Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 274

Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering

Calculations

A.1 Units, Dimensions and Unit Conversions

A measured or counted value must have a numerical value and a unit.
For example, it is not useful to tell someone that the outdoor temperature is 20, as the other person
would also need to know what units this temperature is given in (i.e., 20ºC is very different from
20ºF).
A dimension is a property that can be measured (e.g., length, mass, time, etc.) or calculated by
multiplying or dividing other dimensions (e.g., speed = length/time; volume = length3; density =
mass/length3).
Units should be treated like algebraic variables when arithmetic operations are performed. This
implies that two quantities can only be added or subtracted if the units are the same. However,
multiplication or division may be performed regardless of the units. For example,
3 cm + 2 cm = 5 cm (3x + 2x = 5x)
3 cm + 2 ft = ? (3x + 2y = ?)
but,
3 N × 2 m = 6 N·m = 6 J
3 m × 2 m = 6 m2
6 km
2 km/h
3h
A conversion factor is the ratio of a quantity in one unit to its equivalent value in different units.
Tables of conversion factors are available in most engineering textbooks. One such table may be
found at the end of this appendix. To convert between units, the quantity must simply be multiplied
by the conversion factor(s).

Example A.1: Convert 30 km/h to ft/s.

Solution:

km 1000 m 3.2808 ft h ft
30 u u u 27.34
h km m 3600 s s
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 275

A.2 Systems of Units

A system of units has:
x Base units for mass, length, time, temperature, electrical current and light intensity.
x Multiple units which are defined as multiples or fractions of the base units. The definition
of multiple units is done simply for convenience (i.e., it is easier to write 3 y than 94608000
s).
x Derived units which are obtained by multiplying or dividing base or multiple units or
through definitions of equivalents (e.g., 1 erg ≡ 1 g cm s-2)
The following table shows a comparison between some units for three commonly used systems of
units (fps, cgs, and SI).

FPS CGS SI
Length foot (ft) centimeter (cm) meter (m)
Mass pound mass (lbm) gram (g) kilogram (kg)
Quantity pound-mole (lbm-mol) mole (mol) mole (mol)
Time second (s) second (s) second (s)
Temperature Fahrenheit (°F) Celsius (°C) Kelvin (K)
Volume gallon (gal) centimeter3 (cm3) meter3 (m3)
Force pound-force (lbf) dyne Newton (N)
Pressure pound per square inch dyne/cm2 Pascal (Pa)
(psi)
Energy British thermal unit calorie (cal), erg Joule (J)
(Btu)
Power horsepower (hp) erg/s Watt (W or J/s)

Appropriate conversion factors must be applied to convert between different systems of units.

A.3 Force and Weight

According to Newton’s second law, force is proportional to the product of mass and acceleration.
In SI this means that,
m
F ma kg N
s2
In CGS units,
cm
F ma g dyne
s2
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 276

In FPS units,
ft
F ma lb m
s2
but recall that 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm ft s-2. Therefore,
1
F ma lb f
32.174
The weight of an object is equal to the force exerted on the object by gravity.
W = mg

Example A.2: If the density of water is 62.4 lbm/ft3, what is the weight of 2 ft3 of water:
a) On earth (g = 32.174 ft/s2) in both fps and SI units.
b) On the moon (g = 5.348 ft/s2) in both fps and SI units.
Solution:
The mass of the water is,
§ lb ·
m ¨ 62.4 m3 ¸ 2 ft 3 124.8 lbm in fps units and
© ft ¹
1 kg
m 124.8 lb m ˜ 56.61 kg in SI units.
2.20462 lb m

a) The weight of the water on earth is,

g § ft · § 1 lbf ·
W m 124.8 lbm ¨ 32.174 2 ¸ ¨ -2 ¸
124.8 lbf
gC © s ¹ © 32.174lbm ˜ ft ˜ s ¹

g § m ·§ 1 N ·
W m 56.61 kg ¨ 9.8067 2 ¸ ¨ 2 ¸
555.1 N
gC © s ¹ © 1kg ˜ m ˜ s ¹

Note that this agrees with the conversion factor: 1 lbf = 4.4482 N

b) The weight of the water on the moon is,

g § ft · § 1 lbf ·
W m 124.8 lbm ¨ 5.348 2 ¸ ¨ -2 ¸
20.74 lbf
gC © s ¹ © 32.174lbm ˜ ft ˜ s ¹

g § ft m ·§ 1 N ·
W m 56.61 kg ¨ 5.348 2 ˜ ¸¨ 2 ¸
92.28 N
gC © s 3.2808 ft ¹ © 1kg ˜ m ˜ s ¹
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 277

A.4 Numerical Calculation and Estimation

The significant figures of a number are the digits from the first nonzero digit on the left to:
a) The last digit on the right if there is a decimal point.
b) The last nonzero digit of the number if there is no decimal point.
For example,
2300 or 2.3×103 has two significant figures
2300. or 2.300×103 has four significant figures
2300.0 or 2.3000×103 has five significant figures
23040 or 2.304×104 has four significant figures
0.035 or 3.5×10-2 has two significant figures
0.03500 or 3.500×103 has four significant figures
The number of significant figures provides an indication of the precision of the measured or
calculated value. It is assumed that the last significant figure of the reported value can vary by half
of one unit (e.g., m = 6.25 kg means 6.245 kg < m < 6.255 kg). For arithmetic operations the rules
regarding significant figures are as follows:
x For multiplication or division, the number of significant figures of the result should equal
the lowest number of significant figures in the multiplicands or divisors.
x For addition or subtraction, the number of significant figures of the result should be
determined by evaluating the position of the last significant figure relative to the decimal
point. The position farthest to the left determines the last significant figure of the sum or
difference.
For example,
(3.57) × (4.286) = 15.3
(5.2×10-4) × (0.1635×107) / (2.67) = 3.2×102 or 320
1530 – 2.56 = 1527.44 → 1530
1.0000 + 0.036 + 0.22 = 1.256 → 1.26
After solving a quantitative problem, the question that often arises is whether or not the result is
reasonable. There are several approaches available to validate a quantitative result:
x Back-substitution: The value obtained by the solution of one or several equations is
substituted back into the equations to make sure it is the correct solution.
x Order-of-magnitude estimation: In this approach the final numerical result is compared
to a crude and easy-to-obtain estimate of the answer (e.g., 12.3 × 0.214 = 2.63, a crude
estimate of the answer would be 10 × 0.2 = 2).
x Judgement: All solutions should make physical sense and therefore it is important to make
sure that the result is realistic (some examples of unreasonable solutions are: water flowing
through a pipe at a velocity greater than the speed of light, negative absolute temperatures
or pressures, etc.).
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 278

A.5 Dimensional Homogeneity and Dimensionless Quantities

A simple way to check the dimensional validity of an equation is to compare the units of all the
additive terms. For an equation to be valid, it has to be dimensionally homogeneous. That is, all
additive terms on both sides of the equation must have the same dimensions. An example of an
equation that is not dimensionally homogeneous, and therefore invalid, is:
u m/s u0 m/s g m/s 2
An example of a dimensionally homogeneous equation is,
u m/s u0 m/s g m/s 2 t s
An equation may be dimensionally homogeneous but have inconsistent units,
u m/s u0 m/s g m/s2 t min
In this case the terms in the equation can be made consistent by applying conversion factors,
u m/s u0 m/s g m/s2 t min 60(s/min)
A dimensionless number is a pure number or a multiplicative combination of variables with no
net dimensions. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity commonly encountered in the
analysis of fluid flow:
UuD
Re
P
Many other dimensionless quantities are also commonly used in engineering calculations.
Exponents (e.g., 2 in X2), transcendental functions (log, ln, exp, sin, etc.) and arguments of
transcendental functions (e.g., X in ln[X]) must always be dimensionless quantities.

A.6 Linear Interpolation

Tabulated thermodynamic properties are only available at finite values. However, it is often
necessary to determine a property value at conditions other than those listed in the table. For
example, referring to the saturated steam tables, data for the specific volume of saturated steam is
only available at 105 bar and 110 bar. The curve passing through these two data points can be
approximated as a line with the following equation (see the Fig. A.1):
y mx b o v mP v1 mP1 v1 m P P1
where m is the slope of the line:
v1 v2
m
P1 P2
and v1 is the specific volume at P1 and v2 is the specific volume at P2.
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 279

0.0185

0.0175

v1 (P1, v1)

v (m3/kg)
v (P, v)
0.0165

v2 (P2, v2)

0.0155

P1 P P2
0.0145
95 100 105 110 115 120
Pressure (bar)

Fig. A.1: Example of linear interpolation

If the value at, say 106.8 bar is needed, it can be approximated by substituting this value into the
equation for that line:
v1 v2
v v1 P P1
P1 P2
0.016969 0.015994
v 0.016969 106.8 105
105 110
v 0.016618 m3 /kg
Linear interpolation is valid for any property table as long as the curve between the two data points
can be adequately represented by a line. The generalized equation is:
y1 y2
y y1 x x1
x1 x2
Another situation may require double linear interpolation. Perhaps the value of the enthalpy of
superheated steam at 73.1 bar and 576.2°C is needed. Referring to the superheated steam tables,
the following data points are available:
Pressure (bar) Temperature (°C) Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
P1 = 70 T1 = 500 h1,1 = 3411.3
P1 = 70 T2 = 600 h1,2 = 3650.6
P2 = 75 T1 = 500 h2,1 = 3405.3
P2 = 75 T2 = 600 h2,2 = 3646.5
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 280

To determine the enthalpy at the intermediate condition of 73.1 bar and 576.2°C we can either
perform three linear interpolations or use the generalized double interpolation formula. Both of
these methods are demonstrated next.

Double Interpolation Method 1:

The enthalpy at 73.1bar and 500°C is,
h1,1 h2,1 3411.3 3405.3 kJ
hA h1,1 P P1 3411.3 73.1 70 3407.58
P1 P2 70 75 kg
The enthalpy at 73.1bar and 600°C is,
h1, 2 h2, 2 3650.6 3646.5 kJ
hB h1, 2 P P1 3650.6 73.1 70 3648.058
P1 P2 70 75 kg
The enthalpy at 73.1bar and 576.2°C is,
hA hB 3407.58 3648.058 kJ
h hA T T1 3407.58 576.2 500 3590.82
T1 T2 500 600 kg

Double Interpolation Method 2:

The general double interpolation formula is,
ª§ P2 P · § P P1 · º T2 T ª§ P2 P · § P P1 · º T T1
h «¨ P P ¸h1,1 ¨ P P ¸h2,1 » T T «¨ P P ¸h1, 2 ¨ P P ¸h2, 2 » T T
¬© 2 1 ¹ © 2 1 ¹ ¼ 2 1 ¬© 2 1 ¹ © 2 1 ¹ ¼ 2 1

Thus,
­ª§ 75 73.1 · § 73.1 70 · º 600 576.2 ½
°«¨ ¸3411.3 ¨ ¸3405.3» °
°¬© 75 70 ¹ © 75 70 ¹ ¼ 600 500 °
h ® ¾
° ª§ 75 73.1 ·3650.6 § 73.1 70 ·3646.5º 576.2 500°
° «¬¨© 75 70 ¸¹ ¨
© 75 70 ¹
¸ » 600 500 °
¼
¯ ¿

h 3590.82 kJ/kg
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 281

A.7 Important Constants and Unit Conversion Factors

Mass 1 kg = 1000 g = 0.001 tonne = 2.20462 lbm = 35.27392 oz
1 lbm = 16 oz = 5 x 10-4 ton = 453.593 g = 0.453593 kg
Length 1m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 microns (μm) = 1010 angstroms (Å)
= 39.37 in. = 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd = 0.000621371 mile
1 ft = 12 in. = 1/3 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm
1 mile = 1.609344 km = 1609.344 m = 1760 yd = 5280 ft
3
Volume 1m = 1000 L = 106 cm3 =106 mL
= 35.3145 ft3 = 220.83 imperial gallons = 264.17 US gal = 1056.68 qt
1 ft3 = 1728 in.3 = 7.4805 US gal = 0.028317 m3 =28.317 L = 28317 cm3
Force 1N = 1 kg·m/s2 = 105 dynes = 105 g·cm/s2 = 0.22481 lbf
1 lbf = 32.174 lbm·ft/s2 = 4.4482 N = 4.4482 x 105 dynes
Pressure 1 atm = 101325 N/m2 (Pa) = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar
= 1.01325 x 106 dynes/cm2
= 760 mm Hg at 0°C (torr) = 10.333 m H 2O at 4°C
= 14.696 lbf/in.2 (psi) = 33.9 ft H2O at 4°C = 29.921 in. Hg at 0°C
Energy 1J = 1 N·m = 107 ergs = 107 dyne·cm = 2.778 x 10-7 kW·h = 0.23901 cal
= 0.7376 ft·lbf = 9.486 x 10-4 Btu
Power 1W = 1 J/s = 0.23901 cal/s = 0.7376 ft·lbf/s
= 9.486 x 10-4 Btu/s = 1.341 x 10-3 hp
Density 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3 = 62.4278 lbm/ft3
Area 1 m2 = 104 cm2 = 106 mm2 = 0.0001 hectares
= 0.000247105381 acres = 10.7639104 ft2
Temperature K = °C + 273.15 = °R / 1.8 ≈ °C + 273
°R = °F + 459.67 ≈ °F + 460 = 1.8 K
°C = (°F – 32) / 1.8
°F = 1.8°C + 32
Viscosity 1 cP = 0.01 poise = 0.01 g/(cm·s) = 0.001 kg/(m·s) = 0.001 N·s/m2
= 0.001 Pa·s = 0.01 dyne·s/cm2
= 6.72 × 10-4 lbm/(ft·s) = 2.42 lbm/(ft·h) = 2.09 × 10-5 lbf·s/ft2
Force-mass gc = 32.174 lbm·ft/(lbf·s2) = 1 slug·ft/(lbf·s2) = 1 lbm·ft/(poundal·s2)
conversion factor = 1 kg·m/(N·s2) = 9.81 kgm·m/(kgf·s2)
Universal Gas Ru = 8.314 J/(mol·K) = 8.314 m3·Pa/(mol·K)
Constant = 82.06 cm3·atm/(mol·K) = 8314 cm3·kPa/(mol·K)
= 0.08206 L·atm/(mol·K) = 62.356 L·mmHg/(mol·K)
= 1.986 cal/(mol·K) = 1.986 Btu/(lb-mol·R)
= 0.7302 ft3·atm/(lb-mol·R) = 10.73 ft3·psia/(lb-mol·R)
= 1545 ft·lbf/(lb-mol·R)
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 282

A.8 Problems
Problem 1: Carry out the following unit conversions:
a) A liquid flows through a pipe at 2 m/s. Calculate its velocity in i) ft/min, ii) km/h, and iii)
miles/h.
b) A motor consumes 13500 J of work every 1.5 seconds. How much power does it consume in
hp?
c) A piston performs 1035 N.m of work. How much work is performed in i) kW.h, ii) hp.s, iii)
L.atm?
d) Convert 75 psig to Pa absolute.
e) Convert 250 N/cm2 (gauge) to mmHg absolute.
f) A compressor continuously consumes 1.5 hp of power. How many kWh of energy does it
consume during 1 year of operation?
g) Convert 8.314 J mol-1 K-1 to erg kmol-1 K-1.
h) The petroleum barrel (bbl) is the volume unit most used in the petroleum industry and is
equivalent to 42 US gallons. However, the container most frequently used for petroleum
products is a steel barrel with a capacity of 45 US gallons. How many petroleum barrels are
contained in 240 of these steel barrels?
i) The linear acre is equivalent to 191.835 feet. How many linear acres are there in one mile?
j) The surface of Lake Ontario is 18800 square kilometers. What is its surface area in square
miles?
Problem 2: The velocity in a pipe in turbulent flow is expressed by the following equation:
1/ 2
§W ·
u k ¨¨ ¸¸
©U¹
Where τ is the shear stress in N/m2 at the pipe wall, ρ is the density of the fluid in kg/m3, u is the
velocity in m/s, and k is a coefficient. Derive a formula to calculate u in ft/s, given τ in lbf/ft2 and
ρ in lbm/ft3. Label the variables that are in the fps system of units as u’, τ’ and ρ’. The formula
should have the same form shown above, with only one extra conversion factor preceding the
coefficient.
Problem 3: The vapour pressure of acetone is given by the Antoine equation as,
1210.595
log10 p* 7.11714
T 229.664
Where p* has units of mmHg and T is in °C.
a) What are the units of 7.11714, 1210.595 and 229.664?
b) Derive a formula to calculate p* in Pa given T in K.
Problem 4: The density of liquid acetone is given by,
ª1 1T /508.2 0.2913 º

U 71.623 / 0.2589¬« ¼»

Where ρ has units of kg/m3 and T is in K.

a) What are the units of 71.623, 0.2589, 508.2 and 0.2913?
b) Derive a formula to calculate ρ in lbm/ft3 given T in °C.
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 283

Problem 5: A full spherical storage tank contains 400 US gallons of a fuel oil with a density of
57.4 lbm/ft3. Calculate:
a) the internal diameter of the storage tank (in m).
b) the weight of the full storage tank at sea level on earth assuming that the tank itself has
very little mass (in N).
c) the weight of the full storage tank on the moon assuming that the tank itself has very little
mass (in lbf).

Problem 6: Water (density of 1000 kg/m3) flows through a pipe with an internal diameter of 1 inch
at a steady rate of 10 US gpm. What is the velocity of the water in m/s?

Problem 7: Water at 20°C (density of 998.2 kg/m3) flows into one end of a pipe having an internal
diameter of 3 inches at a rate of 275 kg/min. At the exit of the pipe, the internal diameter is only 2
inches. Calculate:
a) The velocity of the water entering the pipe (in m/s).
b) The volumetric flow rate of water entering the pipe (in m3/h).
c) The velocity of the water exiting the pipe (in m/s).
d) The volumetric flow rate of water exiting the pipe (in m3/h).

Problem 8: Water at 20°C (density of 998.2 kg/m3) flows through a pipe with an internal diameter
of 50 mm at a steady flow rate of 50 gpm. Somewhere along the pipe, salt is added to the water at
a constant rate of 0.5 kg/s. Assuming that the salt dissolves instantly, calculate (note that when salt
dissolves in water, the volume change is negligible but the density changes):
a) The mass flow rate of water in the first section of the pipe in kg/s.
b) The velocity of the water in the first section of the pipe in m/s.
c) The density of the water-salt solution at the exit in kg/m3.
d) The velocity of the water exiting the pipe in m/s.
e) If instead of salt an additional 0.5 kg/s of water were added to the pipe, what would be the exit
velocity?
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations 284

Problem 9: A liquid with an unknown density flows through a pipe with a 1 inch internal diameter.
The velocity in the pipe is measured to be 1.5 m/s. Upon exiting the pipe, the liquid is collected in
a container and the weight is measured at two different times:
Time = 0 minutes; Weight = 12 N
Time = 0.5 minutes; Weight = 155 N
Determine:
a) The volumetric flow rate of the liquid in m3/s.
b) The mass flow rate of the liquid in kg/s.
c) The density of the liquid in kg/m3.
d) How long it would take to fill the container, in hours, if it was initially empty and its volume
is 110 ft3.

Problem 10: An excerpt from the Superheated Steam Table is shown below:
Pressure Saturation Specific Volume (m3/kg)
(bar) Temperature (°C) 200°C 250°C
10 179.89 0.20600 0.23274
12 187.96 0.16932 0.19240
14 195.05 0.14301 0.16355

a) Using linear interpolation, estimate the saturation temperature of steam at 13.4 bar.
b) Using linear interpolation, estimate the specific volume of superheated steam at 220°C and
10.5 bar.
c) Using linear interpolation, estimate the temperature of a system at a pressure of 13 bar and a
specific volume of 0.167 m3/kg.
d) Using linear interpolation, estimate the pressure of a system with a saturation pressure of
182.5°C.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 285

Appendix B: Physical Property Tables

B.1 Selected Physical Property Data80

Enthalpy of
Melting Point Enthalpy of Fusion Boiling Point Vapourization at Tb
Substance Formula (K) at Tm (kJ/mol) (K) (kJ/mol)
Acetone C3H6O 176.6 5.720 329.44 29.7900
Ammonia NH3 195.5 5.657 239.75 23.351
Argon Ar 83.9 1.213 87.35 6.6526
Benzene C6H6 278.7 9.866 353.24 30.7500
Butane C4H10 134.9 4.660 272.65 22.4400
1-Butanol C4H10O 183.9 9.280 390.81 43.2400
2-Butanol C4H10O 184.7 5.970 536.01 40.9600
Carbon Dioxide CO2 215.65 7.950 194.8 (subl.) 25.230
Carbon Monoxide CO 68.2 0.837 81.65 6.042
Chloroform CHCl3 209.6 8.800 334.33 29.7900
Decane C10H22 243.5 28.720 447.30 40.0200
Diethyl Ether C4H10O 156.9 7.190 307.58 27.0900
Ethane C2H6 89.9 2.860 184.55 14.6900
Ethanol C2H6O 159.1 4.930 351.44 39.4000
Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2 189.3 10.480 350.21 32.2300
Ethylene C2H4 104.0 3.351 169.47 13.4600
Ethylene Glycol C2H6O2 260.6 9.958 470.45 52.4900
Helium He 1.8 4.75 0.092
Heptane C7H16 182.6 14.030 371.58 31.7300
Hexane C6H14 177.8 13.079 341.88 29.1100
Hydrogen H2 14.0 0.117 20.45 0.904
Methane CH4 90.7 0.941 111.66 8.1600
Methanol CH4O 175.6 3.220 337.85 35.1400
Neon Ne 24.7 0.322 27.15 1.841
Nitrogen N2 63.3 0.720 77.35 5.590
Nitrous Oxide N2O 182.4 6.540 184.65 16.527
Nonane C9H20 219.6 15.468 423.97 37.1500
Octane C8H18 216.4 20.730 398.83 34.7700
Oxygen O2 54.3 0.444 90.15 6.816
Pentane C5H12 143.4 8.401 309.22 25.9900
Propane C3H8 85.5 3.524 231.11 18.8000
1-Propanol C3H8O 148.8 5.372 370.35 41.3800
2-Propanol C3H8O 185.3 5.410 355.41 39.8700

80
From: Perry, RH and Green, DW (2007) Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, McGraw-Hill. and Yaws, CL
(2003) Yaws’ Handbook of Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds, Knovel.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 286

Propylene C3H6 87.9 3.003 225.43 18.4900

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 197.7 7.401 268.15 24.937
Water H2O 273.2 6.008 373.15 40.7061

Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Gibbs Free Energy Absolute

Formation Combustion of Formation Entropy
Substance Formula (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol.K)
Acetone C3H6O -215.7 -1659 -151.3 0.2954
Ammonia NH3 -45.898 -316.83 -16.4 0.19266
Argon Ar 0 0 0 0.154737
Benzene C6H6 82.88 -3136 129.6 0.2693
Butane C4H10 -125.79 -2657.32 -16.7 0.30991
1-Butanol C4H10O -275.1 -2454 -150.7 0.3618
2-Butanol C4H10O -292.9 -2446 -167 0.3566
Carbon Dioxide CO2 -393.51 - -394.37 0.213677
Carbon Monoxide CO -110.53 -283 -137.15 0.197556
Chloroform CHCl3 -102.9 -380 -70.1 0.2956
Decane C10H22 -249.46 -6294.22 33.18 0.5457
Diethyl Ether C4H10O -252.1 -2503.5 -122.1 0.3423
Ethane C2H6 -83.82 -1428.64 -31.92 0.22912
Ethanol C2H6O -234.95 -1235 -167.85 0.28064
Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2 -444.5 -2061 -328 0.3597
Ethylene C2H4 52.51 -1323 68.44 0.2192
Ethylene Glycol C2H6O2 -392.2 -1052.7 -301.8 0.304891
Helium He 0 0 0 0.126044
Heptane C7H16 -187.65 -4464.73 8.165 0.42798
Hexane C6H14 -166.94 -3855.1 -0.06634 0.38874
Hydrogen H2 0 -241.82 0 0.130571
Methane CH4 -74.52 -802.62 -50.49 0.18627
Methanol CH4O -200.94 -638.2 -162.32 0.23988
Neon Ne 0 0 0 0.146219
Nitrogen N2 0 - 0 0.1915
Nitrous Oxide N2O 82.05 -82.0482 104.16 0.21985
Nonane C9H20 -228.74 -5684.55 24.98 0.5064
Octane C8H18 -208.75 -5074.15 16 0.46723
Oxygen O2 0 - 0 0.205043
Pentane C5H12 -146.76 -3244.94 -8.813 0.34945
Propane C3H8 -104.68 -2043.11 -24.39 0.2702
1-Propanol C3H8O -254.6 -1844 -159.9 0.3226
2-Propanol C3H8O -272.1 -1834 -175.2 0.3175
Propylene C3H6 20.23 -1926.2 62.64 0.267
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 -296.84 - -300.12 0.2481
Water (g) H2O -241.814 - -228.59 0.188724
Water (l) H2O -285.83 - -237.18 0.06992
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 287

Critical Properties
Molar Gas Constant
Substance Formula Mass (kJ/(kg.K)) T (K) P (MPa) V (m3/kmol) ω
Acetone C3H6O 58.079 0.1431 508.200 4.701 0.209000 0.3065
Air - 28.960 0.2871 132.450 3.774 0.091470 -
Ammonia NH3 17.031 0.4882 405.650 11.280 0.072470 0.2526
Argon Ar 39.948 0.2081 150.860 4.898 0.074590 0.0000
Benzene C6H6 78.112 0.1064 562.050 4.895 0.256000 0.2103
Butane C4H10 58.122 0.1430 425.120 3.796 0.255000 0.2002
1-Butanol C4H10O 74.122 0.1122 563.100 4.414 0.273000 0.5883
2-Butanol C4H10O 74.122 0.1122 535.900 4.188 0.270000 0.5692
Carbon Dioxide CO2 44.010 0.1889 304.210 7.383 0.094000 0.2236
Carbon Monoxide CO 28.010 0.2968 132.920 3.499 0.094400 0.0482
Chloroform CHCl3 119.378 0.0696 536.400 5.472 0.239000 0.2219
Decane C10H22 142.282 0.0584 617.700 2.110 0.617000 0.4923
Diethyl Ether C4H10O 74.122 0.1122 466.700 3.640 0.280000 0.2811
Ethane C2H6 30.069 0.2765 305.320 4.872 0.145500 0.0995
Ethanol C2H6O 46.068 0.1805 514.000 6.137 0.168000 0.6436
Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2 88.105 0.0944 523.300 3.880 0.286000 0.3664
Ethylene C2H4 28.053 0.2964 282.340 5.041 0.131000 0.0862
Ethylene Glycol C2H6O2 62.068 0.1339 720.000 8.200 0.191000 0.5068
Helium He 4.003 2.0769 5.200 0.228 0.057300 -0.3900
Heptane C7H16 100.202 0.0830 540.200 2.740 0.428000 0.3495
Hexane C6H14 86.175 0.0965 507.600 3.025 0.371000 0.3013
Hydrogen H2 2.016 4.1240 33.190 1.313 0.064147 -0.2160
Methane CH4 16.042 0.5183 190.564 4.599 0.098600 0.0115
Methanol CH4O 32.042 0.2595 512.500 8.084 0.117000 0.5658
Neon Ne 20.180 0.4120 44.400 2.653 0.041700 -0.0396
Nitrogen N2 28.013 0.2968 126.200 3.400 0.089210 0.0377
Nitrous Oxide N2O 44.013 0.1889 309.570 7.245 0.097400 0.1409
Nonane C9H20 128.255 0.0648 594.600 2.290 0.551000 0.4435
Octane C8H18 114.229 0.0728 568.700 2.490 0.486000 0.3996
Oxygen O2 31.999 0.2598 154.580 5.043 0.073400 0.0222
Pentane C5H12 72.149 0.1152 469.700 3.370 0.313000 0.2515
Propane C3H8 44.096 0.1885 369.830 4.248 0.200000 0.1523
1-Propanol C3H8O 60.095 0.1383 536.800 5.169 0.219000 0.6209
2-Propanol C3H8O 60.095 0.1383 508.300 4.765 0.222000 0.6544
Propylene C3H6 42.080 0.1976 364.850 4.600 0.185000 0.1376
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 64.064 0.1298 430.750 7.884 0.122000 0.2454
Water H2O 18.015 0.4615 647.096 22.064 0.055947 0.3449
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 288

B.2 Properties of Common Solids81

Specific Heat Specific Heat
Substance Density (kg/m3) (kJ/(kg.K)) Substance Density (kg/m3) (kJ/(kg.K))
Metals Nonmetals
Aluminum: Asphalt 2110 0.9200
200 K 0.7970 Brick, Common 1922 0.7900
Brick, Fireclay
250 K 0.8590 2300 0.9600
(773 K)
300 K 2700 0.9020 Concrete 2300 0.6530
350 K 0.9290 Clay 1000 0.9200
400 K 0.9490 Diamond 2420 0.6160
450 K 0.9730 Glass, Window 2700 0.8000
500 K 0.9970 Glass, Pyrex 2230 0.8400
Bronze
8280 0.4000 Graphite 2500 0.7110
(76% Cu, 2% Zn)
Brass, Yellow
8310 0.4000 Granite 2700 1.0170
(65% Cu, 35% Zn)
Gypsum or
Copper: 800 1.0900
Plaster Board
100.15 K 0.2540 Ice:
173.15 K 0.3420 200 K 1.5600
223.15 K 0.3670 220 K 1.7100
273.15 K 0.3810 240 K 1.8600
300.15 K 8900 0.3860 260 K 2.0100
373.15 K 0.3930 273 K 921 2.1100
473.15 K 0.4030 Limestone 1650 0.9090
Iron 7840 0.4500 Marble 2600 0.8800
Plywood
Lead 11310 0.1280 545 1.2100
(Douglas Fir)
Magnesium 1730 1.0000 Rubber (Soft) 1100 1.8400
Nickel 8890 0.4400 Rubber (Hard) 1150 2.0090
Silver 10470 0.2350 Sand 1520 0.8000
Steel, Mild 7830 0.5000 Stone 1500 0.8000
Woods, Hard
Tungsten 19400 0.1300 721 1.2600
(maple, oak etc.)
Woods, Soft (fir,
513 1.3800
pine etc.)

81
From: Çengel, YA and Boles, MA (2006) Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 289

B.3 Properties of Common Gases at 1 atm82

Air
μ × 106 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
150 2.3550 1017 10.64 360 0.9830 1007 20.94
200 1.7670 1009 13.59 370 0.9560 1008 21.34
250 1.4130 1009 16.14 380 0.9310 1008 21.75
260 1.3600 1009 16.63 390 0.9060 1009 22.12
270 1.3110 1009 17.12 400 0.8830 1009 22.52
280 1.2650 1008 17.60 500 0.7060 1017 26.33
290 1.2200 1007 18.02 600 0.5890 1038 29.74
300 1.1770 1005 18.43 700 0.5070 1065 33.03
310 1.1410 1005 18.87 800 0.4420 1089 35.89
320 1.1060 1006 19.29 900 0.3920 1111 38.65
330 1.0730 1006 19.71 1000 0.3540 1130 41.52
340 1.0420 1007 20.13 1500 0.2350 1202 53.82
350 1.0120 1007 20.54 2000 0.1760 1244 64.77
Ammonia
μ × 106 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
250 0.8420 2200 8.20 400 0.5200 2270 13.80
300 0.7030 2200 10.10 500 0.4130 2420 17.60
Argon
μ × 106 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
150 3.2800 527 12.50 500 0.9730 520 33.70
200 2.4500 525 16.30 600 0.8110 520 38.40
250 1.9500 523 19.70 800 0.6080 520 46.60
300 1.6220 521 22.90 1000 0.4870 520 54.20
400 1.2170 520 28.60 1500 0.3240 520 70.60
Carbon Dioxide
μ × 106 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
250 2.1500 782 12.80 800 0.6710 1168 33.40
300 1.7880 844 15.20 1000 0.5370 1232 38.80
400 1.3410 937 19.60 1500 0.3580 1329 51.50
500 1.0730 1011 23.50 2000 0.2680 1371 61.90
600 0.8940 1074 27.10

82
From: Mills, AF (1999) Heat Transfer, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 290

Carbon Monoxide83
μ × 106 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
250 1.3669 1043 15.41 450 0.7583 1055 24.19
300 1.1382 1042 17.85 500 0.6824 1064 26.08
350 0.9753 1044 20.10 550 0.6204 1075 27.88
400 0.8532 1048 22.20 600 0.5687 1087 29.61
Refrigerant-22
μ × 106 μ × 106
T (K) ρ (kg/m3) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m3) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
240 4.1300 629 10.32 290 3.6300 829 12.74
250 4.2200 655 10.78 300 3.5100 897 13.31
260 4.0500 687 11.25 310 3.4000 978 13.96
270 3.9000 726 11.72 320 3.2900 1074 14.70
280 3.7600 773 12.21
Refrigerant-134a
μ × 106 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
240 5.1800 762 9.49 300 4.1500 1025 12.31
250 4.9700 795 9.92 310 4.0100 1096 12.91
260 4.7800 831 10.36 320 3.8900 1186 13.60
270 4.6100 871 10.81 330 3.7700 1308 14.42
280 4.4400 915 11.27 340 3.6600 1492 15.47
290 4.2900 966 11.77 350 3.5500 1816 16.91
Helium
6
μ × 10 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
50 0.974 5200 6.46 400 0.1218 5200 24.4
100 0.487 5200 9.94 500 0.0974 5200 28.2
150 0.325 5200 13 600 0.0812 5200 31.7
200 0.244 5200 15.6 800 0.0609 5200 37.8
250 0.195 5200 17.9 1000 0.0487 5200 43.3
300 0.1624 5200 20.1

83
From: Welty et al. (2008) Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 291

Hydrogen
μ × 106 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
20 1.2190 10400 1.08 300 0.0812 14780 8.93
40 0.6094 10300 2.06 400 0.0609 14400 10.80
60 0.4062 10660 2.87 500 0.0487 14350 12.60
80 0.3047 11790 3.57 600 0.0406 14400 14.30
100 0.2437 13320 4.21 800 0.0305 14530 17.40
150 0.1625 16170 5.60 1000 0.0244 14760 20.50
200 0.1219 15910 6.81 1500 0.0164 16000 25.60
250 0.0975 15250 7.91 2000 0.0123 17050 30.90
Nitrogen
6
μ × 10 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
150 2.2760 1050 10.30 600 0.5690 1075 28.30
200 1.7070 1045 13.10 800 0.4270 1123 34.20
250 1.3660 1044 15.50 1000 0.3410 1167 39.40
300 1.1380 1043 17.70 1500 0.2280 1244 51.50
400 0.8540 1047 21.50 2000 0.1710 1287 61.90
500 0.6830 1057 25.10
Oxygen
μ × 106 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
150 2.6000 890 11.40 600 0.6500 1000 33.90
200 1.9490 900 14.70 800 0.4870 1050 41.10
250 1.5590 910 17.80 1000 0.3900 1085 47.60
300 1.2990 920 20.60 1500 0.2600 1140 62.10
400 0.9750 945 25.40 2000 0.1950 1180 74.90
500 0.7800 970 29.90
Superheated Steam
μ × 106 μ × 106
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
400 0.5550 1900 14.00 1000 0.2200 2267 34.30
500 0.4410 1947 17.70 1500 0.1460 2594 49.10
600 0.3660 2003 21.40 2000 0.1090 2832 62.70
800 0.2750 2130 28.10
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 292

B.4 Properties of Common Liquids84

Ammonia
μ × 104 μ × 104
T (K) ρ (kg/m3) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m3) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
220 705.0000 4480 3.35 280 631.0000 4710 1.60
230 696.0000 4480 2.82 290 616.0000 4800 1.44
240 683.0000 4480 2.42 300 602.0000 4900 1.31
250 670.0000 4500 2.14 310 587.0000 4990 1.19
260 657.0000 4550 1.93 320 572.0000 5080 1.08
270 642.0000 4620 1.74
Carbon Dioxide
μ × 104 μ × 104
T (K) ρ (kg/m3) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m3) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
220 1170.0000 1850 1.39 270 945.0000 2400 1.04
230 1130.0000 1900 1.33 280 885.0000 2850 0.93
240 1090.0000 1950 1.28 290 805.0000 4500 0.66
250 1045.0000 2000 1.21 300 670.0000 11000 0.55
260 1000.0000 2100 1.14
Engine Oil (SAE 50)
μ × 104 μ × 104
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
280 895 1810 21900.00 360 848 2160 255.00
290 889 1850 10900.00 370 842 2200 189.00
300 883 1900 5030.00 380 837 2250 147.00
310 877 1950 2500.00 390 832 2290 112.00
320 871 1990 1370.00 400 826 2330 88.40
330 865 2030 796.00 410 820 2380 71.30
340 859 2070 515.00 420 815 2420 57.90
350 854 2120 350.00
Refrigerant-22
μ × 104 μ × 104
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
220 1444 1090 3.54 280 1258 1185 1.95
230 1416 1098 3.26 290 1222 1220 1.75
240 1386 1108 2.97 300 1183 1263 1.57
250 1356 1120 2.69 310 1143 1315 1.41
260 1324 1136 2.42 320 1098 1378 1.27
270 1292 1158 2.17

84
From: Mills, AF (1999) Heat Transfer, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 293

Refrigerant-134a
μ × 104 μ × 104
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
210 1478 1219 7.45 270 1302 1326 2.94
220 1451 1226 6.21 280 1270 1357 2.58
230 1423 1239 5.21 290 1235 1392 2.31
240 1394 1255 4.62 300 1199 1434 2.09
250 1364 1275 3.82 310 1160 1484 1.86
260 1339 1299 3.35 320 1118 1546 1.64
Nitrogen
μ × 104 μ × 104
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
70 841 2025 2.17 100 689 2310 0.87
77.4 809 2060 1.62 110 620 2710 0.71
80 796 2070 1.48 120 525 4350 0.48
90 746 2130 1.10
Oxygen
4
μ × 10 μ × 104
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
60 1280 1660 5.89 90 1140 1694 1.60
70 1220 1666 3.78 100 1110 1717 1.22
80 1190 1679 2.50
Water
μ × 104 μ × 104
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
275 1000 4217 17.00 373.15 958 4212 2.850
280 1000 4203 14.50 380 953 4220 2.670
285 1000 4192 12.50 390 945 4234 2.440
290 999 4186 11.00 400 937 4250 2.250
295 998 4185 9.68 420 919 4290 1.930
300 996 4178 8.67 440 899 4340 1.710
310 993 4174 6.95 460 879 4400 1.490
320 989 4174 5.84 480 857 4490 1.370
330 985 4178 4.92 500 837 4600 1.260
340 980 4184 4.31 520 820 4770 1.150
350 973 4190 3.79 540 806 5010 1.050
360 967 4200 3.29 560 796 5310 0.955
370 960 4209 2.95 580 787 5590 0.866
Mercury
μ × 104 μ × 104
3 3
T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s) T (K) ρ (kg/m ) cp (J/kg.K) (Pa.s)
300 13530 140 14.90 500 13040 140 9.78
400 13280 140 11.30 600 12780 140 8.31
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 294

B.5 Density Correlations for Liquids85

U A / B >1 1T / C @ ª º
n
T
U in mol/L; τ 1 ; T and Tc in K »
>U in kg/m ; T in K@ «
Equation: *For Water:
3
¬ Tc ¼
Substance Formula A B C n Tmin (K) Tmax (K)
Acetone C3H6O 71.62302 0.25886 508.20 0.29130 178.45 508.20
Air - 83.87685 0.26733 132.45 0.27341 59.15 132.45
Ammonia NH3 60.26079 0.25443 405.65 0.28880 195.41 405.65
Argon Ar 153.67596 0.28810 150.86 0.29783 83.78 150.86
Benzene C6H6 80.13510 0.26666 562.05 0.28394 278.68 562.05
Butane C4H10 62.05686 0.27188 425.12 0.28688 134.86 425.12
1-Butanol C4H10O 72.84636 0.26830 563.10 0.25488 183.85 563.10
2-Butanol C4H10O 71.76492 0.26244 535.90 0.26749 158.45 535.90
Carbon Dioxide CO2 121.81968 0.26212 304.21 0.29080 216.58 304.21
Carbon Monoxide CO 81.14497 0.27532 132.92 0.28130 68.15 132.92
Chloroform CHCl3 129.41769 0.25810 536.40 0.27410 209.63 536.40
Decane C10H22 58.45514 0.25175 617.70 0.28571 243.51 617.70
Diethyl Ether C4H10O 70.81616 0.26847 466.70 0.28140 156.85 466.70
Ethane C2H6 57.49794 0.27937 305.32 0.29187 90.35 305.32
Ethanol C2H6O 75.03556 0.27469 514.00 0.23178 159.05 514.00
Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2 79.25926 0.25856 523.30 0.27800 189.60 523.30
Ethylene C2H4 58.80189 0.27657 282.34 0.29147 104.00 282.34
Ethylene Glycol C2H6O2 81.61942 0.25125 720.00 0.21868 260.15 720.00
Helium He 29.01174 0.41865 5.20 0.24096 2.20 5.20
Heptane C7H16 61.38274 0.26211 540.20 0.28141 182.57 540.20
Hexane C6H14 61.03258 0.26411 507.60 0.27537 177.83 507.60
Hydrogen H2 10.91462 0.34893 33.19 0.27060 13.95 33.19
Methane CH4 46.86510 0.28976 190.56 0.28881 90.69 190.56
Methanol CH4O 74.55212 0.27073 512.50 0.24713 175.47 512.50
Neon Ne 148.76292 0.30670 44.40 0.27860 24.56 44.40
Nitrogen N2 89.89652 0.28610 126.20 0.29660 63.15 126.20
Nitrous Oxide N2O 122.40015 0.27244 309.57 0.28820 182.30 309.57
Nonane C9H20 59.40900 0.25444 594.60 0.28571 219.66 594.60
Octane C8H18 60.15299 0.25693 568.70 0.28571 216.38 568.70
Oxygen O2 125.25369 0.28772 154.58 0.29240 54.35 154.58
Pentane C5H12 61.28841 0.26726 469.70 0.27789 143.42 469.70
Propane C3H8 60.66287 0.27453 369.83 0.29359 85.47 369.83
1-Propanol C3H8O 74.86034 0.27281 536.80 0.23994 146.95 536.80
2-Propanol C3H8O 70.90609 0.26440 508.30 0.24653 185.26 508.30
Propylene C3H6 60.60782 0.26852 364.85 0.28775 87.89 364.85
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 134.91878 0.25842 430.75 0.28950 197.67 430.75
U 17.863 58.606W 0.35
Water* H2O 273.16 647.10
95.396W 2/3 213.89W 141.26W 4/3

85
From: Perry, RH and Green, DW (2007) Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, McGraw-Hill.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 295

B.6 Viscosity Correlations for Gases86

Equation: μ = A + BT + CT2 *Equation: μ = A + BT + CT2 + DT3 [μ in micropoise; T in K]

Substance Formula A B C × 105 D × 108 Tmin (K) Tmax (K)

Acetone C3H6O -4.05500 0.266550 -0.56936 - 300 650
Ammonia NH3 -7.87400 0.367000 -0.44700 - 195 1000
Argon* Ar 6.18976 0.782950 -21.92110 2.83314 84 3273
Benzene C6H6 -0.15100 0.257060 -0.89797 - 287 628
Butane C4H10 -4.94600 0.290010 -6.96650 - 150 1200
1-Butanol C4H10O -11.14400 0.287900 -5.62750 - 391 1000
2-Butanol* C4H10O -8.77504 0.298580 -6.00723 0.52557 250 1500
Carbon Dioxide CO2 11.81100 0.498380 -10.85100 - 195 1500
Carbon Monoxide CO 23.81100 0.539440 -15.41100 - 68 1250
Chloroform CHCl3 -4.39200 0.373090 -5.16960 - 250 700
Decane C10H22 -7.29700 0.185060 -0.48008 - 287 783
Diethyl Ether C4H10O -7.93200 0.302350 -7.38580 - 200 1000
Ethane C2H6 0.51400 0.334490 -7.10710 - 150 1000
Ethanol C2H6O 1.49900 0.307410 -4.44790 - 200 1000
Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2 -9.25900 0.307250 -7.10690 - 190 1000
Ethylene C2H4 -3.98500 0.387260 -11.22700 - 150 1000
Ethylene Glycol C2H6O2 -7.17800 0.312460 -4.40280 - 260 1000
Helium* He 22.70810 0.634297 -22.46010 4.53961 20 2000
Heptane C7H16 -10.37800 0.244010 -5.40030 - 338 700
Hexane C6H14 -8.22200 0.262290 -5.73660 - 300 1000
Hydrogen H2 27.75800 0.212000 -3.28000 - 150 1500
Methane CH4 3.84400 0.401120 -14.30300 - 91 850
Methanol CH4O -14.23600 0.389350 -6.27620 - 240 1000
Neon* Ne 29.31870 0.992528 -28.12840 3.73063 30 3273
Nitrogen N2 42.60600 0.475000 -9.88000 - 150 1500
Nitrous Oxide* N2O -15.24050 0.612805 -24.87390 5.31597 150 1500
Nonane C9H20 -6.80200 0.186880 0.03493 - 273 773
Octane C8H18 3.94000 0.166400 1.44700 - 374 670
Oxygen O2 44.22400 0.562000 -11.30000 - 150 1500
Pentane C5H12 -3.20200 0.267460 -6.61780 - 303 900
Propane C3H8 -5.46200 0.327220 -10.67200 - 193 750
1-Propanol C3H8O -14.89400 0.321710 5.80210 - 200 1000
2-Propanol* C3H8O -10.17010 0.303447 -3.77611 -0.57428 200 1500
Propylene* C3H6 -12.69080 0.384707 -17.93940 4.74312 193 1500
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 -11.10300 0.502000 -10.80000 - 200 1000
Water H2O -36.82600 0.429000 -1.62000 - 280 1073

86
From: Coker, AK (2007) Ludwig’s Applied Process Design for Chemical Petrochemical Plants, Volume 1, Knovel
and *From: Yaws, CL (2010) Yaws’ Transport Properties of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, Knovel.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 296

B.7 Viscosity Correlations for Liquids87

Equation: log10μ = A + B/T + CT + DT2 [μ in centipoise (cP); T in K]

Substance Formula A B C × 102 D × 105 Tmin (K) Tmax (K)

