWAMP: an IoT-based smart water management platform for precision irrigation in agriculture,” in Proc. of
Global IoT Summit , Bilbao, Spain, 2018, pp. 1-6.
[3] C. Cambra, J. R. D´ıaz, and J. Lloret, “Deployment and performance study of an Ad Hoc network protocol for

PT
intelligent video sensing in precision agriculture,” in Proc. of Ad-hoc Networks and Wireless . Springer Berlin
Heidelberg, 2015, pp. 165–175, LNCS 8629.
[4] Case study - vineyard health management with wireless sensor networks and SensorCloud. Web:
http://www.sensorcloud.com/static/files/documents/SolutionBrief SCVineyard.pdf
[5] L. Sanchez, L. Muoz, J. A. Galache, P. Sotres, J. R. Santana, V. Gutierrez, R. Ramdhany, A. Gluhak, S. Krco, E.
Theodoridis, and D. Pfisterer, “Smartsantander: Iot experimentation over a smart city testbed,” Computer
Networks, vol. 61, pp. 217-238, 2014.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

24
References (cont.)

EL
[6] L. Hu, Y. Miao, G. Wu, M. M. Hassan, and I. Humar, “iRobot-Factory: An intelligent robot factory based on
cognitive manufacturing and edge computing,” Future Generation Computer Systems , 2018.
[7] P. O’Donovan, K. Leahy, K. Bruton and D. T. J. O’Sullivan, “An industrial big data pipeline for data ‑driven
analytics maintenance applications in large ‑scale smart manufacturing facilities,” Journal of Big Data , vol. 2,
no. 25, 2015.
[8] G. Han, A Qian, J. Jiang, N. Sun, L. Liu, “A grid-based joint routing and charging algorithm for industrial

PT
wireless rechargeable sensor networks,” Computer Networks, vol. 101, pp. 19-28, 2016.
[9] S. Jabbar, M. Khan, B. N. Silva, K. Han, "A REST-based industrial web of things’ framework for smart
warehousing," The Journal of Supercomputing, 2016 [DOI: 10.1007/s11227-016-1937-y]
[10] F. Tao, Y. Cheng, L. D. Xu, L. Zhang, B. H. Li, “CCIoT-CMfg: Cloud Computing and Internet of Things-Based
Cloud Manufacturing Service System,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp.
1435-1442, 2014.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

25
EL
Thank You!!
PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 26
Industrial Rechargeable Sensor Networks

EL
Novel application of wireless charging for industry
Proactive algorithm for grid-based routing as well as charging
Routing protocol
Considers the characteristics of the charger

PT
Energy balance is achieved locally
Global balance of energy:
Considers the energy consumption rates of surrounding nodes
Different charging points are allocated different slots
Source: Han et al., 2016

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

27
Industrial Rechargeable Sensor Networks (cont.)

EL
Charging Points

Movement Direction
Sensor Nodes

PT
Base Station
Service
Station

Charging Station

Fig: Industrial Rechargeable Sensor Network Deployment

Source: Han et al., 2016

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 28

EL
IIoT Process Control

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

What are Industrial Control Systems?

EL
 Different types of electro-mechanical instruments and the
associated systems used in industries to control various
industrial units or processes
 Comprise of four major components:

PT
 Process Variables - Values of process parameters measured using
devices such as sensors
 Set Points - Standard values of the process parameters for controlled
operation of the process

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2

What are Industrial Control Systems? (Contd.)

EL
 Controllers – For taking action decisions based on comparison of
process variables with set points
 Manipulating Variables – Process variables modified based on
controller decisions to manipulate the process

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3
Control Loops

EL
 Fundamental element of industrial control systems for
automatic control of industrial process variables
 Two types:
 Open Loop Control – Control decision independent of process variable

PT
 Closed Loop / Feedback Control – Control decision depends on the
measured value of process variable

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4

Types of Industrial Control Systems

EL
 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
 Distributed Control Systems (DCS)
 Supervisory control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)

EL
 An industrial control system based on programming logic
capable of –
 Monitoring the industrial processes
 Taking control actions based on some predefined computer program

PT
 Comprises of a processor unit, memory unit, power supply
and communication modules
 Used in assembly lines and robotic manufacturing devices

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6

Distributed Control Systems (DCS)

EL
 Specially designed control systems used to control highly
distributed plants having huge number of control loops
 Improved reliability due to distributed control
 Main components are –




PT
Central supervisory controller
Distributed controllers
Field devices such as sensors and actuators
High-speed communication network

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7

Supervisory control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

EL
 Industrial process automation system used in automatic traffic
management, water distribution, electric power grids, etc
 Main components are:
 Sensors and Control Relays




PT
Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs)
SCADA master units
Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
Communication Infrastructures

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8

Architecture of SCADA

EL
Sensors
PLC

Actuators
Communication
HMI Master Unit
Network

Digital
Signals
PT Analog
Signals
RTU
PLC
Sensors

Actuators

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9

References

EL
[1] Groover, M. P. (2007). Automation, production systems, and computer-integrated manufacturing. Prentice
Hall Press.
[2] Bolton, W. (2015). Programmable logic controllers. Newnes.
[3] D'Andrea, Raffaello (9 September 2003). "Distributed Control Design for Spatially Interconnected Systems".
IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.
[4] Boyer, S. A. (2009). SCADA: supervisory control and data acquisition. International Society of Automation.

PT
[5] Alur, R., Arzen, K. E., Baillieul, J., & Henzinger, T. A. (2007). Handbook of networked and embedded control
systems. Springer Science & Business Media.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10

EL
PT
Industry 4.0
Introduction
and Industrial
to Internet
Internet
of of
Things
Things 11