Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Steel is the most commonly used material for buildings. It has become a national trend.
This is due to the tremendous advantages that steel can offer. Concrete should not be used in
buildings. should be steel. This is evidenced by the fact that steel has compounds and other
properties that can strengthen the material. Save more time and money. It is also lighter than
concrete and easy to form as a ductile material. First, consider the problem design from all
aspects, including cost, structure, and benefits. First determine the model, then proceed with
the calculations and provide feedback. Last but not least, it's important to get the right design
through several trials.

For this project, our group proposed the design of a basketball stadium. Stadiums are
venues for outdoor sports competitions, musical performances, and other events. It is
surrounded by multi-tiered structures that allow audience members to watch the action standing
or sitting. Olympic Stadium in Greece in 776 BC. The stadium where the first Olympic Games
were held is the oldest surviving stadium.

Infrastructure such as international sports facilities is also necessary. Another necessary

infrastructure is a basketball stadium. Therefore, this project proposes the analysis and design
of a boxing stadium with steel roof trusses.

The project location chosen is at Parit Raja, Johor. Parit Raja is a town in Batu Pahat
District, Johor and is a sustainable place where nearby University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
This location is a human settlement with a high population-density and an infrastructure of
built environment.

Figure 1.1: Site Plan View for Parit Raja Figure 1.2: Maps View of Parit Raja
1.1 Design Concept and Erection Methodology

Figure 1.3: Duo-Pitch Pratt Truss

The erection methodology for a stadium involves a well-planned and systematic

approach to constructing the structure. The design of trusses plays a critical role in supporting
the roof and ensuring the structural integrity of the stadium. Trusses are designed based on the
specific load requirements, span length, and desired aesthetic considerations. Engineers
analyze the forces acting on the trusses and determine the appropriate size and arrangement of
members, including chords, web members, and connections. The design of purlins, which are
secondary structural elements, is also crucial. Purlins provide support to the roof cladding and
distribute the roof loads to the trusses. The purlin design involves selecting the correct size and
spacing to accommodate the anticipated loads and ensure stability.

During the construction period, the erection methodology involves carefully

coordinating the lifting and placement of the trusses and purlins. Cranes or other lifting
equipment are used to position the components accurately. Safety measures are implemented
to protect workers and prevent any damage to the structure. The construction team follows a
step-by-step process, ensuring proper alignment and connection of the trusses and purlins
according to the design specifications.

The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Load and Resistance Factor
Design (LRFD) is often used to verify the structural members of the stadium. LRFD considers
various load combinations, including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and seismic loads, to
ensure the structural members can safely withstand these forces. The design includes
determining the required member sizes, connections, and other detailing to meet the specified
load requirements.

In conclusion, the erection methodology for a stadium involves a comprehensive

approach to design and construct the trusses, purlins, and other structural elements. The design
process ensures that the trusses and purlins are appropriately sized and arranged to support the
loads and maintain structural integrity. During construction, careful coordination and
adherence to safety protocols are essential. The use of AISC LRFD ensures that the structural
members are designed and verified to meet the required load capacity. Ultimately, a well-
executed erection methodology ensures the successful construction of a safe and robust stadium
structure.
1.2 Choice of Truss Design and Engineering Judgement

In this project, the Duo-Pratt truss design is chosen for the stadium structure. The Duo-
Pratt truss is a commonly used truss configuration that consists of diagonal web members in
tension and vertical web members in compression. This type of truss offers excellent stability
and load-bearing capacity, making it suitable for spanning long distances and supporting heavy
roof loads. The Duo-Pratt truss design is often used in applications where a clear span is
required, such as stadiums, arenas, and large industrial buildings.

One of the advantages of the Duo-Pratt truss is its efficient use of materials, as it can
provide a high strength-to-weight ratio. This can lead to cost savings in terms of material
procurement and construction. Additionally, the symmetrical arrangement of the diagonal and
vertical web members offers a pleasing visual appearance, contributing to the architectural
aesthetics of the stadium.

The Duo-Pratt truss requires bracing members to maintain its stability and prevent
lateral deflection. Bracing members, such as horizontal and diagonal members, are typically
added between the trusses to resist horizontal forces, such as wind loads. These bracing
members ensure the overall stability and rigidity of the truss system.