Acetone C3H6O -7.2126 903.0500 1.83850 -2.03530 223.0 508.0
Ammonia NH3 1.2055 -74.5389 -0.62862 0.08677 195.5 400.0
Argon Ar -11.6530 432.5780 9.81140 -32.24100 83.8 150.0
Benzene C6H6 -7.4005 1181.5000 1.48880 -1.37130 285.0 562.0
Butane C4H10 -4.6402 484.5750 1.34116 -1.97390 170.0 410.0
1-Butanol C4H10O -5.3970 1325.6000 0.62223 -0.55062 250.0 563.0
2-Butanol C4H10O -20.6736 3549.3000 4.03520 -3.09370 288.0 536.0
Carbon Dioxide CO2 -19.4921 1594.8000 7.92740 -12.02500 219.0 304.0
Carbon Monoxide CO -1.1224 57.8580 -0.49174 0.82233 69.0 133.0
Chloroform CHCl3 -4.7831 699.0200 1.09290 -1.22440 210.0 536.0
Decane C10H22 -6.0716 1017.7000 1.22470 -1.18920 243.0 618.0
Diethyl Ether C4H10O -8.5060 1002.0000 2.27530 -2.58000 233.0 467.0
Ethane C2H6 -4.2694 289.5400 1.11100 -3.60920 98.0 305.0
Ethanol C2H6O -3.1970 740.8430 0.46291 -0.71716 200.0 514.0
Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2 -3.6861 552.2800 0.80018 -1.04390 220.0 523.0
Ethylene C2H4 -4.5611 308.1100 1.80300 -3.81450 105.0 282.0
Ethylene Glycol C2H6O2 -16.5536 3161.6400 3.07146 -2.20782 270.0 600.0
Helium He -1.6099 -1.5246 -8.16917 -1007.460 2.5 4.0
Heptane C7H16 -5.2620 740.4290 1.22791 -1.44658 190.0 540.0
Hexane C6H14 -5.0715 655.3600 1.23490 -1.50420 178.0 507.0
Hydrogen H2 -2.9289 14.7781 2.88334 -63.55740 14.0 24.0
Methane CH4 -7.3801 319.2500 4.79340 -14.12000 91.0 191.0
Methanol CH4O -5.0979 825.2910 1.06572 -1.25769 185.0 510.0
Neon Ne -1.7692 16.5608 3.29400 -85.67320 24.6 44.0
Nitrogen N2 -8.8739 274.6790 8.55023 -34.83590 63.2 125.0
Nitrous Oxide N2O -48.2352 4027.8800 19.16800 -26.74650 230.0 300.0
Nonane C9H20 -6.0742 968.6100 12.67700 -1.26750 220.0 596.0
Octane C8H18 -5.9245 888.0900 1.29550 -1.35960 216.0 569.0
Oxygen O2 -2.1354 86.8236 1.05406 -6.06810 54.4 150.0
Pentane C5H12 -7.1711 747.3600 2.16970 -2.71760 143.0 470.0
Propane C3H8 -3.1759 297.1200 0.95453 -1.87810 85.0 370.0
1-Propanol C3H8O -3.7702 991.5100 0.40836 -0.54586 220.0 537.0
2-Propanol C3H8O -7.4681 1546.3000 1.21313 -1.15802 220.0 500.0
Propylene C3H6 -5.1758 429.8200 1.86110 -3.16620 90.0 365.0
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 -3.0450 436.8090 0.76725 -1.45922 200.0 420.0
Water H2O -11.6225 1948.9600 2.16414 -1.59901 273.2 646.2

87
From: Yaws, CL (2010) Yaws’ Transport Properties of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, Knovel.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 297

B.8 Heat Capacity Correlations for Gases88

Equation: cp = A + BT + CT2 + DT3 + ET4 + FT5 + GT6 [cp in kJ/(kmol·K); T in K]
Tmin Tmax
Substance A B × 103 C × 105 D × 108 E × 1011 F × 1014 G × 1017
(K) (K)
Acetone 45.449 -56.570 88.695 -160.343 138.140 -59.306 10.131 150 1500
Ammonia 27.740 26.538 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 150 1500
Argon 20.786 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 150 1500
Benzene 40.445 -262.900 245.691 -490.045 463.677 -215.268 39.333 150 1500
Butane 80.786 -344.039 232.754 -428.095 389.618 -177.236 32.021 150 1500
1-Butanol 70.630 -263.845 232.213 -449.945 420.419 -194.185 35.413 150 1500
2-Butanol 58.760 -60.755 146.992 -291.125 270.066 -123.543 22.340 150 1500
Carbon Dioxide 23.506 38.066 7.402 -22.271 23.438 -11.465 2.168 150 1500
Carbon Monoxide 28.505 10.202 -6.159 16.135 -17.814 9.020 -1.736 150 1500
Chloroform 13.557 269.837 -42.163 39.206 -21.257 6.157 -0.730 150 1500
Decane 90.493 9.814 288.110 -575.996 524.232 -235.139 41.963 150 1500
Diethyl Ether 56.284 146.208 38.405 -67.690 47.357 -15.796 2.042 150 1500
Ethane 45.660 -174.434 110.616 -193.472 170.253 -75.735 13.474 150 1500
Ethanol 53.777 -207.302 142.227 -262.982 239.649 -108.912 19.639 150 1500
Ethyl Acetate 44.346 329.442 -56.685 138.971 -172.627 96.593 -20.013 150 1500
Ethylene 47.318 -233.376 124.014 -222.415 201.328 -91.446 16.512 150 1500
Ethylene Glycol 58.194 -173.337 153.321 -300.728 286.096 -135.320 25.335 150 1500
Helium 20.786 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 150 1500
Heptane 99.515 -274.761 287.883 -530.451 465.818 -202.447 34.882 150 1500
Hexane 86.846 -255.281 261.194 -498.515 463.408 -216.831 40.725 150 1500
Hydrogen 19.671 69.682 -20.010 28.949 -22.248 8.815 -1.420 150 1500
Methane 44.357 -146.233 60.025 -87.411 67.812 -27.538 4.581 150 1500
Methanol 52.359 -202.309 94.206 -153.537 129.220 -55.568 9.628 150 1500
Neon 20.786 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 150 1500
Nitrogen 28.717 7.346 -4.548 11.641 -12.246 5.904 -1.087 150 1500
Nitrous Oxide 24.685 43.109 5.191 -18.461 19.948 -9.834 1.863 150 1500
Nonane 78.240 56.930 237.105 -470.244 419.747 -184.052 32.088 150 1500
Octane 111.038 -278.179 306.565 -544.158 447.476 -176.528 26.500 150 1500
Oxygen 29.790 -9.489 2.858 0.987 -5.665 4.300 -1.022 150 1500
Pentane 68.343 -148.501 187.931 -350.024 314.360 -141.672 25.579 150 1500
Propane 49.791 -174.803 148.179 -275.763 251.004 -114.034 20.576 150 1500
1-Propanol 63.799 -240.450 182.979 -342.665 313.880 -143.091 25.860 150 1500
2-Propanol 48.756 -96.083 142.278 -285.799 268.889 -124.099 22.561 150 1500
Propylene 43.224 -115.724 108.536 -201.754 182.620 -82.538 14.830 150 1500
Sulfur Dioxide 32.853 -10.366 20.936 -42.101 38.574 -17.260 3.050 150 1500
Water 33.174 -3.246 1.744 -0.598 0.000 0.000 0.000 150 1500

88
From: Yaws, CL (2009) Yaws’ Handbook of Thermodynamic Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals, Knovel.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 298

B.9 Heat Capacity Correlations for Liquids89

Equation: cp = A + BT + CT2 + DT3 + ET4 [cp in kJ/(kmol·K); T in K]

Substance A B C × 103 D × 106 E × 109 Tmin (K) Tmax (K)

Acetone 354.7697 -3.5109 18.7300 -43.2131 37.9106 198.2 480.0
Ammonia -473.8938 5.9333 -21.4925 26.2819 0.0000 230.0 370.0
Argon -209.0810 7.8777 -83.0603 297.0840 0.0000 83.8 134.0
Benzene -260.0982 3.6803 -13.0061 20.3147 -10.5406 290.0 530.0
Butane 144.9079 -1.1490 10.6349 -36.4511 45.4585 134.9 395.0
1-Butanol -368.4136 5.8164 -23.3433 37.7569 -15.2569 198.2 530.2
2-Butanol 95.0370 0.5659 -1.8256 2.6675 0.0000 159.0 482.0
Carbon Dioxide -3981.0200 52.5110 -227.080 328.660 0.0000 220.0 290.0
Carbon Monoxide 13.4946 2.1967 -32.8371 158.5090 0.0000 81.7 125.0
Chloroform 145.0744 -0.5642 3.6600 -10.3092 11.1311 223.2 505.0
Decane 1518.4029 -14.0313 57.3510 -98.8927 63.2141 248.2 600.0
Diethyl Ether -137.8943 3.7031 -16.9867 33.8339 -22.6734 173.2 443.0
Ethane 110.4400 -1.4509 17.0814 -82.3472 143.5130 90.4 280.0
Ethanol 238.3080 -2.3806 13.3171 -31.9962 31.5051 173.2 483.0
Ethyl Acetate 801.9004 -8.8037 43.6952 -93.5888 74.9248 198.2 510.0
Ethylene 499.2488 -9.6947 81.7044 -308.6670 444.5050 120.0 255.0
Ethylene Glycol -57.2437 1.4568 -4.3255 7.3568 -4.8284 270.0 490.0
Helium 29.2768 -16.5363 3481.00 -39000.00 0.0000 2.5 4.5
Heptane 1251.2852 -13.3471 61.0929 -119.2480 86.4746 198.2 520.0
Hexane 13.5977 1.9480 -8.9694 18.1800 -11.1066 198.2 475.0
Hydrogen 22.3999 -1.9602 114.138 -1237.533 0.0000 14.3 28.0
Methane -121.8755 4.5110 -38.4808 109.7430 6.7278 92.0 178.0
Methanol 428.9016 -5.3316 28.4628 -64.8866 54.8600 175.5 480.0
Neon -414.3210 45.3740 -1528.21 17403.73 0.0000 24.6 40.0
Nitrogen 2.6252 2.5182 -39.1728 203.0120 0.0000 63.2 110.0
Nitrous Oxide 220.9010 -1.6908 5.6320 -3.6589 0.0000 182.3 294.1
Nonane 1215.2002 -11.4980 49.2457 -88.8014 59.5478 223.2 575.0
Octane 599.3064 -5.1123 25.2939 -53.0025 42.0643 223.2 555.0
Oxygen 12.2765 1.7251 -23.4888 105.1800 0.0000 54.4 143.0
Pentane 103.9233 0.4594 -2.1522 4.6785 -1.0601 173.2 440.0
Propane 121.5248 -1.0982 10.9178 -43.0167 62.8137 85.5 340.0
1-Propanol 407.9201 -4.6264 25.1633 -57.7018 51.9894 173.2 513.2
2-Propanol 873.1467 -10.0593 45.7446 -83.7662 55.5820 198.2 478.0
Propylene 50.1235 -0.0374 4.8448 -28.5818 50.7711 100.0 330.0
Sulfur Dioxide -125.9796 2.4726 -9.7792 13.0853 0.0000 199.8 400.0
Water -22.4170 0.8770 -2.5704 2.4838 0.0000 273.2 585.0

89
From: Yaws, CL (2009) Yaws’ Handbook of Thermodynamic Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals, Knovel.
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables 299

B.10 Surface Tension Correlations for Common Liquids90

Equation: σ = A[1 – (T/B)]n [σ in mN/m; T in K]

Substance Formula A B n Tmin (K) Tmax (K)

Acetone C3H6O 62.200 508.20 1.1240 178.45 508.20
Ammonia NH3 101.620 405.65 1.2160 195.41 405.65
Argon Ar 38.245 150.86 1.2927 83.80 150.86
Benzene C6H6 71.950 562.16 1.2389 278.68 562.16
Butane C4H10 52.660 425.18 1.2330 134.86 425.18
1-Butanol C4H10O 45.732 562.93 0.8000 183.85 562.93
2-Butanol C4H10O 43.229 536.01 0.8000 158.45 536.01
Carbon Dioxide CO2 79.970 304.19 1.2617 216.58 304.19
Carbon Monoxide CO 27.959 132.92 1.1330 68.15 132.92
Chloroform CHCl3 69.284 536.40 1.1761 209.63 536.40
Decane C10H22 55.777 618.45 1.3198 243.51 618.45
Diethyl Ether C4H10O 57.811 466.70 1.2222 156.85 466.70
Ethane C2H6 48.827 305.42 1.2065 90.35 305.42
Ethanol C2H6O 43.807 516.25 0.8000 159.05 516.25
Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2 59.870 523.30 1.1220 189.60 523.30
Ethylene C2H4 53.179 282.36 1.2784 104.01 282.36
Ethylene Glycol C2H6O2 103.372 645.00 1.2222 260.15 645.00
Helium He 0.511 5.20 1.0000 2.20 5.20
Heptane C7H16 53.640 540.26 1.2431 182.57 540.26
Hexane C6H14 56.081 507.43 1.2843 177.84 507.43
Hydrogen H2 5.336 33.18 1.0622 13.95 33.18
Methane CH4 37.415 190.58 1.0920 90.67 190.58
Methanol CH4O 44.356 512.58 0.8000 175.47 512.58
Neon Ne 15.633 44.40 1.2611 24.56 44.40
Nitrogen N2 29.039 126.10 1.2485 63.15 126.10
Nitrous Oxide N2O 121.260 180.15 1.5494 109.50 180.15
Nonane C9H20 55.400 595.65 1.3027 219.63 595.65
Octane C8H18 52.036 568.83 1.2168 216.38 568.83
Oxygen O2 38.065 154.58 1.2136 54.35 154.58
Pentane C5H12 52.090 469.65 1.2054 143.42 469.65
Propane C3H8 49.185 369.82 1.2222 85.46 369.82
1-Propanol C3H8O 44.611 536.71 0.8000 146.95 536.71
2-Propanol C3H8O 42.411 508.31 0.8000 185.28 508.31
Propylene C3H6 53.658 364.76 1.2058 87.90 364.76
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 87.200 430.75 1.1810 197.67 430.75
Water H2O 134.834 647.13 1.0000 273.16 647.13

90
From: Yaws, CL (2010) Yaws’ Thermophysical Properties of Chemicals and and Hydrocarbons, Knovel.
Appendix C: Tables and Charts for Internal Flow Calculations 300

Appendix C: Tables and Charts for Internal Flow

Calculations

C.1 Dimensions of Standard Pipe91

Nominal Pipe Outside Wall Thickness Inside Cross-sectional Cross-sectional
Size (in) Diameter (in) Schedule (in) Diameter (in) Flow Area (in2) Flow Area (m2)
10 0.049 0.307 0.0740 0.0000478
1/8 0.405 40 0.068 0.269 0.0568 0.0000367
80 0.095 0.215 0.0363 0.0000234
10 0.065 0.410 0.132 0.0000852
1/4 0.540 40 0.088 0.364 0.104 0.0000671
80 0.119 0.302 0.0716 0.0000462
10 0.065 0.545 0.233 0.0001505
3/8 0.675 40 0.091 0.493 0.191 0.0001232
80 0.126 0.423 0.141 0.0000907
5 0.065 0.710 0.396 0.0002554
10 0.083 0.674 0.357 0.0002302
1/2 0.840 40 0.109 0.622 0.304 0.0001960
80 0.147 0.546 0.234 0.0001511
160 0.188 0.464 0.169 0.0001091
5 0.065 0.920 0.665 0.0004289
10 0.083 0.884 0.614 0.0003960
3/4 1.050 40 0.113 0.824 0.533 0.0003441
80 0.154 0.742 0.432 0.0002790
160 0.219 0.612 0.294 0.0001898
5 0.065 1.185 1.103 0.0007115
10 0.109 1.097 0.945 0.0006098
1 1.315 40 0.133 1.049 0.864 0.0005576
80 0.179 0.957 0.719 0.0004641
160 0.25 0.815 0.522 0.0003366
5 0.065 1.770 2.461 0.001588
10 0.109 1.682 2.222 0.001434
1 1/2 1.900 40 0.145 1.610 2.036 0.001313
80 0.2 1.500 1.767 0.001140
160 0.281 1.338 1.406 0.0009072
5 0.065 2.245 3.958 0.002554
10 0.109 2.157 3.654 0.002358
2 2.375 40 0.154 2.067 3.356 0.002165
80 0.218 1.939 2.953 0.001905
160 0.344 1.687 2.235 0.001442

91
From: Perry, RH and Green, DW (2007) Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, McGraw-Hill.
Appendix C: Tables and Charts for Internal Flow Calculations 301

Nominal Pipe Outside Wall Thickness Inside Cross-sectional Cross-sectional

Size (in) Diameter (in) Schedule (in) Diameter (in) Flow Area (in2) Flow Area (m2)
5 0.083 2.709 5.764 0.003719
10 0.12 2.635 5.453 0.003518
2 1/2 2.875 40 0.203 2.469 4.788 0.003089
80 0.276 2.323 4.238 0.002734
160 0.375 2.125 3.547 0.002288
5 0.083 3.334 8.730 0.005632
10 0.12 3.260 8.347 0.005385
3 3.500 40 0.216 3.068 7.393 0.004770
80 0.3 2.900 6.605 0.004262
160 0.438 2.624 5.408 0.003489
5 0.083 4.334 14.753 0.009518
10 0.120 4.260 14.253 0.009196
40 0.237 4.026 12.730 0.008213
4 4.500
80 0.337 3.826 11.497 0.007418
120 0.438 3.624 10.315 0.006655
160 0.531 3.438 9.283 0.005989
5 0.109 5.345 22.438 0.014476
10 0.134 5.295 22.020 0.014207
40 0.258 5.047 20.006 0.012907
5 5.563
80 0.375 4.813 18.194 0.011738
120 0.500 4.563 16.353 0.010550
160 0.625 4.313 14.610 0.009426
5 0.109 6.407 32.240 0.020801
10 0.134 6.357 31.739 0.020477
40 0.280 6.065 28.890 0.018639
6 6.625
80 0.432 5.761 26.067 0.016818
120 0.562 5.501 23.767 0.015334
160 0.719 5.187 21.131 0.013633
5 0.109 8.407 55.510 0.035814
10 0.150 8.325 54.433 0.035119
20 0.250 8.125 51.849 0.033451
30 0.277 8.071 51.162 0.033008
40 0.322 7.981 50.027 0.032276
8 8.625 60 0.406 7.813 47.943 0.030932
80 0.500 7.625 45.664 0.029461
100 0.593 7.439 43.463 0.028041
120 0.718 7.189 40.591 0.026188
140 0.812 7.001 38.496 0.024836
160 0.906 6.813 36.456 0.023520
Appendix C: Tables and Charts for Internal Flow Calculations 302

Nominal Pipe Outside Wall Thickness Inside Cross-sectional Cross-sectional

Size (in) Diameter (in) Schedule (in) Diameter (in) Flow Area (in2) Flow Area (m2)
5 0.134 10.482 86.294 0.055674
10 0.165 10.420 85.276 0.055018
20 0.250 10.250 82.516 0.053237
30 0.307 10.136 80.691 0.052060
40 0.365 10.020 78.854 0.050875
10 10.750 60 0.500 9.750 74.662 0.048170
80 0.593 9.564 71.840 0.046350
100 0.718 9.314 68.134 0.043958
120 0.843 9.064 64.525 0.041630
140 1.000 8.750 60.132 0.038796
160 1.125 8.500 56.745 0.036611
5 0.156 12.438 121.504 0.078392
10 0.180 12.390 120.568 0.077788
20 0.250 12.250 117.859 0.076040
30 0.330 12.090 114.800 0.074066
40 0.406 11.938 111.932 0.072216
12 12.750 60 0.562 11.626 106.157 0.068490
80 0.687 11.376 101.641 0.065576
100 0.843 11.064 96.142 0.062029
120 1.000 10.750 90.763 0.058558
140 1.125 10.500 86.590 0.055866
160 1.312 10.126 80.531 0.051957

C.2 Standard Tube Gauges92

Outside B.W.G and Wall Thickness Inside Diameter Cross-sectional Cross-sectional
Diameter (in) Stubs' Gauge (in) (in) Flow Area (in2) Flow Area (m2)
12 0.109 0.282 0.0625 0.0000403
14 0.083 0.334 0.0876 0.0000565
1/2 16 0.065 0.370 0.108 0.0000694
18 0.049 0.402 0.127 0.0000819
20 0.035 0.430 0.145 0.0000937
12 0.109 0.532 0.222 0.0001434
13 0.095 0.560 0.246 0.0001589
14 0.083 0.584 0.268 0.0001728
3/4 15 0.072 0.606 0.288 0.0001861
16 0.065 0.620 0.302 0.0001948
17 0.058 0.634 0.316 0.0002037
18 0.049 0.652 0.334 0.0002154

92
From: Welty et al. (2008) Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Appendix C: Tables and Charts for Internal Flow Calculations 303

Outside B.W.G and Wall Thickness Inside Diameter Cross-sectional Cross-sectional

Diameter (in) Stubs' Gauge (in) (in) Flow Area (in2) Flow Area (m2)
12 0.109 0.782 0.480 0.0003099
13 0.095 0.810 0.515 0.0003325
14 0.083 0.834 0.546 0.0003525
1 15 0.072 0.856 0.575 0.0003713
16 0.065 0.870 0.594 0.0003835
17 0.058 0.884 0.614 0.0003960
18 0.049 0.902 0.639 0.0004123
12 0.109 1.032 0.836 0.0005397
13 0.095 1.060 0.882 0.0005694
14 0.083 1.084 0.923 0.0005954
1 1/4 15 0.072 1.106 0.961 0.0006198
16 0.065 1.120 0.985 0.0006356
17 0.058 1.134 1.010 0.0006516
18 0.049 1.152 1.042 0.0006725
12 0.109 1.282 1.291 0.0008328
13 0.095 1.310 1.348 0.0008696
14 0.083 1.334 1.398 0.0009017
1 1/2 15 0.072 1.356 1.444 0.0009317
16 0.065 1.370 1.474 0.0009511
17 0.058 1.384 1.504 0.0009706
18 0.049 1.402 1.544 0.0009960
10 0.134 1.482 1.725 0.001113
11 0.12 1.510 1.791 0.001155
12 0.109 1.532 1.843 0.001189
1 3/4 13 0.095 1.560 1.911 0.001233
14 0.083 1.584 1.971 0.001271
15 0.072 1.606 2.026 0.001307
16 0.065 1.620 2.061 0.001330
10 0.134 1.732 2.356 0.001520
11 0.12 1.760 2.433 0.001570
12 0.109 1.782 2.494 0.001609
2 13 0.095 1.810 2.573 0.001660
14 0.083 1.834 2.642 0.001704
15 0.072 1.856 2.705 0.001746
16 0.065 1.870 2.746 0.001772
Appendix D: Steam Tables 304

