Kotlin

A quick reference cheatsheet for Kotlin that includes usage, examples, and more.

# Introduction to Kotlin
main()

fun main() {
println("Greetings, QuickRef.ME!")
// Code goes here
}

The main() function is the starting point of every Kotlin program and must be included in the code before execution

Print statement

println("Greetings, earthling!")
print("Take me to ")
print("your leader.")

/*
Print:
Greetings, earthling!
Take me to your leader.
*/
Notes

// this is a single line comment

/*
this
note
for
many
*/

Execution order

fun main() {
println("I will be printed first.")
println("I will be printed second.")
println("I will be printed third.")
}

# Data Types and Variables

Mutable variables

var age = 25
age = 26

Immutable variables

val goldenRatio = 1.618

Type inference

// The following variables are assigned a literal value inside double quotes
// so the inferred type is String

var color = "Purple"

String concatenation

var streetAddress = "123 Main St."

var cityState = "Brooklyn, NY"

println(streetAddress + " " + cityState)

// Print: 123 Main St. Brooklyn, NY

String Templates

var address = "123 Main St."

println("The address is $address")
// prints: The address is 123 Main St.

Built-in Properties and Functions

var monument = "the Statue of Liberty"

println(monument. capitalize())
// print: The Statue of Liberty
println(monument. length)
// print: 21

Character escape
print("\"Excellent!\" I cried. \"Elementary,\" said he.")

// Print: "Excellent!" I cried. "Elementary," said he.

\n insert new line

\t inserts a tab

\r inserts carriage return

\' inserts a single quote

\" inserts a double quote

\\ inserts a backslash

\$ inserts a dollar sign

Arithmetic Operators

5 + 7 // 12
9 -2 // 7
8 *4 // 32
25 /5 // 5
31 % 2 // 1

+ addition, - subtraction, * multiplication, / division, and % modulus

Order of operations
5 + 8 *2 /4 -3 // 6
3 + (4 + 4) /2 // 7
4 *2 + 1 *7 // 15
3 + 18 /2 *1 // 12
6 -3 % 2 + 2 // 7

Enhanced assignment operator

var batteryPercentage = 80

// long syntax
batteryPercentage = batteryPercantage + 10

// short syntax with augmented assignment operator

batteryPercentage += 10

Increment and decrement operators

var year = 2019

year++ // 2020
year-- // 2019

Math library

Math.pow(2.0, 3.0) // 8.0

Math.min(6, 9) // 6
Math.max(10, 12) // 12
Math. round(13.7) // 14
# Conditional Expression
If expression

var morning = true

if (morning) {
println("Rise and shine!")
}
// Print: Rise and shine!

Else-expression

var rained = false

if (rained) {
println("No need to water the plants today.")
} else {
println("The plant needs to be watered!")
}
// print: The plant needs watering!

Else-If expressions

var age = 65

if (age < 18 ) {
println("You are considered a minor")
} else if (age < 60) {
println("You are considered an adult")
} else {
println("You are considered senior")
}

// print: you are considered senior

Comparison Operators

var myAge = 19
var sisterAge = 11
var cousinAge = 11

myAge > sisterAge // true

myAge < cousinAge // false
myAge >= cousinAge // true
myAge <= sisterAge // false

Logical Operators

var humid = true

var raining = true
var jacket = false

println(!humid)
// print: false
println(jacket && raining)
// print: true
println(humid || raining)
// print: true

AND operator: &&

var humid = true

var raining = true
var shorts = false
var sunny = false

// true AND true

println(humid && raining) // true
// true AND false
println(humid && shorts) // false
// false AND true
println(sunny && raining) // false
// false AND false

Or operator:||

var late = true

var skipBreakfast = true
var underslept = false
var checkEmails = false

// true OR true
println(skipBreakfast || late) // true
// true OR false
println(late || checkEmails) // true
// false OR true
println(underslept || late) // true
// false OR false
println(checkEmails || underslept) // false

NOT operator

var hungry = true

var full = false
println(!hungry) // false

Evaluation order

!true && (false || true) // false

/*
(false || true) is evaluated first to return true.
Then, evaluate !true && true and return the final result false
*/

!false && true || false // true

/*
!false is evaluated first to return true.
Then true && true is evaluated, returning true.
then, true || evaluates to false and eventually returns true
*/

Nested conditions

var studied = true

var well Rested = true

if (wellRested) {
println("Good luck today!")
if (studied) {
println("You should prepare for the exam!")
} else {
println("Spend a few hours studying before the exam!")
}
}

// Print: Good luck today!

