Dr.

Santosh Gejage
M. Pharma (DDT) PhD (Tech), PGDCTM, PGDPL
Associate Professor
Department of Pharmaceutics
Ashokrao Mane College of Pharmacy Peth Vadgaon
Mo- +91 9665388581
[email protected]
PARENTERALS
Parenterals are the sterile dosage
forms intended for administration
other than enteral route and
exerts their action by directly
entering into the systemic
circulation.

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ADVANTAGES
• Quick onset of action.
• Suitable for the drugs which are not administered by oral
route.
• Useful for uncooperative , nauseous, or unconscious
patients.
• Useful for emergency situation.
• Duration of action can be prolonged by modifying
formulation.
• Means of correcting serious disturbances of fluid and
electrolyte balance.

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DISADVANTAGES
• Only trained personnel is required.
• Pain on injection.
• Difficult to reverse physiologic effect of drugs.
• Sensitivity or allergic reaction at site of injection.
• Require strict control of sterility and non pyrogenicity than
other formulation.
• More expensive and costly to produce.

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CATEGORIES

 Injections
 Infusions
 Concentrates for injections and infusions
 Powder for injections and infusions

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QUALITY CONTROL TESTS
Uniformity of content
Test for volume of liquid
Test for pyrogen
Test for sterility

Clarity of solution
Uniformity of weight
Test for bacterial endotoxin
Leakage test

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UNIFORMITY OF CONTENT

• 30 sterile units are selected from each batch.

• The weight of 10 individual sterile units is noted and
the content is removed from them and empty
individual sterile unit is weighed accurately again.
• Then net weight is calculated by subtracting empty
sterile unit weight from gross weight.
• The dose uniformity is met if the amount of active
ingredient is within the range of 85-115.0% of label
claim. 7
• Relative standard deviation is equal to or less than 6.0%.
• If one unit is outside the range of 85-115.0%, and none of
the sterile unit is outside the range of 75-125.0% or if the
relative standard deviation of the resultant is greater than
6.0% ,or if both condition prevail, an additional 20 sterile
unit should be tested.
• The sterile units meet the requirements if not more than
one unit is out side the range of 85-115%, no unit is outside
the range of 75-125.0% and the calculated relative standard
deviation is 7.8%.
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TEST FOR VOLUME OF
LIQUID
 Test applies to liquid supplied in single dose ,
only part of the content is used
 Empty the contents of one container&
determine the volume of contents
 Emulsions & suspensions shake the
container before the determination
 The volume is not less than the amount stated

on the label. 9
Parenteral Minimum number of
preparations items tested

Not more than 100 10% or 4 container

containers

More than 100 but not 10 containers

more than 500 containers

More than 500 containers 2% or 20 containers

whichever is less

For large volume 2% or 20 containers

parenterals whichever is less
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UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHT

 Remove the labels& wash the container & dry

 Weigh the container along with content
 Empty the container completely
 Rinse with water & ethanol,dry at 100°C to a
constant weight
 Cool& weigh
Net weight shout be calculated
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TEST FOR PYROGEN
• The test involves measurement of the rise in body
temperature of rabbits following the IV injection of a
sterile solution into ear vein of rabbit.
• Dose not exceeding 10 ml per kg injected intravenously
within a period of not more than 10 min
• Test animals: Use healthy, adult rabbits of either sex,
preferably of the same variety.
• Recording of temperature: Clinical thermometer

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PRELIMINARY TEST(SHAM TEST)
• If animals are used for the first time in a pyrogen test or
have not been used during the 2 previous weeks condition
them 1 to 3 days before testing the substance by injecting IV
10ml per kg pyrogen free saline solution warmed to about
38.5°
• Record the temperature of the animals beginning at least 90
min before injection and continuing for 3 hours after
injection.
• Any animal showing a temperature variation of 0.6° or
more must not be used in main test 13
MAIN TEST

Carry out the test using a group of 3 rabbits.

Preparation of the sample: Dissolve the substance in or

dilute with pyrogen free saline solution . Warm the liquid
to approximately 38.5° before injection.

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PROCEDURE

• Inject the solution under examination slowly into

the marginal veins of the ear of each rabbit over
a period not exceeding 4 min.

• Record the temperature of each animal at half-

hourly intervals for 3 hours after injection.

• The difference between the initial temperature and

the maximum temperature which is the highest
temperature recorded for a rabbit is taken to be its
response.
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INTERPRETATION OF RESULT

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TEST FOR STERILITY

Sterility is defines as freedom from the presence of viable

microorganism

METHOD
A:
Membrane
filtration

METHOD B:
Direct
inoculation

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Media to be used in the sterility
test
Fluid
Thioglycol
ate
Medium Soyabean-
casein digest
Medium

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MEMBRANE FILTRATION METHOD:-

• A membrane has a nominal pore size not greater than 0.45μ

and diameter of approximately 50mm.
• This method basically involves filtration of Sample through
membrane filters.
• The filtration is assisted under strict aseptic condition, after
filtration complete the membrane is cut into 2 halves and
one halve is placed in suitable volume of
( 100 ml usually)FTM, SCDM medium.
• Incubate the media for not less than 14 days.
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DIRECT INOCULATION METHOD:-
The DT method is the more traditional sterility test
method. Basically, the DT method involves three steps:
1. Aseptically opening each sample container from a recently
sterilized batch of product.
2. Using a sterile syringe and needle to withdraw the
required volume of sample for both media from the
container
3. Injecting one-half of the required volume sample into a
test tube containing the required volume of FTM and the
other half volume of sample into a second test tube
containing the required volume of SCD.
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MINIMUM QUANTITY TO BE USED FOR EACH
MEDIUM