Appendix D: Steam Tables93

D.1 Saturated Steam Pressure Table

Specific Specific Internal Specific Specific Entropy
P Sat. T Volume (m3 /kg) Energy (kJ/kg) Enthalpy (kJ/kg) (kJ kg-1 K-1 )
(bar) (°C) Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
Evap. Evap. Evap.
Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap.
0.01 6.97 0.0010001 129.18 29.297 2355.2 2384.5 29.298 2484.4 2513.7 0.10591 8.8690 8.9749
0.02 17.50 0.0010014 66.990 73.433 2325.5 2398.9 73.435 2459.5 2532.9 0.26058 8.4621 8.7227
0.03 24.08 0.0010028 45.655 100.99 2306.9 2407.9 100.99 2443.9 2544.9 0.35433 8.2223 8.5766
0.04 28.96 0.0010041 34.792 121.40 2293.1 2414.5 121.40 2432.3 2553.7 0.42245 8.0511 8.4735
0.05 32.88 0.0010053 28.186 137.76 2282.0 2419.8 137.77 2423.0 2560.8 0.47625 7.9177 8.3939
0.06 36.16 0.0010064 23.734 151.49 2272.8 2424.3 151.49 2415.2 2566.7 0.52087 7.8082 8.3291
0.07 39.00 0.0010075 20.525 163.36 2264.7 2428.1 163.37 2408.4 2571.8 0.55908 7.7155 8.2746
0.08 41.51 0.0010085 18.099 173.84 2257.6 2431.4 173.85 2402.4 2576.2 0.59253 7.6349 8.2274
0.09 43.76 0.0010094 16.200 183.25 2251.3 2434.5 183.26 2397.0 2580.3 0.62233 7.5636 8.1859
0.10 45.81 0.0010103 14.671 191.80 2245.4 2437.2 191.81 2392.1 2583.9 0.64922 7.4997 8.1489
0.20 60.06 0.0010171 7.6482 251.38 2204.6 2456.0 251.40 2357.5 2608.9 0.83195 7.0753 7.9072
0.30 69.10 0.0010222 5.2286 289.20 2178.5 2467.7 289.23 2335.4 2624.6 0.94394 6.8236 7.7675
0.40 75.86 0.0010264 3.9931 317.53 2158.8 2476.3 317.57 2318.5 2636.1 1.0259 6.6431 7.6690
0.50 81.32 0.0010299 3.2401 340.42 2142.8 2483.2 340.48 2304.7 2645.2 1.0910 6.5020 7.5930
0.60 85.93 0.0010331 2.7318 359.77 2129.1 2488.9 359.84 2293.1 2652.9 1.1452 6.3859 7.5311
0.70 89.93 0.0010359 2.3649 376.61 2117.3 2493.9 376.68 2282.7 2659.4 1.1919 6.2871 7.4790
0.80 93.49 0.0010385 2.0872 391.56 2106.6 2498.2 391.64 2273.6 2665.2 1.2328 6.2011 7.4339
0.90 96.69 0.0010409 1.8695 405.03 2097.1 2502.1 405.13 2265.2 2670.3 1.2694 6.1248 7.3942
1.00 99.61 0.0010431 1.6940 417.33 2088.2 2505.5 417.44 2257.5 2674.9 1.3026 6.0562 7.3588
1.25 105.97 0.0010482 1.3749 444.16 2068.8 2513.0 444.30 2240.6 2684.9 1.3739 5.9101 7.2840
1.50 111.35 0.0010527 1.1594 466.92 2052.3 2519.2 467.08 2226.0 2693.1 1.4335 5.7894 7.2229
1.75 116.04 0.0010568 1.0036 486.78 2037.7 2524.5 486.97 2213.1 2700.1 1.4849 5.6865 7.1714
2.00 120.21 0.0010605 0.88574 504.47 2024.6 2529.1 504.68 2201.5 2706.2 1.5301 5.5968 7.1269
2.25 123.98 0.0010640 0.79325 520.46 2012.7 2533.2 520.70 2191.0 2711.7 1.5706 5.5170 7.0876
2.50 127.41 0.0010672 0.71870 535.08 2001.7 2536.8 535.35 2181.2 2716.5 1.6072 5.4452 7.0524
2.75 130.58 0.0010703 0.65728 548.58 1991.5 2540.1 548.87 2172.0 2720.9 1.6408 5.3798 7.0206
3.00 133.53 0.0010732 0.60579 561.13 1982.1 2543.2 561.46 2163.4 2724.9 1.6718 5.3198 6.9916
3.25 136.28 0.0010759 0.56196 572.88 1973.0 2545.9 573.23 2155.4 2728.6 1.7006 5.2642 6.9648
3.50 138.86 0.0010786 0.52420 583.93 1964.6 2548.5 584.31 2147.7 2732.0 1.7275 5.2126 6.9401
3.75 141.3 0.0010811 0.49130 594.38 1956.5 2550.9 594.78 2140.3 2735.1 1.7527 5.1643 6.9170
4.00 143.61 0.0010836 0.46239 604.29 1948.8 2553.1 604.72 2133.4 2738.1 1.7766 5.1188 6.8954
4.25 145.81 0.0010859 0.43677 613.73 1941.5 2555.2 614.19 2126.6 2740.8 1.7992 5.0759 6.8751
4.50 147.91 0.0010882 0.41390 622.73 1934.4 2557.1 623.22 2120.2 2743.4 1.8206 5.0354 6.8560
4.75 149.91 0.0010904 0.39336 631.36 1927.6 2559.0 631.88 2113.9 2745.8 1.8411 4.9967 6.8378
5.0 151.84 0.0010926 0.37480 639.64 1921.1 2560.7 640.19 2107.9 2748.1 1.8606 4.9600 6.8206
5.5 155.46 0.0010967 0.34259 655.27 1908.6 2563.9 655.88 2096.4 2752.3 1.8972 4.8913 6.7885
6.0 158.83 0.0011006 0.31558 669.84 1897.0 2566.8 670.50 2085.6 2756.1 1.9311 4.8281 6.7592
6.5 161.99 0.0011044 0.29258 683.50 1885.9 2569.4 684.22 2075.4 2759.6 1.9626 4.7695 6.7321
7.0 164.95 0.0011080 0.27276 696.37 1875.4 2571.8 697.14 2065.6 2762.7 1.9921 4.7149 6.7070
7.5 167.76 0.0011114 0.25550 708.55 1865.5 2574.0 709.38 2056.2 2765.6 2.0198 4.6637 6.6835
8.0 170.41 0.0011148 0.24033 720.13 1855.9 2576.0 721.02 2047.3 2768.3 2.0460 4.6155 6.6615
8.5 172.94 0.0011180 0.22688 731.16 1846.7 2577.9 732.11 2038.7 2770.8 2.0708 4.5700 6.6408
9.0 175.36 0.0011212 0.21487 741.72 1838.0 2579.7 742.72 2030.3 2773.0 2.0944 4.5268 6.6212
9.5 177.67 0.0011242 0.20409 751.83 1829.5 2581.3 752.90 2022.3 2775.2 2.1169 4.4858 6.6027
10 179.89 0.0011272 0.19435 761.56 1821.2 2582.8 762.68 2014.4 2777.1 2.1384 4.4466 6.5850

93
Generated using: Holmgren, M., X Steam Version 2.6, IAPWS IF97 Excel Steam Tables (www.x-eng.com).
Appendix D: Steam Tables 305

Specific Specific Internal Specific Specific Entropy

P Sat. T Volume (m3 /kg) Energy (kJ/kg) Enthalpy (kJ/kg) (kJ kg-1 K-1 )
(bar) (°C) Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
Evap. Evap. Evap.
Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap.
12 187.96 0.0011385 0.16325 797.13 1790.8 2587.9 798.50 1985.3 2783.8 2.2163 4.3054 6.5217
14 195.05 0.0011489 0.14077 828.52 1763.3 2591.8 830.13 1958.8 2788.9 2.2839 4.1836 6.4675
16 201.38 0.0011587 0.12373 856.76 1738.1 2594.9 858.61 1934.3 2792.9 2.3438 4.0762 6.4200
18 207.12 0.0011679 0.11036 882.51 1714.8 2597.3 884.61 1911.4 2796.0 2.3978 3.9798 6.3776
20 212.38 0.0011768 0.099581 906.27 1692.9 2599.2 908.62 1889.8 2798.4 2.447 3.8922 6.3392
22 217.26 0.0011852 0.090695 928.37 1672.3 2600.7 930.98 1869.2 2800.2 2.4924 3.8116 6.3040
24 221.80 0.0011934 0.083242 949.09 1652.7 2601.8 951.95 1849.6 2801.5 2.5344 3.7370 6.2714
26 226.05 0.0012014 0.076897 968.62 1633.9 2602.5 971.74 1830.8 2802.5 2.5738 3.6673 6.2411
28 230.06 0.0012091 0.071428 987.12 1615.9 2603.0 990.50 1812.5 2803.0 2.6107 3.6019 6.2126
30 233.86 0.0012167 0.066664 1004.7 1598.6 2603.3 1008.4 1794.9 2803.3 2.6456 3.5402 6.1858
32 237.46 0.0012241 0.062475 1021.5 1581.8 2603.3 1025.5 1777.7 2803.2 2.6787 3.4817 6.1604
34 240.90 0.0012314 0.058761 1037.6 1565.6 2603.2 1041.8 1761.2 2803.0 2.7102 3.4260 6.1362
36 244.19 0.0012385 0.055446 1053.1 1549.8 2602.9 1057.6 1744.9 2802.5 2.7403 3.3728 6.1131
38 247.33 0.0012456 0.052468 1068.0 1534.4 2602.4 1072.8 1729.0 2801.8 2.7690 3.3220 6.0910
40 250.36 0.0012526 0.049777 1082.4 1519.4 2601.8 1087.4 1713.5 2800.9 2.7967 3.2730 6.0697
42 253.27 0.0012595 0.047333 1096.3 1504.8 2601.1 1101.6 1698.3 2799.9 2.8232 3.2260 6.0492
44 256.07 0.0012663 0.045103 1109.8 1490.4 2600.2 1115.4 1683.3 2798.7 2.8488 3.1806 6.0294
46 258.78 0.0012730 0.043060 1122.9 1476.3 2599.2 1128.8 1668.5 2797.3 2.8736 3.1367 6.0103
48 261.40 0.0012797 0.041181 1135.7 1462.5 2598.2 1141.8 1654.0 2795.8 2.8975 3.0942 5.9917
50 263.94 0.0012864 0.039446 1148.1 1448.9 2597.0 1154.5 1639.7 2794.2 2.9207 3.0530 5.9737
55 269.97 0.0013029 0.035642 1177.8 1415.9 2593.7 1184.9 1604.8 2789.7 2.9759 2.9548 5.9307
60 275.59 0.0013193 0.032449 1205.8 1384.1 2589.9 1213.7 1570.9 2784.6 3.0274 2.8627 5.8901
65 280.86 0.0013356 0.029728 1232.5 1353.1 2585.6 1241.2 1537.6 2778.8 3.0760 2.7755 5.8515
70 285.83 0.0013519 0.027380 1258.0 1322.9 2580.9 1267.4 1505.2 2772.6 3.1220 2.6926 5.8146
75 290.54 0.0013682 0.025331 1282.4 1293.4 2575.8 1292.7 1473.1 2765.8 3.1658 2.6134 5.7792
80 295.01 0.0013847 0.023528 1306.0 1264.4 2570.4 1317.1 1441.5 2758.6 3.2077 2.5371 5.7448
85 299.27 0.0014013 0.021926 1328.8 1235.8 2564.6 1340.7 1410.3 2751.0 3.2478 2.4637 5.7115
90 303.35 0.0014181 0.020493 1350.9 1207.5 2558.4 1363.7 1379.2 2742.9 3.2866 2.3924 5.6790
95 307.25 0.0014352 0.019203 1372.4 1179.6 2552.0 1386.0 1348.4 2734.4 3.3240 2.3232 5.6472
100 311.00 0.0014526 0.018034 1393.3 1151.8 2545.1 1407.9 1317.6 2725.5 3.3603 2.2556 5.6159
105 314.61 0.0014704 0.016969 1413.8 1124.2 2538.0 1429.3 1286.8 2716.1 3.3956 2.1894 5.5850
110 318.08 0.0014885 0.015994 1433.9 1096.6 2530.5 1450.3 1256.1 2706.4 3.4300 2.1245 5.5545
115 321.44 0.0015072 0.015097 1453.6 1069.0 2522.6 1470.9 1225.3 2696.2 3.4636 2.0607 5.5243
120 324.68 0.0015263 0.014269 1473.0 1041.4 2514.4 1491.3 1194.3 2685.6 3.4965 1.9976 5.4941
125 327.82 0.0015461 0.013501 1492.1 1013.6 2505.7 1511.5 1163.0 2674.5 3.5288 1.9352 5.4640
130 330.86 0.0015665 0.012785 1511.0 985.7 2496.7 1531.4 1131.5 2662.9 3.5606 1.8733 5.4339
135 333.81 0.0015877 0.012116 1529.8 957.4 2487.2 1551.2 1099.6 2650.8 3.5920 1.8116 5.4036
140 336.67 0.0016097 0.011489 1548.3 928.9 2477.2 1570.9 1067.2 2638.1 3.6230 1.7500 5.3730
145 339.45 0.0016328 0.010898 1566.8 900.0 2466.8 1590.5 1034.3 2624.8 3.6538 1.6884 5.3422
150 342.16 0.0016570 0.010340 1585.3 870.5 2455.8 1610.2 1000.7 2610.9 3.6844 1.6264 5.3108
155 344.79 0.0016825 0.0098111 1603.8 840.3 2444.1 1629.9 966.3 2596.2 3.7150 1.5639 5.2789
160 347.36 0.0017095 0.0093081 1622.3 809.6 2431.9 1649.7 931.1 2580.8 3.7457 1.5006 5.2463
165 349.86 0.0017383 0.0088283 1641.0 777.9 2418.9 1669.7 894.9 2564.6 3.7765 1.4364 5.2129
170 352.29 0.0017693 0.0083693 1660.0 745.1 2405.1 1690.0 857.4 2547.4 3.8077 1.3708 5.1785
175 354.67 0.0018029 0.0079268 1679.2 711.2 2390.4 1710.8 818.3 2529.1 3.8393 1.3035 5.1428
180 356.99 0.0018395 0.0074987 1698.9 675.7 2374.6 1732.0 777.5 2509.5 3.8717 1.2338 5.1055
185 359.26 0.0018800 0.0070818 1719.2 638.2 2357.4 1754.0 734.4 2488.4 3.9050 1.1613 5.0663
190 361.47 0.0019254 0.0066726 1740.3 598.3 2338.6 1776.9 688.5 2465.4 3.9396 1.0850 5.0246
195 363.63 0.0019775 0.0062668 1762.5 555.3 2317.8 1801.1 638.9 2440.0 3.9762 1.0033 4.9795
200 365.75 0.0020386 0.0058583 1786.3 507.9 2294.2 1827.1 584.3 2411.4 4.0154 0.9145 4.9299
205 367.81 0.0021136 0.0054377 1812.6 454.1 2266.7 1855.9 522.3 2378.2 4.0588 0.8148 4.8736
210 369.83 0.0022119 0.0049876 1843.0 389.8 2232.8 1889.4 448.1 2337.5 4.1093 0.6969 4.8062
215 371.80 0.0023602 0.0044630 1882.1 304.1 2186.2 1932.8 349.4 2282.2 4.1749 0.5417 4.7166
220 373.71 0.0027504 0.0035768 1961.4 124.1 2085.5 2021.9 142.3 2164.2 4.3109 0.2199 4.5308
220.64 373.95 0.0030898 0.0031169 2016.6 0.0 2020.7 2084.8 0.0 2089.5 4.4078 0.0000 4.4150
Appendix D: Steam Tables 306

D.2 Saturated Steam Temperature Table

Specific Specific Internal Specific Specific Entropy
T Sat. P Volume (m3 /kg) Energy (kJ/kg) Enthalpy (kJ/kg) (kJ kg-1 K-1 )
(°C) (bar)
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
Evap. Evap. Evap.
Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap.
0.01 0.0061166 0.0010002 206.00 0.00000 2374.9 2374.9 0.00061 2500.9 2500.9 0.0000000 9.1555 9.1555
0.1 0.0061567 0.0010002 204.72 0.37978 2374.6 2375.0 0.38039 2500.7 2501.1 0.0013900 9.1517 9.1531
1 0.0065709 0.0010001 192.44 4.1760 2372.1 2376.3 4.1767 2498.5 2502.7 0.015260 9.1138 9.1291
2 0.0070599 0.0010001 179.76 8.3909 2369.3 2377.7 8.3916 2496.2 2504.6 0.030606 9.0721 9.1027
3 0.0075808 0.0010001 168.01 12.603 2366.4 2379.0 12.604 2493.8 2506.4 0.045886 9.0306 9.0765
4 0.0081355 0.0010001 157.12 16.812 2363.6 2380.4 16.813 2491.4 2508.2 0.061101 8.9895 9.0506
5 0.0087257 0.0010001 147.02 21.018 2360.8 2381.8 21.019 2489.1 2510.1 0.076252 8.9486 9.0249
6 0.0093535 0.0010001 137.64 25.223 2358.0 2383.2 25.224 2486.7 2511.9 0.091340 8.9081 8.9994
7 0.010021 0.0010001 128.93 29.425 2355.1 2384.5 29.426 2484.3 2513.7 0.10637 8.8678 8.9742
8 0.010730 0.0010002 120.83 33.625 2352.3 2385.9 33.626 2482.0 2515.6 0.12133 8.8279 8.9492
9 0.011483 0.0010003 113.31 37.823 2349.5 2387.3 37.824 2479.6 2517.4 0.13624 8.7882 8.9244
10 0.012282 0.0010003 106.31 42.020 2346.7 2388.7 42.021 2477.2 2519.2 0.15109 8.7487 8.8998
12 0.014028 0.0010005 93.724 50.409 2341.0 2391.4 50.410 2472.5 2522.9 0.18061 8.6708 8.8514
14 0.015989 0.0010008 82.798 58.792 2335.3 2394.1 58.794 2467.7 2526.5 0.20990 8.5939 8.8038
16 0.018188 0.0010011 73.291 67.171 2329.7 2396.9 67.173 2463.0 2530.2 0.23898 8.5181 8.7571
18 0.020647 0.0010015 65.003 75.546 2324.1 2399.6 75.548 2458.3 2533.8 0.26785 8.4434 8.7112
20 0.023392 0.0010018 57.761 83.918 2318.5 2402.4 83.920 2453.6 2537.5 0.29650 8.3696 8.6661
22 0.026452 0.0010023 51.422 92.286 2312.8 2405.1 92.289 2448.8 2541.1 0.32495 8.2969 8.6218
24 0.029856 0.0010028 45.863 100.65 2307.2 2407.8 100.66 2444.0 2544.7 0.35320 8.2251 8.5783
26 0.033637 0.0010033 40.977 109.02 2301.5 2410.5 109.02 2439.4 2548.4 0.38126 8.1542 8.5355
28 0.037828 0.0010038 36.675 117.38 2295.8 2413.2 117.38 2434.6 2552.0 0.40912 8.0843 8.4934
30 0.042467 0.0010044 32.882 125.74 2290.2 2415.9 125.75 2429.9 2555.6 0.43679 8.0153 8.4521
32 0.047592 0.0010050 29.529 134.10 2284.6 2418.7 134.11 2425.1 2559.2 0.46428 7.9472 8.4115
34 0.053247 0.0010057 26.562 142.46 2278.9 2421.4 142.47 2420.3 2562.8 0.49158 7.8799 8.3715
36 0.059475 0.0010064 23.932 150.82 2273.2 2424.0 150.82 2415.6 2566.4 0.51871 7.8136 8.3323
38 0.066324 0.0010071 21.595 159.18 2267.5 2426.7 159.18 2410.8 2570.0 0.54566 7.7479 8.2936
40 0.073844 0.0010079 19.517 167.53 2261.9 2429.4 167.54 2406.0 2573.5 0.57243 7.6833 8.2557
42 0.082090 0.0010087 17.665 175.89 2256.2 2432.1 175.90 2401.2 2577.1 0.59903 7.6193 8.2183
44 0.091118 0.0010095 16.013 184.25 2250.6 2434.8 184.26 2396.4 2580.7 0.62547 7.5561 8.1816
46 0.10099 0.0010103 14.535 192.61 2244.8 2437.4 192.62 2391.6 2584.2 0.65174 7.4937 8.1454
48 0.11176 0.0010112 13.213 200.96 2239.1 2440.1 200.98 2386.8 2587.8 0.67785 7.4321 8.1099
50 0.12351 0.0010121 12.028 209.32 2233.5 2442.8 209.34 2382.0 2591.3 0.70379 7.3711 8.0749
52 0.13631 0.0010131 10.964 217.68 2227.7 2445.4 217.70 2377.1 2594.8 0.72958 7.3109 8.0405
54 0.15022 0.0010140 10.007 226.04 2222.0 2448.0 226.06 2372.3 2598.4 0.75522 7.2514 8.0066
56 0.16532 0.0010150 9.1454 234.41 2216.3 2450.7 234.42 2367.5 2601.9 0.78070 7.1926 7.9733
58 0.18171 0.0010161 8.3688 242.77 2210.5 2453.3 242.79 2362.6 2605.4 0.80603 7.1345 7.9405
60 0.19946 0.0010171 7.6677 251.13 2204.8 2455.9 251.15 2357.7 2608.8 0.83122 7.0770 7.9082
62 0.21866 0.0010182 7.0338 259.50 2199.0 2458.5 259.52 2352.8 2612.3 0.85625 7.0202 7.8764
64 0.23942 0.0010193 6.4601 267.87 2193.2 2461.1 267.89 2347.9 2615.8 0.88115 6.9640 7.8451
66 0.26183 0.0010204 5.9402 276.24 2187.5 2463.7 276.27 2342.9 2619.2 0.90590 6.9083 7.8142
68 0.28599 0.0010216 5.4684 284.61 2181.7 2466.3 284.64 2338.1 2622.7 0.93052 6.8534 7.7839
70 0.31201 0.0010228 5.0397 292.99 2175.9 2468.9 293.02 2333.1 2626.1 0.95499 6.7990 7.7540
72 0.34000 0.0010240 4.6498 301.36 2170.0 2471.4 301.40 2328.1 2629.5 0.97933 6.7452 7.7245
74 0.37009 0.0010252 4.2947 309.74 2164.3 2474.0 309.78 2323.1 2632.9 1.0035 6.6920 7.6955
76 0.40239 0.0010265 3.9709 318.13 2158.4 2476.5 318.17 2318.1 2636.3 1.0276 6.6393 7.6669
78 0.43703 0.0010277 3.6754 326.51 2152.5 2479.0 326.56 2313.1 2639.7 1.0516 6.5872 7.6388
80 0.47415 0.0010290 3.4053 334.90 2146.7 2481.6 334.95 2308.1 2643.0 1.0754 6.5356 7.6110
82 0.51387 0.0010304 3.1582 343.29 2140.8 2484.1 343.34 2303.1 2646.4 1.0991 6.4846 7.5837
84 0.55636 0.0010317 2.9319 351.69 2134.9 2486.6 351.74 2298.0 2649.7 1.1227 6.4340 7.5567
86 0.60174 0.0010331 2.7244 360.09 2128.9 2489.0 360.15 2292.9 2653.0 1.1461 6.3840 7.5301
88 0.65017 0.0010345 2.5341 368.49 2123.0 2491.5 368.56 2287.7 2656.3 1.1694 6.3345 7.5039
90 0.70182 0.0010359 2.3591 376.90 2117.1 2494.0 376.97 2282.5 2659.5 1.1927 6.2854 7.4781
92 0.75685 0.0010374 2.1983 385.31 2111.1 2496.4 385.38 2277.4 2662.8 1.2158 6.2368 7.4526
94 0.81542 0.0010389 2.0502 393.72 2105.1 2498.8 393.81 2272.2 2666.0 1.2387 6.1888 7.4275
96 0.87771 0.0010404 1.9138 402.14 2099.1 2501.2 402.23 2267.0 2669.2 1.2616 6.1411 7.4027
98 0.94390 0.0010419 1.7880 410.56 2093.0 2503.6 410.66 2261.7 2672.4 1.2844 6.0938 7.3782
100 1.0142 0.0010435 1.6719 418.99 2087.0 2506.0 419.10 2256.5 2675.6 1.3070 6.0471 7.3541
Appendix D: Steam Tables 307