// print: You should be ready for the exam!
When expression

var grade = "A"

when (grade) {
"A" -> println("Great job!")
"B" -> println("Great job!")
"C" -> println("You passed!")
else -> println("Close! Be sure to prepare more next time!")
}
// print: Great job!

Range operator

var height = 46 // inches

if (height in 1..53) {
println("Sorry, you must be at least 54 inches to ride the coaster")
}
// Prints: Sorry, you must be at least 54 inches to ride the roller coaster

Equality Operators

var myAge = 22
var sisterAge = 21

myAge == sisterAge // false

myAge !== sisterAge // true
# Collections
Immutable list

var programmingLanguages = listOf("C#", "Java", "Kotlin", "Ruby")

Mutable List

var fruits = mutableListOf("Orange", "Apple", "Banana", "Mango")

Access List

var cars = listOf("BMW", "Ferrari", "Volvo", "Tesla")

println(cars[2]) // Prints: Volvo

Size Attribute

var worldContinents = listOf("Asia", "Africa", "North America", "South America", "Antarctica", "Europe",
"Australia")

println(worldContinents.size) // Prints: 7

List Manipulation

var seas = listOf("Black Sea", "Caribbean Sea", "North Sea")

println(seas. contains("North Sea")) // Prints: true

// The contains() function performs a read operation on any list and determines if the element exists
seas.add("Baltic Sea") // Error: cannot write to immutable list
// The add() function can only be called on mutable lists, so the code above throws an error
Immutable Sets

var primaryColors = setOf("Red", "Blue", "Yellow")

Mutable Sets

var womenInTech = mutableSetOf("Ada Lovelace", "Grace Hopper", "Radia Perlman", "Sister Mary Kenneth

Access Collection Elements

var companies = setOf("Facebook", "Apple", "Netflix", "Google")

println(companies.elementAt(3))
// Prints: Google
println(companies.elementAt(4))
// Returns and Error
println(companies.elementAtOrNull(4))
// Prints: null

Immutable Map

var averageTemp = mapOf("winter" to 35, "spring" to 60, "summer" to 85, "fall" to 55)

Mutable Mapping

var europeanDomains = mutableMapOf("Germany" to "de", "Slovakia" to "sk", "Hungary" to "hu", "Norway" to "no")

Retrieve map keys and values

var oscarWinners = mutableMapOf("Parasite" to "Bong Joon-ho", "Green Book" to "Jim Burke", "The Shape Of Water

println(oscarWinners.keys)
// Prints: [Parasite, Green Book, The Shape Of Water]

println(oscarWinners.values)
// Prints: [Bong Joon-ho, Jim Burke, Guillermo del Toro]
println(oscarWinners["Parasite"])
// Prints: Bong Joon-ho

Add and remove map entries

var worldCapitals = mutableMapOf("United States" to "Washington D.C.", "Germany" to "Berlin", "Mexico" to "Mex

worldCapitals.put("Brazil", "Brasilia")
println(worldCapitals)
// Prints: {United States=Washington D.C., Germany=Berlin, Mexico=Mexico City, France=Paris, Brazil=Brasilia}

worldCapitals.remove("Germany")
println(worldCapitals)
// Prints: {United States=Washington D.C., Mexico=Mexico City, France=Paris, Brazil=Brasilia}

