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This lab manual contains instructions and code for 9 computer graphics practical assignments involving fundamental graphics algorithms. The practicals cover implementations of DDA, Bresenham, midpoint circle and ellipse algorithms, as well as geometric transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, and reflection on triangles. For each practical, the student is asked to write C code to render basic shapes and apply the relevant algorithm, and output is shown confirming successful execution.

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287 views27 pages

PDF Computer Graphics Practical Manualdocx - Compress

This lab manual contains instructions and code for 9 computer graphics practical assignments involving fundamental graphics algorithms. The practicals cover implementations of DDA, Bresenham, midpoint circle and ellipse algorithms, as well as geometric transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, and reflection on triangles. For each practical, the student is asked to write C code to render basic shapes and apply the relevant algorithm, and output is shown confirming successful execution.

Uploaded by

Gaurav Dhawas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER

GRAPHICS
Lab Manual

By-

Raj Ankur Singh


S.No. Practical Date
PRACTICAL 1
Write a program in C to implement DDA Algorithm.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
float x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,dx,dy,length;
x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,dx,dy,length;
int gm,gd=DETECT,i;
printf("enter the value of x1:\t");
scanf("%f",&x1);
printf("enter the value of y1:\t");
scanf("%f",&y1);
printf("enter the value of x2:\t");
scanf("%f",&x2);
printf("enter the value of y2:\t");
scanf("%f",&y2);
detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
dx=ab s(x2-x1);
dy=abs(y2-y1);
if(dx>=dy)
{
length=dx;
}
else
{
length=dy;
}
dx=(x2-x1)/length;
dy=(y2-y1)/length;
x=x1+0.5;
y=y1+0.5;
i=1;
while(i<=length)
{
putpixel(x,y,15);
x=x+dx;
y=y+dy;
i=i+1;
delay(100);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output
PRACTICAL 2
Write a program in C to implement Bresenham’s Line Drawing Algorithm.

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
clrscr();
float x1,y1,x2,y2,dx,dy,p;
x1,y1,x2,y2,dx,dy,p;
int gm,gd=DETECT,i=1;
printf("Enter The Value of x1:");
scanf("%f",&x1);
printf("Enter The Value of y1: ");
scanf("%f",&y1);
printf("Enter The Value of x2: ");
scanf("%f",&x2);
printf("Enter The Value of y2: ");
scanf("%f",&y2);
detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
dx=abs(x2-x1);
dy=abs(y2-y1);
p=((2*dy)-dx);
while(i<=dx)
{
putpixel(x1,x2,15);
if(p<0)
{
++x1;
p=p+(2*dy);
}
else
{
++x1;
++y1;
p=p+(2*dy)-(2*dx);
}

i=i+1;
delay(100);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output
PRACTICAL 3
Write a program in C to implement Mid-Point Circle Algorithm.
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{ float x,y,r,p;
int gm,gd=DETECT;
printf("Enter the radius: ");
scanf("%f",&r);
x=0;
y=r;
detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
p=1-r;
do
{
putpixel(200+x,200+y,15);
putpixel(200+y,200+x,15);
putpixel(200+x,200-y,15);
putpixel(200+y,200-x,15);
putpixel(200-x,200-y,15);
putpixel(200-y,200-x,15);
putpixel(200-x,200+y,15);
putpixel(200-y,200+x,15);

if(p<0)
{
++x;
p=p+(2*x)+1;
}
else
{
++x;
--y;
p=p+(2*x)-(2*y)+1;
}
delay(100);
}while(x<y);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output
PRACTICAL 4

Write a program in C to implement Bresenham’s Line Drawing Algorithm to


rasterize the line.

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
clrscr();
float x1,y1,x2,y2,x,y,dx,dy,e;
x1,y1,x2,y2,x,y,dx,dy,e;
int gm,gd=DETECT,i=1;
printf("Enter The Value of x1:");
scanf("%f",&x1);
printf("Enter The Value of y1: ");
scanf("%f",&y1);
printf("Enter The Value of x2: ");
scanf("%f",&x2);
printf("Enter The Value of y2: ");
scanf("%f",&y2);
detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
dx=abs(x2-x1);
dy=abs(y2-y1);
e=((2*dy)-dx);
x=x1;
y=y1;
while(i<=dx)
{
putpixel(x,y,15);
while(e>=0)
{
++y;
e=e-(2*dx);
}
++x;
e=e+(2*dy);
i=i+1;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output
PRACTICAL 5

Write a program in C to implement Mid-Point Ellipse Algorithm.