Quantity per container Minimum quantity to be used for

each medium
Liquids
1. less than 1 ml The whole contents of each
container
2. 1-40 ml Half the contents of each
container but not less than 1 ml

3.Greater than 40 ml and not 20 ml

greater than 100 ml
4. Greater than 100 ml 10 per cent of the contents of the
container but not less than 20 ml
Antibiotic liquids 1 ml
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INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
• If the material being tested renders the medium turbid so
that the presence or absence of microbial growth cannot be
easily determined by visual inspection,14 days after the
beginning of incubation , transfer portion (< 1 ml) of the
medium to fresh vessels of the same medium and then
incubate original and transfer vessel for not less than 4
days.
• If No evidence of microbial growth is found- complies with
test for sterility.
• If evidence of microbial growth is found- does not complies
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with test for sterility.

PARTICULATE MATTER TEST
Particulate matter refers to the extraneous, mobile,
undissolved particles, other than gas bubbles,
unintentionally present in the solutions.

2 methods are used:

Light
obstraction
Particle
Count Test

Microscopic
particle
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count test
LIGHT OBSTRACTION PARTICLE COUNT
TEST
Use a suitable apparatus based on the principle of
light blockage which allows an automatic
determination of the size of particles and the number
of particles according to size.

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Limits

Sample Particle size in μm Maximum no. of

particles.

LVP ≥ 100 ml 10 Average in the units

25 tested
25 per ml
3 per ml

SVP – 100 ml and less 10 6000 per container

than 100 ml 25 600 per container

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MICROSCOPIC PARTICLE COUNT TEST

• Wet the inside of the filter holder fitted with the membrane filter
with several milliliter of particle-free water .
• Transfer the total volume of a solution pool or of a single unit to
the filtration funnel, and apply vacuum.
• Place the filter in a Petri dish and allow the filter to air-dry.
• After the filter has been dried, place the Petri dish on the stage of
the microscope, scan the entire membrane filter under the
reflected light from the illuminating device, and count the
number of particles
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Limits :

Sample Particle size in μm Maximum no. of

particles.

LVP ≥ 100 ml 10 Average in the units

25 tested
12 per ml
2 per ml
SVP – 100 ml and 10 3000 per container
less than 100 ml 25 300 per container

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LEAKAGE TEST
 Leakage test is employed to test the package
integrity.
 Package integrity reflects its ability to keep the
product in and to keep potential contamination out.
 Which is the flow of matter through the barrier itself.
 Leakage tests are 4 types
a) visual inspection
b) bubble test
c) dye tests
d) vacuum ionization test

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Leakage test apparatus

High voltage leak detection

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TEST FOR BACTERIAL
ENDOTOXIN
 Measures the concenration of bacterial endotoxin
 Test is using lysate derived from hemolymph cells or
amoebocytes of horse shoe crab
 Endotoxin limit calculated by
K/M
K maximum no.of endotoxin which receive the
patient without suffering toxic reaction
M maximum dose administered to a patient/kg/hr
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Mechanism of LAL Test
The test is based on the primitive blood-clotting
mechanism of the horseshoe crab

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Horse shoe crab

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LAL reagent

 Bleeding adult crabs blood into an

anticlotting solution
 Washing and centrifuging to collect the
amoebocytes
 Lysing in 3% NaCl
 Lysate is washed and lyophilized for
storage

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Procedure

Test:
 Equal volume of LAL reagent and test solution
(usually 0.1 ml of each) are mixed in a
depyrogenated test-tube
 Incubation at 37oC, for1 hour
 Remove the tube – invert in one smooth motion
(180o)
 Observe the result

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Different Techniques
 Three different techniques:
 The gel-clot technique – gel formation
 The turbidimetric technique – the
development of turbidity after cleavage of an
endogenous substrate
 The chromogenic technique – the
development of color after cleavage of a
synthetic peptide – chromogen complex

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Gel Clot Technique

 A solid gel is formed in the presence of

endotoxins
 This technique requires positive and negative
controls
 Positive controls – a known concentration
of endotoxin added to the lysate solution
 Negative controls – water, free from
endotoxins, added to the lysate solution

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Turbidimetric Technique

 The test is based on the measurement of

opacity change due to the formation of
insoluble coagulin
 Opacity is directly proportional to the
endotoxin concentration
 This technique is used for water systems
and simple pharmaceutical products

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Chromogenic Technique

 This is based on the measurement of color

change which is caused by the release of
the chromogenic chemical
 p-nitroanilide
 The quantity of the p-nitroanilide produced
is directly proportional to the endotoxin
concentration

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CONCLUSION
• Quality control should be a fundamental
segment 0f parenteral products
manufacturing.
• All of the 5 basic tests which are
performed are essential and have its own
importance in parenteral production .
• All of these tests ensure that product meet its
quality which has been judged to satisfactory
also.
• Each test is unique and provides detailed
assessment of quality control for parenteral
products.
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REFERENCE

 www.pharmainfo.net/lal-test
 www.who.int/phint/en/d/Jb.7.3.4/
 AJPTR article Nithin Chilukuri-4055(1).pdf
 Parenteral-preparations-draft-QAS12-479-
18072018.pdf
 www.pharmaguideline.com

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 USP. Appendix 788, 56.
 IP. page no: 659 to 660
 Remington. The science and Practice of
Pharmacy. 21st ed. Page no. 1367 to 1374
 www.gpattutor.com

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THANK YOU

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