Specific Specific Internal Specific Specific Entropy

T Sat. P Volume (m3 /kg) Energy (kJ/kg) Enthalpy (kJ/kg) (kJ kg-1 K-1 )
(°C) (bar)
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
Evap. Evap. Evap.
Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap. Liq. Vap.
105 1.2090 0.0010474 1.4185 440.09 2071.8 2511.9 440.21 2243.2 2683.4 1.3632 5.9319 7.2951
110 1.4338 0.0010516 1.2094 461.21 2056.5 2517.7 461.36 2229.7 2691.1 1.4187 5.8193 7.2380
115 1.6918 0.0010559 1.0359 482.37 2040.9 2523.3 482.55 2216.1 2698.6 1.4735 5.7092 7.1827
120 1.9867 0.0010603 0.89130 503.57 2025.3 2528.9 503.78 2202.1 2705.9 1.5278 5.6013 7.1291
125 2.3222 0.0010649 0.77011 524.81 2009.5 2534.3 525.06 2188.0 2713.1 1.5815 5.4955 7.0770
130 2.7026 0.0010697 0.66808 546.10 1993.4 2539.5 546.39 2173.7 2720.1 1.6346 5.3918 7.0264
135 3.1320 0.0010747 0.58180 567.43 1977.2 2544.6 567.77 2159.1 2726.9 1.6872 5.2900 6.9772
140 3.6150 0.0010798 0.50852 588.81 1960.8 2549.6 589.20 2144.2 2733.4 1.7393 5.1900 6.9293
145 4.1563 0.0010850 0.44602 610.24 1944.2 2554.4 610.69 2129.1 2739.8 1.7909 5.0917 6.8826
150 4.7610 0.0010905 0.39250 631.73 1927.3 2559.0 632.25 2113.7 2745.9 1.8420 4.9950 6.8370
155 5.4342 0.0010962 0.34650 653.28 1910.2 2563.5 653.88 2097.9 2751.8 1.8926 4.9000 6.7926
160 6.1814 0.0011020 0.30682 674.89 1892.9 2567.8 675.57 2081.8 2757.4 1.9428 4.8063 6.7491
165 7.0082 0.0011080 0.27246 696.57 1875.3 2571.9 697.35 2065.5 2762.8 1.9926 4.7140 6.7066
170 7.9205 0.0011143 0.24262 718.32 1857.4 2575.7 719.21 2048.7 2767.9 2.0419 4.6230 6.6649
175 8.9245 0.0011207 0.21660 740.15 1839.3 2579.4 741.15 2031.6 2772.7 2.0909 4.5332 6.6241
180 10.026 0.0011274 0.19386 762.06 1820.7 2582.8 763.19 2014.0 2777.2 2.1395 4.4446 6.5841
185 11.233 0.0011343 0.17392 784.05 1802.1 2586.1 785.32 1996.1 2781.4 2.1878 4.3569 6.5447
190 12.550 0.0011414 0.15638 806.13 1783.0 2589.1 807.57 1977.7 2785.3 2.2358 4.2702 6.5060
195 13.986 0.0011488 0.14091 828.31 1763.5 2591.8 829.92 1959.0 2788.9 2.2834 4.1845 6.4679
200 15.547 0.0011565 0.12722 850.60 1743.7 2594.3 852.39 1939.7 2792.1 2.3308 4.0995 6.4303
205 17.240 0.0011645 0.11509 872.99 1723.5 2596.5 874.99 1919.9 2794.9 2.3779 4.0153 6.3932
210 19.074 0.0011727 0.10430 895.49 1702.9 2598.4 897.73 1899.7 2797.4 2.4248 3.9317 6.3565
215 21.055 0.0011813 0.094689 918.12 1681.9 2600.0 920.61 1878.8 2799.4 2.4714 3.8488 6.3202
220 23.193 0.0011902 0.086101 940.88 1660.5 2601.4 943.64 1857.5 2801.1 2.5178 3.7664 6.2842
225 25.494 0.0011994 0.078411 963.78 1638.6 2602.4 966.84 1835.5 2802.3 2.5641 3.6844 6.2485
230 27.968 0.0012090 0.071510 986.83 1616.2 2603.0 990.21 1812.8 2803.0 2.6102 3.6029 6.2131
235 30.622 0.0012190 0.065304 1010.0 1593.3 2603.3 1013.8 1789.5 2803.3 2.6561 3.5216 6.1777
240 33.467 0.0012295 0.059710 1033.4 1569.8 2603.2 1037.5 1765.6 2803.1 2.7019 3.4406 6.1425
245 36.509 0.0012404 0.054658 1057.0 1545.8 2602.8 1061.5 1740.8 2802.3 2.7477 3.3597 6.1074
250 39.759 0.0012517 0.050087 1080.7 1521.2 2601.9 1085.7 1715.3 2801.0 2.7934 3.2788 6.0722
255 43.227 0.0012636 0.045941 1104.7 1495.8 2600.5 1110.1 1689.0 2799.1 2.8391 3.1979 6.0370
260 46.921 0.0012761 0.042175 1128.8 1470.0 2598.8 1134.8 1661.8 2796.6 2.8847 3.1170 6.0017
265 50.851 0.0012892 0.038748 1153.3 1443.2 2596.5 1159.8 1633.7 2793.5 2.9304 3.0358 5.9662
270 55.028 0.0013030 0.035622 1177.9 1415.8 2593.7 1185.1 1604.6 2789.7 2.9762 2.9542 5.9304
275 59.463 0.0013175 0.032767 1202.9 1387.4 2590.3 1210.7 1574.4 2785.1 3.0221 2.8722 5.8943
280 64.165 0.0013328 0.030154 1228.1 1358.2 2586.3 1236.7 1543.1 2779.8 3.0681 2.7897 5.8578
285 69.145 0.0013491 0.027758 1253.7 1328.0 2581.7 1263.0 1510.7 2773.7 3.1143 2.7065 5.8208
290 74.416 0.0013663 0.025557 1279.6 1296.8 2576.4 1289.8 1476.8 2766.6 3.1608 2.6224 5.7832
295 79.990 0.0013846 0.023531 1306.0 1264.4 2570.4 1317.0 1441.6 2758.6 3.2076 2.5373 5.7449
300 85.877 0.0014042 0.021663 1332.7 1230.8 2563.5 1344.8 1404.8 2749.6 3.2547 2.4511 5.7058
305 92.092 0.0014252 0.019937 1359.9 1195.9 2555.8 1373.1 1366.3 2739.4 3.3024 2.3632 5.6656
310 98.647 0.0014479 0.018339 1387.7 1159.3 2547.0 1402.0 1325.9 2727.9 3.3506 2.2737 5.6243
315 105.56 0.0014724 0.016856 1416.1 1121.1 2537.2 1431.6 1283.5 2715.1 3.3994 2.1822 5.5816
320 112.84 0.0014991 0.015476 1445.1 1080.9 2526.0 1462.1 1238.6 2700.7 3.4491 2.0882 5.5373
325 120.51 0.0015283 0.014189 1475.0 1038.5 2513.5 1493.4 1191.1 2684.5 3.4997 1.9914 5.4911
330 128.58 0.0015606 0.012984 1505.7 993.6 2499.3 1525.7 1140.5 2666.2 3.5516 1.8909 5.4425
335 137.07 0.0015967 0.011852 1537.5 945.6 2483.1 1559.3 1086.3 2645.6 3.6048 1.7862 5.3910
340 146.00 0.0016375 0.010784 1570.5 894.1 2464.6 1594.4 1027.7 2622.1 3.6599 1.6760 5.3359
345 155.40 0.0016846 0.0097698 1605.3 837.9 2443.2 1631.4 963.6 2595.0 3.7175 1.5588 5.2763
350 165.29 0.0017401 0.0088009 1642.1 776.0 2418.1 1670.9 892.7 2563.6 3.7783 1.4326 5.2109
355 175.70 0.0018078 0.0078660 1681.9 706.3 2388.2 1713.7 812.7 2526.4 3.8438 1.2939 5.1377
360 186.66 0.0018945 0.0069450 1726.1 625.3 2351.4 1761.5 719.5 2481.0 3.9164 1.1363 5.0527
365 198.22 0.0020156 0.0060043 1777.6 525.4 2303.0 1817.6 604.4 2422.0 4.0010 0.9472 4.9482
370 210.43 0.0022221 0.0049462 1845.9 383.5 2229.4 1892.6 440.9 2333.5 4.1142 0.6854 4.7996
373.9 220.64 0.0030991 0.0031085 2018.0 0.0 2019.5 2086.4 0.0 2088.1 4.4103 0.0000 4.4128
Appendix D: Steam Tables 308

D.3 Superheated Steam Tables

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 250
323.15 348.15 373.15 398.15 423.15 448.15 473.15 523.15
0.01 6.97 V 0.0010001 129.18 149.10 160.65 172.19 183.74 195.28 206.82 218.36 241.44
U 29.297 2384.5 2445.3 2480.7 2516.3 2552.2 2588.4 2624.8 2661.6 2736.3
H 29.298 2513.7 2594.4 2641.4 2688.5 2735.9 2783.6 2831.7 2880.0 2977.7
S 0.10591 8.9749 9.2430 9.3830 9.5138 9.6368 9.7530 9.8632 9.9682 10.165
0.02 17.50 V 0.0010014 66.990 74.525 80.307 86.084 91.859 97.631 103.40 109.17 120.72
U 73.433 2398.9 2445.1 2480.6 2516.2 2552.1 2588.3 2624.8 2661.6 2736.3
H 73.435 2532.9 2594.1 2641.2 2688.4 2735.9 2783.6 2831.6 2880.0 2977.7
S 0.26058 8.7227 8.9224 9.0627 9.1937 9.3167 9.4330 9.5432 9.6482 9.8446
0.03 24.08 V 0.0010028 45.655 49.668 53.527 57.381 61.233 65.082 68.931 72.779 80.474
U 100.99 2407.9 2444.9 2480.4 2516.1 2552.1 2588.3 2624.8 2661.6 2736.2
H 100.99 2544.9 2593.9 2641.0 2688.3 2735.8 2783.5 2831.5 2879.9 2977.7
S 0.35433 8.5766 8.7347 8.8752 9.0063 9.1294 9.2457 9.3560 9.4610 9.6574
0.04 28.96 V 0.0010041 34.792 37.239 40.137 43.030 45.920 48.808 51.695 54.582 60.354
U 121.40 2414.5 2444.7 2480.3 2516.1 2552.0 2588.2 2624.7 2661.5 2736.2
H 121.40 2553.7 2593.6 2640.9 2688.2 2735.7 2783.4 2831.5 2879.9 2977.6
S 0.42245 8.4735 8.6012 8.7420 8.8732 8.9965 9.1128 9.2231 9.3282 9.5246
0.05 32.88 V 0.0010053 28.186 29.782 32.103 34.419 36.732 39.043 41.353 43.663 48.281
U 137.76 2419.8 2444.4 2480.2 2516.0 2551.9 2588.2 2624.7 2661.5 2736.2
H 137.77 2560.8 2593.4 2640.7 2688.0 2735.6 2783.4 2831.4 2879.8 2977.6
S 0.47625 8.3939 8.4976 8.6386 8.7700 8.8933 9.0097 9.1201 9.2251 9.4216
0.06 36.16 V 0.0010064 23.734 24.811 26.747 28.678 30.606 32.533 34.459 36.384 40.233
U 151.49 2424.3 2444.2 2480.0 2515.9 2551.9 2588.1 2624.6 2661.5 2736.2
H 151.49 2566.7 2593.1 2640.5 2687.9 2735.5 2783.3 2831.4 2879.8 2977.6
S 0.52087 8.3291 8.4127 8.5540 8.6856 8.8090 8.9254 9.0358 9.1409 9.3374
0.07 39.00 V 0.0010075 20.525 21.260 22.921 24.578 26.231 27.883 29.534 31.185 34.484
U 163.36 2428.1 2444.0 2479.9 2515.8 2551.8 2588.0 2624.6 2661.4 2736.2
H 163.37 2571.8 2592.8 2640.3 2687.8 2735.4 2783.2 2831.3 2879.7 2977.5
S 0.55908 8.2746 8.3409 8.4825 8.6142 8.7377 8.8541 8.9646 9.0697 9.2662
0.08 41.51 V 0.0010085 18.099 18.596 20.052 21.502 22.950 24.396 25.841 27.285 30.173
U 173.84 2431.4 2443.8 2479.7 2515.7 2551.7 2588.0 2624.5 2661.4 2736.1
H 173.85 2576.2 2592.6 2640.2 2687.7 2735.3 2783.2 2831.3 2879.7 2977.5
S 0.59253 8.2274 8.2786 8.4205 8.5523 8.6759 8.7924 8.9029 9.0080 9.2045
0.09 43.76 V 0.0010094 16.200 16.525 17.820 19.110 20.398 21.684 22.968 24.252 26.819
U 183.25 2434.5 2443.6 2479.6 2515.6 2551.6 2587.9 2624.5 2661.4 2736.1
H 183.26 2580.3 2592.3 2640.0 2687.6 2735.2 2783.1 2831.2 2879.6 2977.5
S 0.62233 8.1859 8.2235 8.3657 8.4977 8.6213 8.7379 8.8484 8.9535 9.1501
0.1 45.81 V 0.0010103 14.671 14.867 16.035 17.197 18.356 19.514 20.670 21.826 24.136
U 191.8 2437.2 2443.3 2479.5 2515.5 2551.6 2587.9 2624.5 2661.3 2736.1
H 191.81 2583.9 2592.0 2639.8 2687.4 2735.1 2783.0 2831.2 2879.6 2977.4
S 0.64922 8.1489 8.1741 8.3167 8.4488 8.5725 8.6892 8.7997 8.9048 9.1014
0.2 60.06 V 0.0010171 7.6482 8.0004 8.5857 9.1681 9.7488 10.328 10.907 12.064
U 251.38 2456.0 2478.0 2514.5 2550.9 2587.3 2624.0 2661.0 2735.8
H 251.40 2608.9 2638.0 2686.2 2734.2 2782.3 2830.6 2879.1 2977.1
S 0.83195 7.9072 7.9926 8.1262 8.2508 8.3680 8.4788 8.5842 8.7811
0.3 69.10 V 0.0010222 5.2286 5.3221 5.7153 6.1054 6.4939 6.8812 7.2679 8.0400
U 289.20 2467.7 2476.5 2513.5 2550.1 2586.8 2623.6 2660.6 2735.6
H 289.23 2624.6 2636.2 2684.9 2733.3 2781.6 2830.0 2878.7 2976.8
S 0.94394 7.7675 7.8012 7.9364 8.0619 8.1796 8.2907 8.3964 8.5935
0.4 75.86 V 0.0010264 3.9931 4.2800 4.5740 4.8664 5.1576 5.4481 6.0279
U 317.53 2476.3 2512.5 2549.4 2586.3 2623.2 2660.3 2735.4
H 317.57 2636.1 2683.7 2732.4 2780.9 2829.5 2878.2 2976.5
S 1.0259 7.6690 7.8009 7.9273 8.0455 8.1570 8.2629 8.4602
0.5 81.32 V 0.0010299 3.2401 3.4188 3.6552 3.8899 4.1234 4.3563 4.8207
U 340.42 2483.2 2511.5 2548.7 2585.7 2622.8 2660.0 2735.1
H 340.48 2645.2 2682.4 2731.4 2780.2 2828.9 2877.8 2976.2
S 1.0910 7.5930 7.6952 7.8224 7.9412 8.0531 8.1591 8.3568
0.6 85.93 V 0.0010331 2.7318 2.8446 3.0426 3.2388 3.4339 3.6283 4.0159
U 359.77 2488.9 2510.4 2547.9 2585.2 2622.3 2659.6 2734.9
H 359.84 2652.9 2681.1 2730.5 2779.5 2828.4 2877.3 2975.8
S 1.1452 7.5311 7.6083 7.7364 7.8557 7.9680 8.0743 8.2722
0.7 89.93 V 0.0010359 2.3649 2.4344 2.6050 2.7738 2.9415 3.1084 3.4410
U 376.61 2493.9 2509.4 2547.2 2584.6 2621.9 2659.3 2734.6
H 376.68 2659.4 2679.8 2729.6 2778.8 2827.8 2876.9 2975.5
S 1.1919 7.4790 7.5343 7.6634 7.7833 7.8959 8.0024 8.2006
0.8 93.49 V 0.0010385 2.0872 2.1268 2.2768 2.4250 2.5721 2.7184 3.0098
U 391.56 2498.2 2508.3 2546.5 2584.0 2621.5 2658.9 2734.4
H 391.64 2665.2 2678.5 2728.6 2778.0 2827.2 2876.4 2975.2
S 1.2328 7.4339 7.4698 7.5999 7.7203 7.8333 7.9400 8.1385
0.9 96.69 V 0.0010409 1.8695 1.8875 2.0216 2.1538 2.2848 2.4151 2.6745
U 405.03 2502.1 2507.3 2545.7 2583.5 2621.0 2658.6 2734.2
H 405.13 2670.3 2677.1 2727.6 2777.3 2826.7 2875.9 2974.9
S 1.2694 7.3942 7.4126 7.5436 7.6646 7.7779 7.8849 8.0837
Appendix D: Steam Tables 309

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800
573.15 623.15 673.15 723.15 773.15 873.15 973.15 1073.15
0.01 6.97 V 0.0010001 129.18 264.52 287.59 310.67 333.75 356.83 402.98 449.13 495.29
U 29.297 2384.5 2812.4 2890.1 2969.4 3050.3 3132.9 3303.4 3480.8 3665.4
H 29.298 2513.7 3077.0 3177.7 3280.1 3384.1 3489.8 3706.3 3930.0 4160.7
S 0.10591 8.9749 10.346 10.514 10.672 10.821 10.962 11.226 11.468 11.694
0.02 17.50 V 0.0010014 66.990 132.26 143.79 155.33 166.87 178.41 201.49 224.57 247.64
U 73.433 2398.9 2812.4 2890.1 2969.4 3050.3 3132.9 3303.4 3480.8 3665.4
H 73.435 2532.9 3076.9 3177.7 3280.1 3384.1 3489.8 3706.3 3930.0 4160.7
S 0.26058 8.7227 10.026 10.194 10.352 10.501 10.643 10.906 11.148 11.374
0.03 24.08 V 0.0010028 45.655 88.168 95.862 103.55 111.25 118.94 134.33 149.71 165.09
U 100.99 2407.9 2812.4 2890.1 2969.4 3050.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.4
H 100.99 2544.9 3076.9 3177.7 3280.0 3384.1 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.7
S 0.35433 8.5766 9.8385 10.007 10.165 10.314 10.455 10.719 10.961 11.187
0.04 28.96 V 0.0010041 34.792 66.125 71.895 77.665 83.435 89.205 100.740 112.280 123.820
U 121.40 2414.5 2812.4 2890.1 2969.4 3050.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.4
H 121.40 2553.7 3076.9 3177.7 3280.0 3384.0 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6
S 0.42245 8.4735 9.7057 9.8743 10.032 10.181 10.323 10.586 10.828 11.054
0.05 32.88 V 0.0010053 28.186 52.898 57.515 62.131 66.747 71.363 80.594 89.826 99.056
U 137.76 2419.8 2812.4 2890.1 2969.4 3050.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.4
H 137.77 2560.8 3076.9 3177.6 3280.0 3384.0 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6
S 0.47625 8.3939 9.6027 9.7713 9.9293 10.078 10.220 10.483 10.725 10.951
0.06 36.16 V 0.0010064 23.734 44.081 47.928 51.775 55.622 59.469 67.162 74.854 82.547
U 151.49 2424.3 2812.3 2890.1 2969.3 3050.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.4
H 151.49 2566.7 3076.8 3177.6 3280.0 3384.0 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6
S 0.52087 8.3291 9.5185 9.6871 9.8451 9.9942 10.136 10.399 10.641 10.867
0.07 39.00 V 0.0010075 20.525 37.783 41.081 44.378 47.676 50.973 57.567 64.161 70.754
U 163.36 2428.1 2812.3 2890.0 2969.3 3050.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.4
H 163.37 2571.8 3076.8 3177.6 3280.0 3384.0 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6
S 0.55908 8.2746 9.4474 9.6160 9.7740 9.9230 10.064 10.328 10.570 10.796
0.08 41.51 V 0.0010085 18.099 33.059 35.945 38.830 41.716 44.601 50.371 56.140 61.910
U 173.84 2431.4 2812.3 2890.0 2969.3 3050.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.3
H 173.85 2576.2 3076.8 3177.6 3280.0 3384.0 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6
S 0.59253 8.2274 9.3857 9.5543 9.7123 9.8614 10.003 10.266 10.508 10.734
0.09 43.76 V 0.0010094 16.200 29.385 31.951 34.516 37.080 39.645 44.774 49.902 55.031
U 183.25 2434.5 2812.3 2890.0 2969.3 3050.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.3
H 183.26 2580.3 3076.8 3177.6 3280.0 3384.0 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6
S 0.62233 8.1859 9.3313 9.4999 9.6580 9.8070 9.9483 10.212 10.454 10.680
0.1 45.81 V 0.0010103 14.671 26.446 28.755 31.064 33.372 35.680 40.296 44.912 49.528
U 191.8 2437.2 2812.3 2890.0 2969.3 3050.2 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.3
H 191.81 2583.9 3076.7 3177.5 3279.9 3384.0 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6
S 0.64922 8.1489 9.2827 9.4513 9.6093 9.7584 9.8997 10.163 10.405 10.631
0.2 60.06 V 0.0010171 7.6482 13.220 14.375 15.530 16.684 17.839 20.147 22.455 24.763
U 251.38 2456.0 2812.1 2889.9 2969.2 3050.1 3132.8 3303.2 3480.7 3665.3
H 251.40 2608.9 3076.5 3177.4 3279.8 3383.8 3489.6 3706.2 3929.8 4160.6
S 0.83195 7.9072 8.9624 9.1311 9.2892 9.4383 9.5797 9.8431 10.086 10.311
0.3 69.10 V 0.0010222 5.2286 8.8111 9.5816 10.352 11.122 11.892 13.431 14.970 16.509
U 289.20 2467.7 2811.9 2889.7 2969.1 3050.1 3132.7 3303.2 3480.7 3665.3
H 289.23 2624.6 3076.2 3177.2 3279.6 3383.7 3489.5 3706.1 3929.8 4160.5
S 0.94394 7.7675 8.7750 8.9438 9.1019 9.2511 9.3925 9.6559 9.8984 10.124
0.4 75.86 V 0.0010264 3.9931 6.6067 7.1850 7.7629 8.3405 8.9180 10.0730 11.2270 12.3810
U 317.53 2476.3 2811.7 2889.6 2969.0 3050.0 3132.6 3303.1 3480.7 3665.2
H 317.57 2636.1 3076.0 3177.0 3279.5 3383.6 3489.4 3706.0 3929.7 4160.5
S 1.0259 7.6690 8.6419 8.8108 8.9690 9.1182 9.2596 9.5231 9.7655 9.9912
0.5 81.32 V 0.0010299 3.2401 5.2841 5.7470 6.2095 6.6718 7.1339 8.0578 8.9814 9.9048
U 340.42 2483.2 2811.6 2889.4 2968.8 3049.9 3132.6 3303.1 3480.6 3665.2
H 340.48 2645.2 3075.8 3176.8 3279.3 3383.5 3489.2 3706.0 3929.7 4160.4
S 1.0910 7.5930 8.5386 8.7076 8.8658 9.0150 9.1565 9.4200 9.6625 9.8882
0.6 85.93 V 0.0010331 2.7318 4.4024 4.7883 5.1739 5.5593 5.9444 6.7145 7.4843 8.2539
U 359.77 2488.9 2811.4 2889.3 2968.7 3049.8 3132.5 3303.0 3480.6 3665.2
H 359.84 2652.9 3075.5 3176.6 3279.2 3383.3 3489.1 3705.9 3929.6 4160.4
S 1.1452 7.5311 8.4541 8.6232 8.7815 8.9308 9.0722 9.3358 9.5783 9.8040
0.7 89.93 V 0.0010359 2.3649 3.7725 4.1035 4.4342 4.7646 5.0949 5.7550 6.4149 7.0746
U 376.61 2493.9 2811.2 2889.1 2968.6 3049.7 3132.4 3303.0 3480.5 3665.1
H 376.68 2659.4 3075.3 3176.4 3279.0 3383.2 3489.0 3705.8 3929.6 4160.3
S 1.1919 7.4790 8.3827 8.5518 8.7102 8.8595 9.0010 9.2646 9.5071 9.7328
0.8 93.49 V 0.0010385 2.0872 3.3002 3.5900 3.8794 4.1686 4.4577 5.0354 5.6129 6.1902
U 391.56 2498.2 2811.0 2889.0 2968.5 3049.6 3132.3 3302.9 3480.5 3665.1
H 391.64 2665.2 3075.0 3176.2 3278.9 3383.1 3488.9 3705.7 3929.5 4160.3
S 1.2328 7.4339 8.3207 8.4900 8.6484 8.7977 8.9393 9.2029 9.4455 9.6712
0.9 96.69 V 0.0010409 1.8695 2.9328 3.1905 3.4479 3.7051 3.9621 4.4757 4.9891 5.5023
U 405.03 2502.1 2810.8 2888.9 2968.4 3049.5 3132.2 3302.8 3480.4 3665.1
H 405.13 2670.3 3074.8 3176.0 3278.7 3382.9 3488.8 3705.6 3929.4 4160.3
S 1.2694 7.3942 8.2661 8.4354 8.5939 8.7432 8.8848 9.1485 9.3910 9.6168
Appendix D: Steam Tables 310