Member length is an important consideration in truss design as longer members can be

more susceptible to buckling under compression loads. To mitigate this, appropriate sizing and
selection of the truss members are crucial to ensure structural integrity and stability.
Engineering calculations and analysis are conducted to determine the optimal member lengths
based on the specific load requirements and design constraints of the stadium structure.

Moreover. the Duo-Pratt truss is commonly supported by pin connections at the joints.
These pin connections allow for rotation and transfer of forces between the truss members,
enabling efficient load distribution. Pin supports also simplify the erection process, making it
easier to assemble and connect the truss components during construction.

Furthermore, the choice of the Duo-Pratt truss for the stadium structure is based on its
proven performance, efficiency, and suitability for the desired clear span and load requirements.
The truss design provides the necessary stability, load-bearing capacity, and architectural
aesthetics desired for a stadium. Through engineering analysis and judgement, it has been
determined that the Duo-Pratt truss is a suitable and optimal choice for the specific
requirements of the stadium project.
Chapter 2

DESIGN OVERVIEW

2.0 Simplified lay-out in AUTOCAD

Figure 2.1: Plan View of Basketball Stadium

Figure 2.2: Front View of Basketball Stadium

Figure 2.3: Structure layout for Front View of Basketball Stadium

Figure 2.4: Roof Plan View of Basketball Stadium

2.1 3D-View of Basketball Stadium by Using Staad-Pro Software

Figure 2.5: 3D-View of Basketball Stadium

2.2 Load Computation

Figure 2.6: Permanent Load on Roof Truss (2D)

Figure 2.7: Variable Load on Roof Truss (2D)

Figure 2.8: Wind Load on Roof Truss (2D)

Figure 2.9: Permanent Load on Roof Truss (3D)

Figure 2.10: Variable Load on Roof Truss (3D)

Figure 2.11: Wind Load on Roof Truss (3D)

Table 2.1: Characteristic Permanent Actions (Gk)

Weight and Load of Typical

Load (kN/m2) References
Construction Materials
Roof
Metal roof cladding = 0.07 kN/m2
Insulated panel = 0.20 kN/m2
Table 2.14
Purlins = 0.05 kN/m2
Truss = 0.10 kN/m2
Services = 0.30 kN/m2
• Source Ref: Table 2.14: Goodchild, C.H, Worked Examples to Eurocode 2: Volume 1,
The Concrete Centre, 2009.

Table 2.2: Characteristic Variable Actions (Qk)

Imposed Loads qk (kN/m2) References

Variable load for roof = 0.75 kN/m2 Module BFC44903 (pg102)

Table 2.3: Wind Action (Wk)

Wind Load Speed (m/s) References

Basic wind speed (Zone I – inland

= 33.5 m/s MS 1553
area of Peninsular Malaysia)

Consider spacing o truss = 3.05m, thus the uniform load:

Gk = 2.196 kN/m

Qk = 2.288 kN/m

Wk = 0.725kN/m

Combination of load (Load Cases):

ULSmin = 1.35Gk

ULSmax = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

ULSWk = 1.35Gk + 1.5Wk

ULSQk,com = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + 0.75Wk

ULSWk,com = 1.35Gk + 0.75Qk + 1.5Wk

2.3 Choice of truss shape and dimensions

A truss, often known as an open web girder, is simply a triangulated structure of straight
interconnected structural parts. The different pieces are joined together at nodes, and it is
frequently considered that these connections are formally pinned. The system is often subjected
to external forces at the nodes, which are then subjected to reactions at the supports. The system
is a plane or a 2D truss when all of the members and applied forces are in the same plane. The
dimensions of the stadium's internal members as seen from the front are shown in the figure
below.

Figure 2.12: Front View Dimension of Internal Members

2.4 Connection Type

In the context of the stadium structure, the preferred choice of connection type is a
bolted connection over a welded connection. Bolted connections offer several advantages,
including economic benefits. When bolted connections are used, they provide ease of
installation and offer flexibility for future modifications or disassembly if required. Bolted
connections allow for efficient construction, as they do not require specialized welding
equipment or trained welders. This can result in cost savings in terms of labour and equipment.

Furthermore, bolted connections comply with the requirements outlined in the

Eurocode EN 1993-1-8, which provides guidelines and standards for the design of steel
structures and the use of bolted connections. By adhering to these standards, the structural
integrity and safety of the stadium are ensured. Therefore, considering the economic benefits,
ease of installation, and compliance with design standards, the use of bolted connections is the
preferred choice for the stadium structure.