#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{ int gm,gd=DETECT;
int Rx,Ry,P10,x,y,a,b,P20;
Rx,Ry,P10,x,y,a,b,P20;
printf("Enter Value of Rx and Ry: ");
scanf("%d %d",&Rx,&Ry);
x=0;
y=Ry;
detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
P10=(Ry*Ry)-(Rx*Rx)-(Rx*Rx*Ry)+(0.25*Rx*Rx);
do
{
putpixel(200+x,200+y,15);
putpixel(200+x,200-y,15);
putpixel(200-x,200+y,15);
putpixel(200-x,200-y,15);
a=(2*Ry*Ry*x)+(2*Ry*Ry);
b=(2*Rx*Rx*y)+(2*Rx*Rx);
if(P10<0)
{
x++;
P10=P10+a+(Ry*Ry);
}
else
{
x++;
y--;
P10=P10+a+(Ry*Ry)-b;
}
delay(100);
}while(a>b);
P20=((Ry*Ry)*((x+0.5)*(x+0.5)))+((Rx*Rx)*((y-1)*(y-1)))-((Rx*Rx)*(Ry*Ry));
a=(2*Ry*Ry*x)+(2*Ry*Ry);
b=(2*Rx*Rx*y)+(2*Rx*Rx);
do
{
putpixel(200+x,200+y,15);
putpixel(200+x,200-y,15);
putpixel(200-x,200+y,15);
putpixel(200-x,200-y,15);
a=(2*Ry*Ry*x)+(2*Ry*Ry);
b=(2*Rx*Rx*y)+(2*Rx*Rx);
if(P20>0)
{
y--;
P20=P20-b+(Rx*Rx);
}
else
{
x++;
y--;
P20=P20-b+a+(Rx*Rx);
}
delay(100);
}while(y>0);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output
PRACTICAL 6
Write a program in C to perform translation on a triangle.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT, gm,ch;
int x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,tx,ty;
x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,tx,ty;
printf("Enter coordinates of the triangle: ");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
printf("Enter the translation factors: ");
scanf("%d%d",&tx,&ty);
x1=x1+tx;
y1=y1+ty;
x2=x2+tx;
y2=y2+ty;
x3=x3+tx;
y3=y3+ty;
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
getche();
closegraph();
}
Output

Enter the translation factors: 45 78


PRACTICAL 7
Write a program in C to perform rotation on a triangle.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{ int gd=DETECT, gm,ch;
int x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,tx,ty;
x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,tx,ty;
float rangle;
printf("Enter coordinates of the triangle: ");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
printf("Enter the rotation angle:");
scanf("%f",&rangle);
rangle=(rangle*3.14)/180;
x1=x1*cos(rangle)-y1*sin(rangle);
y1=x1*sin(rangle)+y1*cos(rangle);
x2=x2*cos(rangle)-y2*sin(rangle);
y2=x2*sin(rangle)+y2*cos(rangle);
x3=x3*cos(rangle)-y3*sin(rangle);
y3=x3*sin(rangle)+y3*cos(rangle);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
getche();
closegraph();
}
Output

Enter the rotation angle: 10


PRACTICAL 8
Write a program in C to perform scaling on a triangle.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT, gm;
int x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,sx,sy;
x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,sx,sy;
printf("Enter coordinates of the triangle: ");
scanf("%d %d %d %d %d %d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3);
%d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
printf("Enter the scaling factors: ");
scanf("%d %d",&sx,&sy);
x1=x1*sx;
y1=y1*sy;
x2=x2*sx;
y2=y2*sy;
x3=x3*sx;
y3=y3*sy;
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output

Enter the scaling factors: 2 2


PRACTICAL 9
Write a program in C to perform Reflection on a triangle.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT, gm,ch;
int x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,x11,x22,x3
x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,x11,x22,x33,y11,y22,y3
3,y11,y22,y33;
3;
float angle;
printf("Enter coordinates of the triangle: ");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
printf("Enter the axis of reflection: ");
printf("\n1:about x-axis");
printf("\n2:about y-axis\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
cleardevice();
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
if(ch==1)
{
x11=x1;
y11=180-y1;
x22=x2;
y22=180-y2;
x33=x3;
y33=180-y3;
}
if(ch==2)
{
x11=180-x1;
y11=y1;
x22=180-x2;
y22=y2;
x33=180-x3;
y33=y3;
}
gotoxy(1,24);
line(x11,y11,x22,y22);
line(x22,y22,x33,y33);
line(x33,y33,x11,y11);
getche();
closegraph();
}
Output

Enter the axis of reflection:


1: about x-axis
2: about y-axis
1
Enter the axis of reflection:
1: about x-axis
2: about y-axis
2

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