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 100 125 150 175 200 250 300
373.15 398.15 423.15 448.15 473.15 523.15 573.15
1.00 99.61 V 0.0010431 1.6940 1.6960 1.8173 1.9367 2.0550 2.1725 2.4062 2.6389
U 417.33 2505.5 2506.2 2544.9 2582.9 2620.6 2658.2 2733.9 2810.7
H 417.44 2674.9 2675.8 2726.7 2776.6 2826.1 2875.5 2974.5 3074.5
S 1.3026 7.3588 7.3610 7.4931 7.6147 7.7283 7.8356 8.0346 8.2171
1.01325 99.97 V 0.0010434 1.6733 1.6734 1.7933 1.9112 2.0279 2.1439 2.3746 2.6043
U 418.88 2506.0 2506.0 2544.8 2582.8 2620.5 2658.2 2733.9 2810.6
H 418.99 2675.5 2675.6 2726.6 2776.5 2826.0 2875.4 2974.5 3074.5
S 1.3067 7.3544 7.3545 7.4868 7.6084 7.7221 7.8294 8.0284 8.2110
1.25 105.97 V 0.0010482 1.3749 1.4496 1.5460 1.6413 1.7357 1.9233 2.1098
U 444.16 2513.0 2543.0 2581.5 2619.5 2657.3 2733.3 2810.2
H 444.30 2684.9 2724.2 2774.8 2824.7 2874.3 2973.7 3073.9
S 1.3739 7.2840 7.3852 7.5083 7.6229 7.7307 7.9304 8.1133
1.50 111.35 V 0.0010527 1.1594 1.2045 1.2856 1.3654 1.4445 1.6013 1.7571
U 466.92 2519.2 2541.1 2580.1 2618.4 2656.5 2732.7 2809.7
H 467.08 2693.1 2721.7 2772.9 2823.2 2873.1 2972.9 3073.3
S 1.4335 7.2229 7.2961 7.4207 7.5362 7.6447 7.8451 8.0284
1.75 116.04 V 0.0010568 1.0036 1.0293 1.0995 1.1684 1.2365 1.3714 1.5052
U 486.78 2524.5 2539.1 2578.6 2617.3 2655.6 2732.1 2809.3
H 486.97 2700.1 2719.2 2771.0 2821.7 2872.0 2972.1 3072.7
S 1.4849 7.1714 7.2199 7.3461 7.4626 7.5717 7.7728 7.9565
2.00 120.21 V 0.0010605 0.88574 0.89786 0.95989 1.0206 1.0805 1.1989 1.3162
U 504.47 2529.1 2537.0 2577.1 2616.1 2654.7 2731.5 2808.8
H 504.68 2706.2 2716.6 2769.1 2820.3 2870.8 2971.3 3072.1
S 1.5301 7.1269 7.1530 7.2809 7.3984 7.5081 7.7100 7.8940
2.25 123.98 V 0.0010640 0.79325 0.79558 0.85131 0.90565 0.95917 1.0648 1.1693
U 520.46 2533.2 2534.9 2575.6 2615.0 2653.8 2730.9 2808.4
H 520.70 2711.7 2713.9 2767.2 2818.8 2869.6 2970.4 3071.5
S 1.5706 7.0876 7.0932 7.2230 7.3415 7.4518 7.6544 7.8389
2.50 127.41 V 0.0010672 0.71870 0.76442 0.81367 0.86209 0.95744 1.0517
U 535.08 2536.8 2574.1 2613.8 2652.9 2730.2 2807.9
H 535.35 2716.5 2765.2 2817.3 2868.4 2969.6 3070.8
S 1.6072 7.0524 7.1707 7.2902 7.4013 7.6046 7.7895
2.75 130.58 V 0.0010703 0.65728 0.69331 0.73841 0.78265 0.86963 0.95550
U 548.58 2540.1 2572.5 2612.7 2651.9 2729.6 2807.5
H 548.87 2720.9 2763.2 2815.7 2867.2 2968.8 3070.2
S 1.6408 7.0206 7.1230 7.2436 7.3553 7.5595 7.7447
3.00 133.53 V 0.0010732 0.60579 0.63403 0.67568 0.71644 0.79645 0.87534
U 561.13 2543.2 2571.0 2611.5 2651.0 2729.0 2807.0
H 561.46 2724.9 2761.2 2814.2 2866.0 2967.9 3069.6
S 1.6718 6.9916 7.0791 7.2008 7.3132 7.5181 7.7037
3.25 136.28 V 0.0010759 0.56196 0.58386 0.62259 0.66042 0.73453 0.80751
U 572.88 2545.9 2569.4 2610.3 2650.1 2728.4 2806.5
H 573.23 2728.6 2759.1 2812.6 2864.7 2967.1 3069.0
S 1.7006 6.9648 7.0383 7.1612 7.2743 7.4800 7.6660
3.50 138.86 V 0.0010786 0.52420 0.54084 0.57708 0.61240 0.68145 0.74937
U 583.93 2548.5 2567.8 2609.1 2649.1 2727.7 2806.1
H 584.31 2732. 2757.1 2811.1 2863.5 2966.3 3068.4
S 1.7275 6.9401 7.0002 7.1242 7.2381 7.4445 7.6310
3.75 141.30 V 0.0010811 0.49130 0.50354 0.53763 0.57077 0.63545 0.69898
U 594.38 2550.9 2566.1 2607.9 2648.2 2727.1 2805.6
H 594.78 2735.1 2754.9 2809.5 2862.2 2965.4 3067.7
S 1.7527 6.9170 6.9643 7.0896 7.2042 7.4115 7.5983
4.00 143.61 V 0.0010836 0.46239 0.47089 0.50311 0.53434 0.59520 0.65488
U 604.29 2553.1 2564.4 2606.7 2647.3 2726.5 2805.2
H 604.72 2738.1 2752.8 2807.9 2861.0 2964.6 3067.1
S 1.7766 6.8954 6.9305 7.0571 7.1724 7.3805 7.5677
4.25 145.81 V 0.0010859 0.43677 0.44206 0.47264 0.50220 0.55968 0.61598
U 613.73 2555.2 2562.7 2605.4 2646.3 2725.8 2804.7
H 614.19 2740.8 2750.6 2806.3 2859.7 2963.7 3066.5
S 1.7992 6.8751 6.8983 7.0263 7.1423 7.3513 7.5389
4.50 147.91 V 0.0010882 0.41390 0.41642 0.44555 0.47362 0.52811 0.58140
U 622.73 2557.1 2560.9 2604.2 2645.3 2725.2 2804.2
H 623.22 2743.4 2748.3 2804.7 2858.5 2962.8 3065.9
S 1.8206 6.8560 6.8677 6.9971 7.1139 7.3237 7.5117
4.75 149.91 V 0.0010904 0.39336 0.39346 0.42130 0.44805 0.49986 0.55045
U 631.36 2559.0 2559.1 2602.9 2644.4 2724.6 2803.8
H 631.88 2745.8 2746.0 2803.0 2857.2 2962.0 3065.2
S 1.8411 6.8378 6.8383 6.9692 7.0868 7.2975 7.4859
5.00 151.84 V 0.0010926 0.37480 0.39948 0.42503 0.47443 0.52260
U 639.64 2560.7 2601.6 2643.4 2723.9 2803.3
H 640.19 2748.1 2801.4 2855.9 2961.1 3064.6
S 1.8606 6.8206 6.9427 7.0611 7.2726 7.4614
Appendix D: Steam Tables 311

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 350 400 450 500 600 700 800
623.15 673.15 723.15 773.15 873.15 973.15 1073.15
1.00 99.61 V 0.0010431 1.6940 2.8710 3.1027 3.3342 3.5656 4.0279 4.4900 4.9520
U 417.33 2505.5 2888.7 2968.3 3049.4 3132.2 3302.8 3480.4 3665.0
H 417.44 2674.9 3175.8 3278.5 3382.8 3488.7 3705.6 3929.4 4160.2
S 1.3026 7.3588 8.3865 8.5451 8.6945 8.8361 9.0998 9.3424 9.5681
1.01325 99.97 V 0.0010434 1.6733 2.8334 3.0621 3.2906 3.5189 3.9753 4.4313 4.8872
U 418.88 2506.0 2888.7 2968.3 3049.4 3132.1 3302.8 3480.4 3665.0
H 418.99 2675.5 3175.8 3278.5 3382.8 3488.7 3705.6 3929.4 4160.2
S 1.3067 7.3544 8.3804 8.5390 8.6884 8.8300 9.0937 9.3363 9.5620
1.25 105.97 V 0.0010482 1.3749 2.2958 2.4814 2.6667 2.8519 3.2220 3.5918 3.9614
U 444.16 2513.0 2888.4 2968.0 3049.2 3131.9 3302.6 3480.3 3664.9
H 444.30 2684.9 3175.3 3278.2 3382.5 3488.4 3705.4 3929.2 4160.1
S 1.3739 7.2840 8.2830 8.4417 8.5912 8.7328 8.9966 9.2393 9.4650
1.50 111.35 V 0.0010527 1.1594 1.9123 2.0671 2.2217 2.3762 2.6847 2.9929 3.3010
U 466.92 2519.2 2888.0 2967.7 3048.9 3131.7 3302.5 3480.2 3664.8
H 467.08 2693.1 3174.9 3277.8 3382.2 3488.2 3705.2 3929.1 4160.0
S 1.4335 7.2229 8.1983 8.3571 8.5067 8.6484 8.9123 9.1550 9.3808
1.75 116.04 V 0.0010568 1.0036 1.6384 1.7712 1.9039 2.0363 2.3009 2.5652 2.8293
U 486.78 2524.5 2887.7 2967.4 3048.7 3131.5 3302.3 3480.0 3664.7
H 486.97 2700.1 3174.4 3277.4 3381.9 3487.9 3705.0 3928.9 4159.9
S 1.4849 7.1714 8.1265 8.2855 8.4352 8.5770 8.8410 9.0837 9.3096
2.00 120.21 V 0.0010605 0.88574 1.4330 1.5493 1.6655 1.7814 2.0130 2.2444 2.4755
U 504.47 2529.1 2887.3 2967.1 3048.4 3131.3 3302.2 3479.9 3664.7
H 504.68 2706.2 3173.9 3277.0 3381.5 3487.6 3704.8 3928.8 4159.8
S 1.5301 7.1269 8.0643 8.2235 8.3733 8.5151 8.7792 9.0220 9.2479
2.25 123.98 V 0.0010640 0.79325 1.2732 1.3767 1.4801 1.5832 1.7892 1.9948 2.2004
U 520.46 2533.2 2886.9 2966.8 3048.2 3131.1 3302.0 3479.8 3664.6
H 520.70 2711.7 3173.4 3276.6 3381.2 3487.4 3704.6 3928.7 4159.6
S 1.5706 7.0876 8.0094 8.1687 8.3186 8.4605 8.7246 8.9675 9.1934
2.50 127.41 V 0.0010672 0.71870 1.1454 1.2387 1.3317 1.4246 1.6101 1.7952 1.9802
U 535.08 2536.8 2886.6 2966.5 3048.0 3130.9 3301.9 3479.7 3664.5
H 535.35 2716.5 3172.9 3276.2 3380.9 3487.1 3704.4 3928.5 4159.5
S 1.6072 7.0524 7.9602 8.1196 8.2696 8.4116 8.6759 8.9188 9.1447
2.75 130.58 V 0.0010703 0.65728 1.0408 1.1257 1.2104 1.2949 1.4635 1.6319 1.8001
U 548.58 2540.1 2886.2 2966.3 3047.7 3130.7 3301.7 3479.6 3664.4
H 548.87 2720.9 3172.4 3275.8 3380.6 3486.8 3704.2 3928.4 4159.4
S 1.6408 7.0206 7.9156 8.0752 8.2253 8.3674 8.6317 8.8747 9.1006
3.00 133.53 V 0.0010732 0.60579 0.95362 1.0315 1.1092 1.1867 1.3414 1.4958 1.6500
U 561.13 2543.2 2885.9 2966.0 3047.5 3130.5 3301.6 3479.5 3664.3
H 561.46 2724.9 3172.0 3275.4 3380.2 3486.6 3704.0 3928.2 4159.3
S 1.6718 6.9916 7.8749 8.0346 8.1848 8.3269 8.5914 8.8344 9.0604
3.25 136.28 V 0.0010759 0.56196 0.87988 0.95188 1.0236 1.0952 1.2381 1.3806 1.5231
U 572.88 2545.9 2885.5 2965.7 3047.2 3130.3 3301.4 3479.4 3664.2
H 573.23 2728.6 3171.5 3275.0 3379.9 3486.3 3703.8 3928.1 4159.2
S 1.7006 6.9648 7.8374 7.9972 8.1475 8.2897 8.5543 8.7973 9.0234
3.50 138.86 V 0.0010786 0.52420 0.81667 0.88359 0.95028 1.0168 1.1495 1.2819 1.4142
U 583.93 2548.5 2885.2 2965.4 3047.0 3130.1 3301.3 3479.2 3664.1
H 584.31 2732.0 3171.0 3274.6 3379.6 3486.0 3703.6 3927.9 4159.1
S 1.7275 6.9401 7.8026 7.9626 8.1130 8.2553 8.5199 8.7630 8.9891
3.75 141.30 V 0.0010811 0.49130 0.76188 0.82442 0.88671 0.94883 1.0728 1.1964 1.3199
U 594.38 2550.9 2884.8 2965.1 3046.8 3129.9 3301.2 3479.1 3664.0
H 594.78 2735.1 3170.5 3274.3 3379.3 3485.8 3703.4 3927.8 4159.0
S 1.7527 6.9170 7.7702 7.9303 8.0808 8.2232 8.4879 8.7311 8.9571
4.00 143.61 V 0.0010836 0.46239 0.71395 0.77264 0.83108 0.88936 1.0056 1.1215 1.2373
U 604.29 2553.1 2884.4 2964.8 3046.5 3129.7 3301.0 3479.0 3663.9
H 604.72 2738.1 3170.0 3273.9 3379.0 3485.5 3703.2 3927.6 4158.9
S 1.7766 6.8954 7.7398 7.9001 8.0507 8.1931 8.4579 8.7012 8.9273
4.25 145.81 V 0.0010859 0.43677 0.67165 0.72695 0.78200 0.83689 0.94632 1.0555 1.1645
U 613.73 2555.2 2884.1 2964.5 3046.3 3129.5 3300.9 3478.9 3663.8
H 614.19 2740.8 3169.5 3273.5 3378.6 3485.2 3703.0 3927.5 4158.7
S 1.7992 6.8751 7.7113 7.8717 8.0224 8.1649 8.4298 8.6731 8.8992
4.50 147.91 V 0.0010882 0.41390 0.63405 0.68634 0.73837 0.79024 0.89365 0.99677 1.0997
U 622.73 2557.1 2883.7 2964.2 3046.0 3129.3 3300.7 3478.8 3663.8
H 623.22 2743.4 3169.0 3273.1 3378.3 3484.9 3702.8 3927.3 4158.6
S 1.8206 6.8560 7.6843 7.8449 7.9957 8.1383 8.4032 8.6466 8.8728
4.75 149.91 V 0.0010904 0.39336 0.60041 0.65000 0.69934 0.74851 0.84651 0.94424 1.0418
U 631.36 2559.0 2883.4 2963.9 3045.8 3129.1 3300.6 3478.7 3663.7
H 631.88 2745.8 3168.6 3272.7 3378.0 3484.7 3702.7 3927.2 4158.5
S 1.8411 6.8378 7.6588 7.8195 7.9704 8.1130 8.3781 8.6215 8.8477
5.00 151.84 V 0.0010926 0.37480 0.57014 0.61729 0.66421 0.71095 0.80410 0.89696 0.98967
U 639.64 2560.7 2883.0 2963.6 3045.6 3128.9 3300.4 3478.6 3663.6
H 640.19 2748.1 3168.1 3272.3 3377.7 3484.4 3702.5 3927.0 4158.4
S 1.8606 6.8206 7.6345 7.7954 7.9464 8.0891 8.3543 8.5977 8.8240
Appendix D: Steam Tables 312

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 175 200 250 300 350 400
448.15 473.15 523.15 573.15 623.15 673.15
5.5 155.46 V 0.0010967 0.34259 0.36176 0.38527 0.43051 0.47450 0.51784 0.56081
U 655.27 2563.9 2599.0 2641.4 2722.6 2802.4 2882.3 2963.1
H 655.88 2752.3 2798.0 2853.3 2959.4 3063.3 3167.1 3271.5
S 1.8972 6.7885 6.8928 7.0128 7.2261 7.4158 7.5894 7.7505
6.0 158.83 V 0.0011006 0.31558 0.33031 0.35212 0.39390 0.43441 0.47426 0.51373
U 669.84 2566.8 2596.4 2639.4 2721.3 2801.4 2881.5 2962.5
H 670.50 2756.1 2794.6 2850.7 2957.7 3062.1 3166.1 3270.7
S 1.9311 6.7592 6.8466 6.9684 7.1834 7.3740 7.5480 7.7095
6.5 161.99 V 0.0011044 0.29258 0.30368 0.32406 0.36292 0.40049 0.43739 0.47390
U 683.50 2569.4 2593.7 2637.4 2720.0 2800.5 2880.8 2961.9
H 684.22 2759.6 2791.1 2848.0 2955.9 3060.8 3165.1 3269.9
S 1.9626 6.7321 6.8034 6.9270 7.1439 7.3354 7.5099 7.6717
7.0 164.95 V 0.001108 0.27276 0.28083 0.29999 0.33636 0.37141 0.40578 0.43976
U 696.37 2571.8 2590.9 2635.3 2718.7 2799.5 2880.1 2961.3
H 697.14 2762.7 2787.5 2845.3 2954.1 3059.5 3164.1 3269.1
S 1.9921 6.7070 6.7628 6.8884 7.1071 7.2995 7.4745 7.6366
7.5 167.76 V 0.0011114 0.25550 0.26101 0.27913 0.31334 0.34620 0.37838 0.41017
U 708.55 2574.0 2588.1 2633.2 2717.3 2798.6 2879.4 2960.7
H 709.38 2765.6 2783.8 2842.5 2952.3 3058.2 3163.1 3268.4
S 2.0198 6.6835 6.7244 6.8520 7.0727 7.2660 7.4415 7.6039
8.0 170.41 V 0.0011148 0.24033 0.24364 0.26087 0.29320 0.32415 0.35441 0.38427
U 720.13 2576.0 2585.1 2631.1 2716.0 2797.6 2878.6 2960.1
H 721.02 2768.3 2780.0 2839.8 2950.5 3056.9 3162.2 3267.6
S 2.0460 6.6615 6.6878 6.8176 7.0403 7.2345 7.4106 7.5733
8.5 172.94 V 0.001118 0.22688 0.22830 0.24474 0.27542 0.30469 0.33326 0.36143
U 731.16 2577.9 2582.1 2628.9 2714.6 2796.6 2877.9 2959.6
H 732.11 2770.8 2776.1 2837.0 2948.7 3055.6 3161.2 3266.8
S 2.0708 6.6408 6.6528 6.7850 7.0097 7.2049 7.3814 7.5444
9.0 175.36 V 0.0011212 0.21487 0.23040 0.25962 0.28739 0.31446 0.34112
U 741.72 2579.7 2626.7 2713.3 2795.7 2877.2 2959.0
H 742.72 2773.0 2834.1 2946.9 3054.3 3160.2 3266.0
S 2.0944 6.6212 6.7538 6.9806 7.1768 7.3538 7.5172
9.5 177.67 V 0.0011242 0.20409 0.21757 0.24547 0.27191 0.29763 0.32295
U 751.83 2581.3 2624.5 2711.9 2794.7 2876.4 2958.4
H 752.90 2775.2 2831.2 2945.1 3053.0 3159.2 3265.2
S 2.1169 6.6027 6.7241 6.9530 7.1501 7.3277 7.4913
10 179.89 V 0.0011272 0.19435 0.20600 0.23274 0.25798 0.28249 0.30659
U 761.56 2582.8 2622.3 2710.5 2793.7 2875.7 2957.8
H 762.68 2777.1 2828.3 2943.2 3051.7 3158.2 3264.4
S 2.1384 6.5850 6.6955 6.9266 7.1247 7.3028 7.4668
12 187.96 V 0.0011385 0.16325 0.16932 0.19240 0.21385 0.23454 0.25481
U 797.13 2587.9 2612.9 2704.8 2789.8 2872.7 2955.4
H 798.50 2783.8 2816.1 2935.7 3046.4 3154.1 3261.2
S 2.2163 6.5217 6.5908 6.8314 7.0336 7.2138 7.3791
14 195.05 V 0.0011489 0.14077 0.14301 0.16355 0.18232 0.20028 0.21781
U 828.52 2591.8 2602.8 2699.0 2785.8 2869.7 2953.0
H 830.13 2788.9 2803.0 2927.9 3041.0 3150.1 3258.0
S 2.2839 6.4675 6.4975 6.7488 6.9553 7.1378 7.3044
16 201.38 V 0.0011587 0.12373 0.14189 0.15866 0.17458 0.19006
U 856.76 2594.9 2692.9 2781.7 2866.6 2950.6
H 858.61 2792.9 2919.9 3035.5 3146.0 3254.7
S 2.3438 6.4200 6.6754 6.8865 7.0713 7.2392
18 207.12 V 0.0011679 0.11036 0.12501 0.14024 0.15459 0.16848
U 882.51 2597.3 2686.7 2777.5 2863.6 2948.2
H 884.61 2796.0 2911.7 3029.9 3141.8 3251.5
S 2.3978 6.3776 6.6087 6.8247 7.0119 7.1812
20 212.38 V 0.0011768 0.099581 0.11148 0.12550 0.13859 0.15121
U 906.27 2599.2 2680.3 2773.2 2860.5 2945.8
H 908.62 2798.4 2903.2 3024.3 3137.6 3248.2
S 2.4470 6.3392 6.5474 6.7685 6.9582 7.1290
22 217.26 V 0.0011852 0.090695 0.10039 0.11343 0.12550 0.13708
U 928.37 2600.7 2673.6 2768.9 2857.3 2943.4
H 930.98 2800.2 2894.5 3018.5 3133.4 3244.9
S 2.4924 6.3040 6.4903 6.7168 6.9091 7.0813
24 221.80 V 0.0011934 0.083242 0.091129 0.10336 0.11459 0.12530
U 949.09 2601.8 2666.8 2764.5 2854.1 2940.9
H 951.95 2801.5 2885.5 3012.6 3129.1 3241.6
S 2.5344 6.2714 6.4365 6.6688 6.8638 7.0375
26 226.05 V 0.0012014 0.076897 0.083267 0.094839 0.10535 0.11533
U 968.62 2602.5 2659.7 2760.0 2850.9 2938.4
H 971.74 2802.5 2876.2 3006.6 3124.8 3238.3
S 2.5738 6.2411 6.3854 6.6238 6.8216 6.9968
Appendix D: Steam Tables 313