# Function
Function

fun greet() {
println("Hey there!")
}

fun main() {
//Function call
greet() //Prints: Hey there!
}

Function Parameters

fun birthday(name: String, age: Int) {

println("Happy birthday $name! You turn $age today!")
}

fun main() {
birthday("Oscar", 26)
//Prints: Happy birthday Oscar! You turn 25 today!
birthday("Amarah", 30)
//Prints: Happy birthday Amarah! You turn 30 today!
}

Default Parameters

fun favoriteLanguage(name, language = "Kotlin") {

println("Hello, $name. Your favorite programming language is $language")
}

fun main() {
favoriteLanguage("Manon")
//Prints: Hello, Manon. Your favorite programming language is Kotlin

favoriteLanguage("Lee", "Java")
//Prints: Hello, Lee. Your favorite programming language is Java
}

Named Parameters
fun findMyAge(currentYear: Int, birthYear: Int) {
var myAge = currentYear -birthYear
println("I am $myAge years old.")
}

fun main() {
findMyAge(currentYear = 2020, birthYear = 1995)
//Prints: I am 25 years old.
findMyAge(birthYear = 1920, currentYear = 2020)
//Prints: I am 100 years old.
}

Return Statement

//Return type is declared outside the parentheses

fun getArea(length: Int, width: Int): Int {
var area = length *width

//return statement
return area
}

fun main() {
var myArea = getArea(10, 8)
println("The area is $myArea.")
//Prints: The area is 80.
}

Single expression function

fun fullName(firstName: String, lastName: String) = "$firstName $lastName"

fun main() {
println(fullName("Ariana", "Ortega"))
//Prints: Ariana Ortega
println(fullName("Kai", "Gittens"))
//Prints: Kai Gittens
}

Function Literals

fun main() {
//Anonymous Function:
var getProduct = fun(num1: Int, num2: Int): Int {
return num1 *num2
}
println(getProduct(8, 3))
//Prints: 24
//Lambda Expression
var getDifference = { num1: Int, num2: Int -> num1 -num2 }
println(getDifference(10, 3))
//Prints: 7
}

# Class
Class Example

//class with properties containing default values

class Student {
var name = "Lucia"
var semester = "Fall"
var gpa = 3.95
}

//shorthand syntax without class body

l St d t
Class Instance

// Class
class Student {
var name = "Lucia"
var semester = "Fall"
var gpa = 3.95
}

fun main() {
var student = Student()
// Instance
println(student.name)
// Prints: Lucia
println(student.semester)
// Prints: Fall
println(student.gpa)
// Prints: 3.95
}

Primary Constructor

class Student(val name: String, val gpa: Double, val semester: String, val estimatedGraduationYear: Int)

fun main() {
var student = Student("Lucia", 3.95, "Fall", 2022)
println(student.name)
//Prints: Lucia
println(student.gpa)
//Prints: 3.95
println(student.semester)
//Prints: Fall
println(student.estimatedGraduationYear)
//Prints: 2022
}

Initialization Block

class Student(val name: String, val gpa: Double, val semester: String, val estimatedGraduationYear: Int) {
init {
println("$name has ${estimatedGraduationYear -2020} years left in college.")
}
}

fun main() {
var student = Student("Lucia", 3.95, "Fall", 2022)
//Prints: Lucia has 2 years left in college.
}

Member Function

class Student(val name: String, val gpa: Double, val semester: String, val estimatedGraduationYear: Int) {

init {
println("$name has ${estimatedGraduationYear -2020} years left in college.")
}

//member function
fun calculateLetterGrade(): String {
return when {
gpa >= 3.0 -> "A"
gpa >= 2.7 -> "B"
gpa >= 1.7 -> "C"
gpa >= 1.0 -> "D"
else -> "E"
}
}
}

//When the instance is created and the function is called, the when expression will be executed and return the
fun main() {
var student = Student("Lucia", 3.95, "Fall", 2022)
//Prints: Lucia has 2 years left in college.
println("${student.name}'s letter grade is ${student.calculateLetterGrade()}.")
//Prints: Lucia's letter grade is A.
}