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 450 500 600 700 800
723.15 773.15 873.15 973.15 1073.15
5.5 155.46 V 0.0010967 0.34259 0.60352 0.64607 0.73083 0.81530 0.89961
U 655.27 2563.9 3045.1 3128.5 3300.1 3478.3 3663.4
H 655.88 2752.3 3377.0 3483.9 3702.1 3926.8 4158.2
S 1.8972 6.7885 7.9017 8.0446 8.3099 8.5535 8.7798
6.0 158.83 V 0.0011006 0.31558 0.55295 0.59200 0.66977 0.74725 0.82457
U 669.84 2566.8 3044.6 3128.1 3299.8 3478.1 3663.2
H 670.50 2756.1 3376.4 3483.3 3701.7 3926.5 4157.9
S 1.9311 6.7592 7.8609 8.0039 8.2694 8.5131 8.7395
6.5 161.99 V 0.0011044 0.29258 0.51016 0.54625 0.61810 0.68967 0.76107
U 683.50 2569.4 3044.1 3127.7 3299.5 3477.9 3663.0
H 684.22 2759.6 3375.7 3482.8 3701.3 3926.2 4157.7
S 1.9626 6.7321 7.8233 7.9665 8.2321 8.4759 8.7024
7.0 164.95 V 0.001108 0.27276 0.47348 0.50704 0.57382 0.64032 0.70665
U 696.37 2571.8 3043.6 3127.3 3299.2 3477.7 3662.8
H 697.14 2762.7 3375.1 3482.3 3700.9 3925.9 4157.5
S 1.9921 6.7070 7.7884 7.9317 8.1976 8.4415 8.6680
7.5 167.76 V 0.0011114 0.25550 0.44170 0.47306 0.53544 0.59754 0.65948
U 708.55 2574.0 3043.2 3126.9 3298.9 3477.4 3662.7
H 709.38 2765.6 3374.4 3481.7 3700.5 3925.6 4157.3
S 2.0198 6.6835 7.7559 7.8994 8.1654 8.4094 8.6360
8.0 170.41 V 0.0011148 0.24033 0.41388 0.44332 0.50186 0.56011 0.61820
U 720.13 2576.0 3042.7 3126.5 3298.6 3477.2 3662.5
H 721.02 2768.3 3373.8 3481.2 3700.1 3925.3 4157.0
S 2.0460 6.6615 7.7255 7.8690 8.1353 8.3794 8.6060
8.5 172.94 V 0.001118 0.22688 0.38934 0.41708 0.47223 0.52709 0.58178
U 731.16 2577.9 3042.2 3126.1 3298.3 3477.0 3662.3
H 732.11 2770.8 3373.1 3480.6 3699.7 3925.0 4156.8
S 2.0708 6.6408 7.6968 7.8405 8.1070 8.3512 8.5779
9.0 175.36 V 0.0011212 0.21487 0.36753 0.39376 0.44589 0.49773 0.54941
U 741.72 2579.7 3041.7 3125.7 3298.0 3476.7 3662.1
H 742.72 2773.0 3372.5 3480.1 3699.3 3924.7 4156.6
S 2.0944 6.6212 7.6698 7.8136 8.0803 8.3246 8.5513
9.5 177.67 V 0.0011242 0.20409 0.34801 0.37289 0.42232 0.47147 0.52045
U 751.83 2581.3 3041.2 3125.3 3297.7 3476.5 3661.9
H 752.90 2775.2 3371.8 3479.5 3698.9 3924.4 4156.4
S 2.1169 6.6027 7.6442 7.7882 8.0550 8.2994 8.5262
10 179.89 V 0.0011272 0.19435 0.33044 0.35411 0.40111 0.44783 0.49438
U 761.56 2582.8 3040.8 3124.9 3297.4 3476.3 3661.8
H 762.68 2777.1 3371.2 3479.0 3698.6 3924.1 4156.1
S 2.1384 6.5850 7.6198 7.7640 8.0309 8.2755 8.5024
12 187.96 V 0.0011385 0.16325 0.27481 0.29464 0.33395 0.37297 0.41183
U 797.13 2587.9 3038.8 3123.3 3296.3 3475.4 3661.0
H 798.50 2783.8 3368.6 3476.8 3697.0 3922.9 4155.2
S 2.2163 6.5217 7.5330 7.6777 7.9454 8.1904 8.4175
14 195.05 V 0.0011489 0.14077 0.23507 0.25215 0.28597 0.31950 0.35287
U 828.52 2591.8 3036.9 3121.6 3295.1 3474.5 3660.3
H 830.13 2788.9 3366.0 3474.7 3695.4 3921.8 4154.3
S 2.2839 6.4675 7.4591 7.6045 7.8729 8.1183 8.3457
16 201.38 V 0.0011587 0.12373 0.20527 0.22029 0.24999 0.27940 0.30865
U 856.76 2594.9 3034.9 3120.0 3293.9 3473.6 3659.6
H 858.61 2792.9 3363.3 3472.5 3693.9 3920.6 4153.4
S 2.3438 6.4200 7.3948 7.5407 7.8099 8.0557 8.2834
18 207.12 V 0.0011679 0.11036 0.18208 0.19551 0.22200 0.24821 0.27425
U 882.51 2597.3 3032.9 3118.4 3292.7 3472.6 3658.8
H 884.61 2796.0 3360.7 3470.3 3692.3 3919.4 4152.5
S 2.3978 6.3776 7.3377 7.4842 7.7542 8.0004 8.2284
20 212.38 V 0.0011768 0.099581 0.16354 0.17568 0.19961 0.22326 0.24674
U 906.27 2599.2 3031.0 3116.7 3291.5 3471.7 3658.1
H 908.62 2798.4 3358.1 3468.1 3690.7 3918.2 4151.6
S 2.4470 6.3392 7.2863 7.4335 7.7042 7.9509 8.1791
22 217.26 V 0.0011852 0.090695 0.14836 0.15946 0.18130 0.20284 0.22422
U 928.37 2600.7 3029.0 3115.1 3290.3 3470.8 3657.4
H 930.98 2800.2 3355.4 3465.9 3689.1 3917.1 4150.7
S 2.4924 6.3040 7.2396 7.3873 7.6588 7.9059 8.1344
24 221.80 V 0.0011934 0.083242 0.13571 0.14594 0.16603 0.18583 0.20546
U 949.09 2601.8 3027.0 3113.4 3289.1 3469.9 3656.7
H 951.95 2801.5 3352.7 3463.7 3687.6 3915.9 4149.8
S 2.5344 6.2714 7.1967 7.3450 7.6173 7.8648 8.0936
26 226.05 V 0.0012014 0.076897 0.12501 0.13450 0.15311 0.17144 0.18959
U 968.62 2602.5 3025.0 3111.8 3287.9 3469.0 3655.9
H 971.74 2802.5 3350.0 3461.5 3686.0 3914.7 4148.9
S 2.5738 6.2411 7.1570 7.3060 7.5790 7.8269 8.0559
Appendix D: Steam Tables 314

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 250 300 350 400 450
523.15 573.15 623.15 673.15 723.15
28 230.06 V 0.0012091 0.071428 0.076506 0.087523 0.097425 0.10678 0.11584
U 987.12 2603.0 2652.3 2755.5 2847.7 2935.9 3023.0
H 990.50 2803.0 2866.5 3000.5 3120.5 3234.9 3347.4
S 2.6107 6.2126 6.3365 6.5814 6.7821 6.9589 7.1200
30 233.86 V 0.0012167 0.066664 0.070622 0.081175 0.090555 0.099377 0.10788
U 1004.7 2603.3 2644.7 2750.8 2844.4 2933.4 3021.0
H 1008.4 2803.3 2856.5 2994.3 3116.1 3231.6 3344.7
S 2.6456 6.1858 6.2893 6.5412 6.7449 6.9233 7.0853
32 237.46 V 0.0012241 0.062475 0.065451 0.075614 0.084541 0.092893 0.10093
U 1021.5 2603.3 2636.7 2746.1 2841.1 2930.9 3019.0
H 1025.5 2803.2 2846.2 2988.0 3111.6 3228.2 3341.9
S 2.6787 6.1604 6.2434 6.5029 6.7097 6.8897 7.0527
34 240.90 V 0.0012314 0.058761 0.060863 0.0707 0 0.079232 0.087172 0.094784
U 1037.6 2603.2 2628.4 2741.3 2837.7 2928.4 3017.0
H 1041.8 2803.0 2835.3 2981.6 3107.1 3224.8 3339.2
S 2.7102 6.1362 6.1986 6.4662 6.6762 6.8579 7.0219
36 244.19 V 0.0012385 0.055446 0.056759 0.066325 0.074510 0.082084 0.089325
U 1053.1 2602.9 2619.7 2736.3 2834.3 2925.8 3014.9
H 1057.6 2802.5 2824.0 2975.1 3102.6 3221.3 3336.5
S 2.7403 6.1131 6.1545 6.4309 6.6443 6.8276 6.9927
38 247.33 V 0.0012456 0.052468 0.053059 0.062404 0.070282 0.077531 0.084440
U 1068.0 2602.4 2610.4 2731.3 2830.9 2923.2 3012.9
H 1072.8 2801.8 2812.1 2968.4 3098.0 3217.9 3333.7
S 2.769 6.091 6.1107 6.3968 6.6137 6.7988 6.9649
40 250.36 V 0.0012526 0.049777 0.058868 0.066474 0.073432 0.080042
U 1082.4 2601.8 2726.2 2827.4 2920.6 3010.8
H 1087.4 2800.9 2961.7 3093.3 3214.4 3331.0
S 2.7967 6.0697 6.3638 6.5843 6.7712 6.9383
42 253.27 V 0.0012595 0.047333 0.055663 0.063026 0.069722 0.076063
U 1096.3 2601.1 2721.0 2823.9 2918.0 3008.8
H 1101.6 2799.9 2954.7 3088.6 3210.9 3328.2
S 2.8232 6.0492 6.3318 6.5560 6.7447 6.9129
44 256.07 V 0.0012663 0.045103 0.052742 0.059890 0.066348 0.072445
U 1109.8 2600.2 2715.6 2820.4 2915.4 3006.7
H 1115.4 2798.7 2947.7 3083.9 3207.3 3325.4
S 2.8488 6.0294 6.3006 6.5286 6.7193 6.8885
46 258.78 V 0.0012730 0.043060 0.050069 0.057023 0.063267 0.069141
U 1122.9 2599.2 2710.2 2816.8 2912.8 3004.6
H 1128.8 2797.3 2940.5 3079.1 3203.8 3322.7
S 2.8736 6.0103 6.2701 6.5021 6.6947 6.8651
48 261.40 V 0.0012797 0.041181 0.047613 0.054393 0.060441 0.066112
U 1135.7 2598.2 2704.6 2813.1 2910.1 3002.5
H 1141.8 2795.8 2933.1 3074.2 3200.2 3319.8
S 2.8975 5.9917 6.2402 6.4765 6.6710 6.8425
50 263.94 V 0.0012864 0.039446 0.045347 0.051971 0.057840 0.063325
U 1148.1 2597.0 2698.9 2809.4 2907.4 3000.4
H 1154.5 2794.2 2925.6 3069.3 3196.6 3317.0
S 2.9207 5.9737 6.2109 6.4515 6.6481 6.8208
55 269.97 V 0.0013029 0.035642 0.040374 0.046678 0.052161 0.057241
U 1177.8 2593.7 2684.1 2800.0 2900.6 2995.1
H 1184.9 2789.7 2906.2 3056.8 3187.5 3309.9
S 2.9759 5.9307 6.1396 6.3919 6.5938 6.7693
60 275.59 V 0.0013193 0.032449 0.036191 0.042253 0.047423 0.052168
U 1205.8 2589.9 2668.3 2790.3 2893.6 2989.8
H 1213.7 2784.6 2885.5 3043.9 3178.2 3302.8
S 3.0274 5.8901 6.0702 6.3356 6.5431 6.7216
65 280.86 V 0.0013356 0.029728 0.032609 0.038497 0.043408 0.047874
U 1232.5 2585.6 2651.5 2780.3 2886.6 2984.3
H 1241.2 2778.8 2863.5 3030.6 3168.7 3295.5
S 3.076 5.8515 6.0018 6.2819 6.4953 6.6771
70 285.83 V 0.0013519 0.027380 0.029494 0.035265 0.039962 0.044190
U 1258.0 2580.9 2633.4 2770.0 2879.4 2978.8
H 1267.4 2772.6 2839.8 3016.8 3159.1 3288.2
S 3.122 5.8146 5.9335 6.2303 6.4501 6.6351
75 290.54 V 0.0013682 0.025331 0.026744 0.032452 0.036970 0.040995
U 1282.4 2575.8 2613.7 2759.3 2872.0 2973.3
H 1292.7 2765.8 2814.3 3002.7 3149.3 3280.7
S 3.1658 5.7792 5.8644 6.1805 6.4070 6.5954
80 295.01 V 0.0013847 0.023528 0.024280 0.029978 0.034348 0.038197
U 1306.0 2570.4 2592.1 2748.2 2864.5 2967.7
H 1317.1 2758.6 2786.4 2988.1 3139.3 3273.2
S 3.2077 5.7448 5.7935 6.1319 6.3657 6.5577
Appendix D: Steam Tables 315

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 500 600 700 800
773.15 873.15 973.15 1073.15
28 230.06 V 0.0012091 0.071428 0.12469 0.14204 0.15910 0.17598
U 987.12 2603.0 3110.1 3286.7 3468.1 3655.2
H 990.50 2803.0 3459.3 3684.4 3913.5 4147.9
S 2.6107 6.2126 7.2696 7.5434 7.7918 8.0211
30 233.86 V 0.0012167 0.066664 0.11619 0.13244 0.14840 0.16419
U 1004.7 2603.3 3108.5 3285.5 3467.1 3654.5
H 1008.4 2803.3 3457.0 3682.8 3912.3 4147.0
S 2.6456 6.1858 7.2356 7.5102 7.7590 7.9885
32 237.46 V 0.0012241 0.062475 0.10876 0.12405 0.13905 0.15387
U 1021.5 2603.3 3106.8 3284.3 3466.2 3653.7
H 1025.5 2803.2 3454.8 3681.2 3911.2 4146.1
S 2.6787 6.1604 7.2036 7.4790 7.7283 7.9581
34 240.90 V 0.0012314 0.058761 0.10219 0.11664 0.13079 0.14477
U 1037.6 2603.2 3105.1 3283.1 3465.3 3653.0
H 1041.8 2803.0 3452.6 3679.6 3910.0 4145.2
S 2.7102 6.1362 7.1735 7.4496 7.6993 7.9294
36 244.19 V 0.0012385 0.055446 0.096359 0.11005 0.12345 0.13667
U 1053.1 2602.9 3103.4 3281.8 3464.4 3652.3
H 1057.6 2802.5 3450.3 3678.0 3908.8 4144.3
S 2.7403 6.1131 7.1449 7.4219 7.6720 7.9023
38 247.33 V 0.0012456 0.052468 0.091139 0.10416 0.11688 0.12943
U 1068.0 2602.4 3101.8 3280.6 3463.4 3651.5
H 1072.8 2801.8 3448.1 3676.4 3907.6 4143.4
S 2.769 6.091 7.1178 7.3955 7.6461 7.8767
40 250.36 V 0.0012526 0.049777 0.086441 0.098857 0.11097 0.12292
U 1082.4 2601.8 3100.1 3279.4 3462.5 3650.8
H 1087.4 2800.9 3445.8 3674.8 3906.4 4142.5
S 2.7967 6.0697 7.0919 7.3704 7.6215 7.8523
42 253.27 V 0.0012595 0.047333 0.082190 0.094059 0.10563 0.11702
U 1096.3 2601.1 3098.4 3278.2 3461.6 3650.1
H 1101.6 2799.9 3443.6 3673.2 3905.2 4141.5
S 2.8232 6.0492 7.0672 7.3465 7.5980 7.8291
44 256.07 V 0.0012663 0.045103 0.078325 0.089696 0.10076 0.11166
U 1109.8 2600.2 3096.7 3277.0 3460.7 3649.3
H 1115.4 2798.7 3441.3 3671.6 3904.0 4140.6
S 2.8488 6.0294 7.0435 7.3237 7.5756 7.8070
46 258.78 V 0.0012730 0.043060 0.074795 0.085713 0.096326 0.10676
U 1122.9 2599.2 3095.0 3275.8 3459.7 3648.6
H 1128.8 2797.3 3439.0 3670.0 3902.8 4139.7
S 2.8736 6.0103 7.0208 7.3017 7.5541 7.7858
48 261.40 V 0.0012797 0.041181 0.071560 0.082062 0.092258 0.10228
U 1135.7 2598.2 3093.3 3274.5 3458.8 3647.9
H 1141.8 2795.8 3436.8 3668.4 3901.6 4138.8
S 2.8975 5.9917 6.9989 7.2807 7.5335 7.7655
50 263.94 V 0.0012864 0.039446 0.068583 0.078703 0.088515 0.098151
U 1148.1 2597.0 3091.6 3273.3 3457.9 3647.1
H 1154.5 2794.2 3434.5 3666.8 3900.5 4137.9
S 2.9207 5.9737 6.9778 7.2604 7.5137 7.7459
55 269.97 V 0.0013029 0.035642 0.062087 0.071373 0.080348 0.089146
U 1177.8 2593.7 3087.3 3270.2 3455.6 3645.3
H 1184.9 2789.7 3428.7 3662.8 3897.5 4135.6
S 2.9759 5.9307 6.9282 7.2129 7.4673 7.7002
60 275.59 V 0.0013193 0.032449 0.056672 0.065264 0.073542 0.081642
U 1205.8 2589.9 3082.9 3267.2 3453.2 3643.4
H 1213.7 2784.6 3422.9 3658.8 3894.5 4133.3
S 3.0274 5.8901 6.8824 7.1692 7.4248 7.6583
65 280.86 V 0.0013356 0.029728 0.052088 0.060095 0.067783 0.075292
U 1232.5 2585.6 3078.5 3264.1 3450.9 3641.6
H 1241.2 2778.8 3417.1 3654.7 3891.5 4131.0
S 3.076 5.8515 6.8397 7.1287 7.3854 7.6197
70 285.83 V 0.0013519 0.027380 0.048159 0.055664 0.062847 0.069849
U 1258.0 2580.9 3074.1 3261.0 3448.5 3639.7
H 1267.4 2772.6 3411.3 3650.6 3888.5 4128.7
S 3.122 5.8146 6.7997 7.0909 7.3488 7.5837
75 290.54 V 0.0013682 0.025331 0.044751 0.051823 0.058569 0.065133
U 1282.4 2575.8 3069.7 3257.9 3446.2 3637.8
H 1292.7 2765.8 3405.3 3646.5 3885.4 4126.3
S 3.1658 5.7792 6.7620 7.0555 7.3145 7.5502
80 295.01 V 0.0013847 0.023528 0.041769 0.048463 0.054825 0.061005
U 1306.0 2570.4 3065.2 3254.7 3443.8 3636.0
H 1317.1 2758.6 3399.4 3642.4 3882.4 4124.0
S 3.2077 5.7448 6.7264 7.0221 7.2823 7.5186
Appendix D: Steam Tables 316

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 300 350 400 450
573.15 623.15 673.15 723.15
85 299.27 V 0.0014013 0.021926 0.022038 0.027782 0.032029 0.035726
U 1328.8 2564.6 2568.1 2736.8 2856.9 2962.0
H 1340.7 2751.0 2755.4 2972.9 3129.1 3265.6
S 3.2478 5.7115 5.7193 6.0845 6.3259 6.5216
90 303.35 V 0.0014181 0.020493 0.025818 0.029963 0.033528
U 1350.9 2558.4 2724.9 2849.1 2956.2
H 1363.7 2742.9 2957.2 3118.8 3257.9
S 3.2866 5.6790 6.0378 6.2875 6.4871
95 307.25 V 0.0014352 0.019203 0.024048 0.028111 0.031559
U 1372.4 2552.0 2712.5 2841.1 2950.3
H 1386.0 2734.4 2940.9 3108.2 3250.2
S 3.3240 5.6472 5.9917 6.2502 6.4538
100 311.00 V 0.0014526 0.018034 0.022442 0.026439 0.029785
U 1393.3 2545.1 2699.5 2833.0 2944.4
H 1407.9 2725.5 2924.0 3097.4 3242.3
S 3.3603 5.6159 5.9458 6.2139 6.4217
105 314.61 V 0.0014704 0.016969 0.020975 0.024923 0.028178
U 1413.8 2538.0 2686.0 2824.7 2938.4
H 1429.3 2716.1 2906.3 3086.4 3234.3
S 3.3956 5.5850 5.9000 6.1785 6.3907
110 318.08 V 0.0014885 0.015994 0.019627 0.023540 0.026716
U 1433.9 2530.5 2671.9 2816.2 2932.4
H 1450.3 2706.4 2887.8 3075.1 3226.2
S 3.43 0 5.5545 5.8541 6.1438 6.3605
115 321.44 V 0.0015072 0.015097 0.018381 0.022273 0.025379
U 1453.6 2522.6 2657.0 2807.5 2926.2
H 1470.9 2696.2 2868.4 3063.6 3218.1
S 3.4636 5.5243 5.8077 6.1097 6.3312
120 324.68 V 0.0015263 0.014269 0.017223 0.021108 0.024151
U 1473.0 2514.4 2641.3 2798.6 2920.0
H 1491.3 2685.6 2848.0 3051.9 3209.8
S 3.4965 5.4941 5.7607 6.0762 6.3027
125 327.82 V 0.0015461 0.013501 0.016139 0.020032 0.023021
U 1492.1 2505.7 2624.7 2789.5 2913.6
H 1511.5 2674.5 2826.5 3039.9 3201.4
S 3.5288 5.4640 5.7128 6.0431 6.2748
130 330.86 V 0.0015665 0.012785 0.015120 0.019034 0.021976
U 1511.0 2496.7 2607.1 2780.2 2907.2
H 1531.4 2662.9 2803.6 3027.6 3192.9
S 3.5606 5.4339 5.6635 6.0104 6.2475
135 333.81 V 0.0015877 0.012116 0.014154 0.018106 0.021006
U 1529.8 2487.2 2588.1 2770.6 2900.7
H 1551.2 2650.8 2779.2 3015.1 3184.3
S 3.5920 5.4036 5.6126 5.9779 6.2207
140 336.67 V 0.0016097 0.011489 0.013232 0.017241 0.020105
U 1548.3 2477.2 2567.7 2760.9 2894.1
H 1570.9 2638.1 2752.9 3002.2 3175.6
S 3.6230 5.3730 5.5595 5.9457 6.1945
145 339.45 V 0.0016328 0.010898 0.012344 0.016431 0.019264
U 1566.8 2466.8 2545.4 2750.8 2887.4
H 1590.5 2624.8 2724.4 2989.1 3166.8
S 3.6538 5.3422 5.5034 5.9136 6.1687
150 342.16 V 0.0016570 0.010340 0.011481 0.015671 0.018478
U 1585.3 2455.8 2520.8 2740.5 2880.7
H 1610.2 2610.9 2693.0 2975.5 3157.8
S 3.6844 5.3108 5.4435 5.8817 6.1433
155 344.79 V 0.0016825 0.0098111 0.010628 0.014956 0.017741
U 1603.8 2444.1 2493.1 2729.9 2873.8
H 1629.9 2596.2 2657.8 2961.7 3148.8
S 3.7150 5.2789 5.3781 5.8497 6.1182
160 347.36 V 0.0017095 0.0093081 0.0097656 0.014281 0.017049
U 1622.3 2431.9 2460.7 2719.0 2866.8
H 1649.7 2580.8 2617.0 2947.5 3139.6
S 3.7457 5.2463 5.3045 5.8177 6.0935
165 349.86 V 0.0017383 0.0088283 0.0088567 0.013643 0.016398
U 1641.0 2418.9 2420.8 2707.7 2859.7
H 1669.7 2564.6 2566.9 2932.8 3130.3
S 3.7765 5.2129 5.2167 5.7856 6.0691
170 352.29 V 0.0017693 0.0083693 0.013038 0.015784
U 1660.0 2405.1 2696.1 2852.6
H 1690.0 2547.4 2917.8 3120.9
S 3.8077 5.1785 5.7533 6.0449
Appendix D: Steam Tables 317

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 500 600 700 800
773.15 873.15 973.15 1073.15
85 299.27 V 0.0014013 0.021926 0.039137 0.045497 0.051522 0.057364
U 1328.8 2564.6 3060.7 3251.6 3441.5 3634.1
H 1340.7 2751.0 3393.4 3638.3 3879.4 4121.7
S 3.2478 5.7115 6.6925 6.9905 7.2519 7.4889
90 303.35 V 0.0014181 0.020493 0.036795 0.042860 0.048586 0.054127
U 1350.9 2558.4 3056.2 3248.4 3439.1 3632.2
H 1363.7 2742.9 3387.3 3634.2 3876.4 4119.4
S 3.2866 5.6790 6.6601 6.9605 7.2231 7.4608
95 307.25 V 0.0014352 0.019203 0.0347 0 0.040501 0.045959 0.051231
U 1372.4 2552.0 3051.6 3245.3 3436.7 3630.4
H 1386.0 2734.4 3381.2 3630.0 3873.3 4117.1
S 3.3240 5.6472 6.6291 6.9319 7.1957 7.4341
100 311.00 V 0.0014526 0.018034 0.032813 0.038377 0.043594 0.048624
U 1393.3 2545.1 3046.9 3242.1 3434.3 3628.5
H 1407.9 2725.5 3375.1 3625.8 3870.3 4114.7
S 3.3603 5.6159 6.5993 6.9045 7.1696 7.4087
105 314.61 V 0.0014704 0.016969 0.031105 0.036456 0.041455 0.046266
U 1413.8 2538.0 3042.3 3238.9 3431.9 3626.6
H 1429.3 2716.1 3368.9 3621.7 3867.2 4112.4
S 3.3956 5.5850 6.5706 6.8783 7.1446 7.3844
110 318.08 V 0.0014885 0.015994 0.029551 0.034709 0.039510 0.044122
U 1433.9 2530.5 3037.6 3235.7 3429.5 3624.7
H 1450.3 2706.4 3362.6 3617.5 3864.2 4110.1
S 3.43 0 5.5545 6.5430 6.8531 7.1207 7.3612
115 321.44 V 0.0015072 0.015097 0.028132 0.033114 0.037735 0.042165
U 1453.6 2522.6 3032.8 3232.4 3427.1 3622.8
H 1470.9 2696.2 3356.3 3613.2 3861.1 4107.7
S 3.4636 5.5243 6.5162 6.8289 7.0977 7.3389
120 324.68 V 0.0015263 0.014269 0.026830 0.031651 0.036107 0.040371
U 1473.0 2514.4 3028.0 3229.2 3424.7 3621.0
H 1491.3 2685.6 3350.0 3609.0 3858.0 4105.4
S 3.4965 5.4941 6.4902 6.8055 7.0756 7.3175
125 327.82 V 0.0015461 0.013501 0.025631 0.030305 0.034609 0.038720
U 1492.1 2505.7 3023.2 3226.0 3422.3 3619.1
H 1511.5 2674.5 3343.6 3604.8 3855.0 4103.1
S 3.5288 5.4640 6.4650 6.7829 7.0542 7.2969
130 330.86 V 0.0015665 0.012785 0.024524 0.029063 0.033227 0.037196
U 1511.0 2496.7 3018.3 3222.7 3419.9 3617.2
H 1531.4 2662.9 3337.1 3600.5 3851.9 4100.7
S 3.5606 5.4339 6.4404 6.7610 7.0336 7.2771
135 333.81 V 0.0015877 0.012116 0.023499 0.027913 0.031947 0.035786
U 1529.8 2487.2 3013.4 3219.4 3417.5 3615.3
H 1551.2 2650.8 3330.6 3596.2 3848.8 4098.4
S 3.5920 5.4036 6.4165 6.7398 7.0137 7.2579
140 336.67 V 0.0016097 0.011489 0.022546 0.026844 0.030759 0.034476
U 1548.3 2477.2 3008.4 3216.1 3415.1 3613.4
H 1570.9 2638.1 3324.1 3591.9 3845.7 4096.0
S 3.6230 5.3730 6.3931 6.7192 6.9944 7.2393
145 339.45 V 0.0016328 0.010898 0.021658 0.025849 0.029652 0.033256
U 1566.8 2466.8 3003.4 3212.8 3412.6 3611.5
H 1590.5 2624.8 3317.5 3587.6 3842.6 4093.7
S 3.6538 5.3422 6.3703 6.6992 6.9757 7.2214
150 342.16 V 0.0016570 0.010340 0.020828 0.024921 0.028619 0.032118
U 1585.3 2455.8 2998.4 3209.5 3410.2 3609.6
H 1610.2 2610.9 3310.8 3583.3 3839.5 4091.3
S 3.6844 5.3108 6.3479 6.6797 6.9576 7.2039
155 344.79 V 0.0016825 0.0098111 0.020052 0.024052 0.027653 0.031053
U 1603.8 2444.1 2993.3 3206.2 3407.7 3607.6
H 1629.9 2596.2 3304.1 3579.0 3836.4 4089.0
S 3.7150 5.2789 6.3260 6.6607 6.9399 7.1870
160 347.36 V 0.0017095 0.0093081 0.019324 0.023237 0.026747 0.030055
U 1622.3 2431.9 2988.1 3202.8 3405.3 3605.7
H 1649.7 2580.8 3297.3 3574.6 3833.3 4086.6
S 3.7457 5.2463 6.3045 6.6422 6.9228 7.1706
165 349.86 V 0.0017383 0.0088283 0.018639 0.022472 0.025897 0.029118
U 1641.0 2418.9 2982.9 3199.5 3402.8 3603.8
H 1669.7 2564.6 3290.5 3570.2 3830.1 4084.3
S 3.7765 5.2129 6.2834 6.6241 6.9060 7.1546
170 352.29 V 0.0017693 0.0083693 0.017994 0.021752 0.025096 0.028235
U 1660.0 2405.1 2977.7 3196.1 3400.4 3601.9
H 1690.0 2547.4 3283.6 3565.9 3827.0 4081.9
S 3.8077 5.1785 6.2627 6.6064 6.8897 7.1391
Appendix D: Steam Tables 318

Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Sat. Sat. Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) Liq. Vap. 400 450 500 600 700 800
673.15 723.15 773.15 873.15 973.15 1073.15
175 354.67 V 0.0018029 0.0079268 0.012463 0.015203 0.017385 0.021072 0.024341 0.027404
U 1679.2 2390.4 2684.2 2845.3 2972.4 3192.7 3397.9 3600.0
H 1710.8 2529.1 2902.3 3111.3 3276.7 3561.5 3823.9 4079.5
S 3.8393 5.1428 5.7209 6.0210 6.2423 6.5891 6.8738 7.1239
180 356.99 V 0.0018395 0.0074987 0.011915 0.014654 0.016810 0.020431 0.023628 0.026618
U 1698.9 2374.6 2671.8 2837.9 2967.1 3189.3 3395.4 3598.1
H 1732.0 2509.5 2886.3 3101.7 3269.7 3557.0 3820.7 4077.2
S 3.8717 5.1055 5.6881 5.9973 6.2222 6.5722 6.8583 7.1091
185 359.26 V 0.00188 0 0.0070818 0.011392 0.014133 0.016266 0.019824 0.022954 0.025875
U 1719.2 2357.4 2659.1 2830.4 2961.7 3185.9 3393.0 3596.1
H 1754.0 2488.4 2869.8 3091.8 3262.7 3552.6 3817.6 4074.8
S 3.9050 5.0663 5.6549 5.9738 6.2024 6.5556 6.8431 7.0947
190 361.47 V 0.0019254 0.0066726 0.010891 0.013639 0.015749 0.019248 0.022315 0.025171
U 1740.3 2338.6 2645.8 2822.7 2956.3 3182.4 3390.5 3594.2
H 1776.9 2465.4 2852.8 3081.9 3255.6 3548.2 3814.5 4072.5
S 3.9396 5.0246 5.6213 5.9504 6.1829 6.5393 6.8282 7.0806
195 363.63 V 0.0019775 0.0062668 0.010411 0.013168 0.015259 0.018703 0.021708 0.024503
U 1762.5 2317.8 2632.1 2815.0 2950.8 3179.0 3388.0 3592.3
H 1801.1 2440.0 2835.1 3071.8 3248.4 3543.7 3811.3 4070.1
S 3.9762 4.9795 5.5872 5.9272 6.1636 6.5234 6.8137 7.0668
200 365.75 V 0.0020386 0.0058583 0.0099496 0.012720 0.014793 0.018184 0.021133 0.023869
U 1786.3 2294.2 2617.8 2807.1 2945.3 3175.5 3385.5 3590.4
H 1827.1 2411.4 2816.8 3061.5 3241.2 3539.2 3808.2 4067.7
S 4.0154 4.9299 5.5525 5.9041 6.1445 6.5077 6.7994 7.0534
205 367.81 V 0.0021136 0.0054377 0.0095049 0.012293 0.014349 0.017691 0.020585 0.023265
U 1812.6 2266.7 2603.0 2799.1 2939.8 3172.1 3383.0 3588.4
H 1855.9 2378.2 2797.8 3051.1 3233.9 3534.7 3805.0 4065.4
S 4.0588 4.8736 5.5170 5.8810 6.1257 6.4923 6.7855 7.0402
210 369.83 V 0.0022119 0.0049876 0.0090752 0.011885 0.013926 0.017222 0.020063 0.022690
U 1843.0 2232.8 2587.5 2791.0 2934.1 3168.6 3380.5 3586.5
H 1889.4 2337.5 2778.0 3040.6 3226.6 3530.2 3801.8 4063.0
S 4.1093 4.8062 5.4807 5.8581 6.1071 6.4771 6.7718 7.0273
215 371.80 V 0.0023602 0.0044630 0.0086591 0.011495 0.013523 0.016774 0.019566 0.022143
U 1882.1 2186.2 2571.2 2782.8 2928.5 3165.1 3378.0 3584.6
H 1932.8 2282.2 2757.4 3029.9 3219.2 3525.7 3798.7 4060.6
S 4.1749 4.7166 5.4434 5.8352 6.0887 6.4622 6.7583 7.0146
220 373.71 V 0.0027504 0.0035768 0.0082550 0.011121 0.013137 0.016346 0.019092 0.021620
U 1961.4 2085.5 2554.2 2774.4 2922.8 3161.6 3375.5 3582.6
H 2021.9 2164.2 2735.8 3019.0 3211.8 3521.2 3795.5 4058.2
S 4.3109 4.5308 5.4050 5.8124 6.0704 6.4475 6.7451 7.0022
220.64 373.95 V 0.0030898 0.0031169 0.0082042 0.011075 0.013089 0.016293 0.019033 0.021555
U 2016.6 2020.7 2551.9 2773.3 2922.0 3161.1 3375.2 3582.4
H 2084.8 2089.5 2732.9 3017.6 3210.8 3520.6 3795.1 4057.9
S 4.4078 4.4150 5.4000 5.8095 6.0681 6.4457 6.7435 7.0006
Temperature (°C)
P Sat. T Temperature (K)
(bar) (°C) 0.01 25 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 373
273.16 298.15 323.15 373.15 423.15 473.15 523.15 573.15 623.15 646.15
25 223.96 V 0.0009989 0.0010019 0.0010110 0.0010422 0.0010891 0.0011556
U 0.04 104.64 208.95 418.30 630.78 849.89
H 2.54 107.15 211.48 420.90 633.50 852.77
S 0.0002 0.3666 0.7026 1.3051 1.8397 2.3293
Appendix D: Steam Tables

50 263.94 V 0.0009977 0.0010008 0.0010099 0.0010410 0.0010875 0.0011530 0.0012499

U 0.09 104.45 208.58 417.58 629.62 848.04 1079.4
H 5.07 109.46 213.63 422.78 635.06 853.80 1085.7
S 0.0003 0.3660 0.7015 1.3032 1.8369 2.3254 2.7909
100 311.00 V 0.0009952 0.0009985 0.0010078 0.0010385 0.0010842 0.0011482 0.0012412 0.0013980
U 0.16 104.07 207.86 416.16 627.34 844.44 1073.3 1329.1
H 10.11 114.06 217.93 426.55 638.18 855.92 1085.7 1343.1
S 0.0005 0.3646 0.6992 1.2994 1.8315 2.3177 2.7791 3.2484
150 342.16 V 0.0009928 0.0009964 0.0010056 0.0010361 0.0010810 0.0011435 0.0012330 0.0013783
U 0.22 103.70 207.14 414.78 625.12 840.96 1067.5 1317.4
H 15.11 118.64 222.23 430.32 641.34 858.12 1086.0 1338.1
S 0.0006 0.3633 0.6969 1.2956 1.8262 2.3102 2.7679 3.2275
D.4 Compressed Liquid Water Tables

200 365.75 V 0.0009904 0.0009942 0.0010035 0.0010337 0.0010779 0.0011390 0.0012254 0.0013611 0.0016649
U 0.27 103.33 206.44 413.43 622.96 837.61 1062.1 1306.9 1612.7
H 20.08 123.21 226.51 434.10 644.52 860.39 1086.6 1334.1 1646.0
S 0.0006 0.3619 0.6946 1.2918 1.8209 2.3030 2.7572 3.2087 3.7288
250 V 0.0009880 0.0009921 0.0010014 0.0010313 0.0010749 0.0011346 0.0012181 0.0013459 0.0015988 0.0019196
U 0.30 102.96 205.75 412.10 620.86 834.37 1056.9 1297.4 1583.9 1775.7
H 25.01 127.76 230.78 437.88 647.73 862.73 1087.3 1331.1 1623.9 1823.6
S 0.0006 0.3605 0.6923 1.2881 1.8158 2.2959 2.7469 3.1915 3.6803 3.9947
300 V 0.0009857 0.0009900 0.0009993 0.0010290 0.0010720 0.0011304 0.0012113 0.0013322 0.0015529 0.0017646
U 0.33 102.59 205.07 410.80 618.80 831.23 1051.9 1288.7 1562.2 1722.0
H 29.90 132.29 235.05 441.67 650.96 865.14 1088.3 1328.7 1608.8 1775.0
S 0.0004 0.3591 0.6900 1.2845 1.8107 2.2890 2.7371 3.1756 3.6435 3.9051
350 V 0.0009834 0.0009879 0.0009973 0.0010267 0.0010691 0.0011264 0.0012048 0.0013197 0.0015175 0.0016824
U 0.35 102.23 204.40 409.53 616.80 828.18 1047.2 1280.6 1544.4 1689.0
H 34.76 136.81 239.31 445.47 654.22 867.61 1089.4 1326.8 1597.5 1747.9
S 0.0002 0.3576 0.6878 1.2809 1.8058 2.2823 2.7276 3.1608 3.6131 3.8499
400 V 0.0009811 0.0009859 0.0009953 0.0010245 0.0010663 0.0011224 0.0011986 0.0013083 0.0014884 0.0016261
U 0.35 101.87 203.74 408.29 614.84 825.23 1042.6 1273.1 1529.2 1664.3
H 39.60 141.30 243.56 449.27 657.49 870.12 1090.6 1325.4 1588.7 1729.3
S - 0.0001 0.3562 0.6855 1.2773 1.8009 2.2758 2.7185 3.1469 3.5870 3.8085
450 V 0.0009789 0.0009839 0.0009933 0.0010223 0.0010635 0.0011186 0.0011927 0.0012977 0.0014638 0.0015833
U 0.35 101.51 203.10 407.06 612.93 822.36 1038.3 1266.0 1515.8 1644.3
H 44.40 145.78 247.80 453.07 660.78 872.69 1092.0 1324.4 1581.7 1715.5
S - 0.0004 0.3547 0.6833 1.2738 1.7961 2.2693 2.7097 3.1338 3.5638 3.7747
500 V 0.0009767 0.0009819 0.0009914 0.0010201 0.0010608 0.0011149 0.0011871 0.0012879 0.0014424 0.0015486
U 0.33 101.16 202.46 405.87 611.06 819.57 1034.1 1259.3 1503.9 1627.3
H 49.17 150.25 252.03 456.87 664.10 875.31 1093.4 1323.7 1576.0 1704.7
S - 0.0009 0.3532 0.6810 1.2703 1.7914 2.2631 2.7012 3.1214 3.5430 3.7458
319
Appendix E: Miscellaneous Property Charts 320

Appendix E: Miscellaneous Property Charts

E.1 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Steam94

10
3500 kJ/kg

3000 kJ/kg
h = 4000 kJ/kg

9
100 m3/kg

8
7
Specific Entropy [kJ/(kg K)]
3
2
1
0 4 5 6
400

0
800

700

600

500

300

200

100

Temperature (°C)

94
Generated using: Holmgren, M., X Steam Version 2.6, IAPWS IF97 Excel Steam Tables (www.x-eng.com).
Appendix E: Miscellaneous Property Charts 321

E.2 Enthalpy-Entropy (Mollier) Diagram for Steam95

11
T = 800°C

10
500°C

300°C

9
100°C

8
Specific Entropy [kJ/(kg K)]
6
5
4
3 7
4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

Specific Enthalpy [kJ/kg]

95
Generated using: Holmgren, M., X Steam Version 2.6, IAPWS IF97 Excel Steam Tables (www.x-eng.com).
Appendix E: Miscellaneous Property Charts 322

E.3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Air96

96
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 8th ed, by Don Green and Robert Perry. Copyright © 2008 by Don
Green and Robert Perry. Reprinted by permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Appendix E: Miscellaneous Property Charts 323

E.4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ammonia97

97
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 8th ed, by Don Green and Robert Perry. Copyright © 2008 by Don
Green and Robert Perry. Reprinted by permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Appendix E: Miscellaneous Property Charts 324

E.5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 2298

98
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 8th ed, by Don Green and Robert Perry. Copyright © 2008 by Don
Green and Robert Perry. Reprinted by permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Appendix E: Miscellaneous Property Charts 325

E.6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a99

99
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 8th ed, by Don Green and Robert Perry. Copyright © 2008 by Don
Green and Robert Perry. Reprinted by permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Appendix F: Answers to Chapter Problems 326

Appendix F: Answers to Chapter Problems

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Fluids

Problem 3: 16.42 N·m Problem 10: 8.378 N·m
Problem 4: 345.58 N Problem 11: 4.275 N
Problem 5: 0.362 Pa·s Problem 12: 900.6 N·m
Problem 6: 0.7213 N·m Problem 14: 8020 kPa
Problem 7: a) 1.41 m/s; b) 0.0789 m/s Problem 15: 0.0915 m; -0.0302 m
Problem 8: a) 13.56 N; b) 0.999 m/s; Problem 16: 1812.65 kg/m3
c) 0.865 m/s
Problem 17: a) 0.00101 m; b) 8534 m
Problem 9: 2.54 m/s

Chapter 2: Fluid Statics

Problem 1: 17.04 psia Problem 9: -12231 Pa
Problem 2: a) 1.82 m; b) -0.0133 m Problem 10: 96.34 kPa
Problem 3: 1.08 Problem 11: a) 2005 kg/m3; b) 831 kg/m3
Problem 4: -4.82 kPa Problem 12: 659.20 kg/m3
Problem 5: 22.75 cm Problem 13: 53.89 lbm/ft3
Problem 6: 170.8 kPa Problem 14: 0.833
Problem 7: 1.444 Problem 15: 202.06 kg
Problem 8: a) 17.63 psia; b) 2.93 psig Problem 16: 307.9 kg/m3

Chapter 3: Work and Heat

Problem 1: 2256 J and 1664 ft·lbf Problem 7: a) 564 kJ and 47 kW; b) 848 kJ
and 70.7 kW
Problem 2: 842.76 J
Problem 8: a) 50 J/kg; b) 1.767 MW
Problem 3: a) 11772 J; b) 6.26 m/s
Problem 9: 0.0014 J
Problem 4: a) 196.2 J/kg; b) 112.5 J/kg;
c) 2058 W Problem 10: a) 37240 lbf·ft; b) 0.201 ft/s;
Problem 5: a) 306.9 N/m; b) 0.013 m c) 0.116 ft/s

Problem 6: a) 1139 ft/s; b) 20161 ft Problem 11: 3.43 m/s

Problem 12: 332.9 W
Appendix F: Answers to Chapter Problems 327

Chapter 4: Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids

Problem 1: a) 716.5 kg; b) 805 kg Problem 11: a) 233.86°C; b) 1191.6 kJ/kg
Problem 2: a) 0.008635 m3/kg; Problem 12: a) 410.57°C; b) 2822.6 kJ/kg
b) 0.005483 m3/kg
Problem 13: a) 324.68°C; b) 2039.77 kJ/kg
Problem 3: a) 0.0443 m3/kg; b) 8.8%
Problem 14: 259.17°C
Problem 4: a) 310.41 kg; b) 4.5%
Problem 15: 622.42°C
Problem 5: a) z ≈ 1.0; b) z ≈ 0.19
Problem 16: a) 0.001463 m3/kg;
3 3
Problem 6: a) 0.643 m ; b) 0.4502 m ; b) 0.017395 m3/kg
c) 0.45 m3
Problem 17: a) 151.84°C;
Problem 7: a) 8562.7 kPa; b) 7963.3 kPa; b) 0.15058 m3/kg; c) 1483.35 kJ/kg
c) 8030.9 kPa; d) 8019 kPa
Problem 18: a) superheated vapour;
Problem 8: 34.197 bar b) 262.50°C
Problem 9: a) 352.29°C; b) 161.04°C Problem 19: a) 0.001495; b) 0.05016 m3/kg
Problem 10: 20.26 bar and 0.066406 m3/kg Problem 20: a) 0.000253 m3; b) 93.49°C;
c) 0.671; d) 0.5218 m3; e) 0.5840 m3

Chapter 5: The First Law of Thermodynamics for Non-Flow Processes

Problem 1: -191.61 kJ Problem 10: b) i) -11.61 kJ, 0, -11.61 kJ; 0,
12.99 kJ, 12.99 kJ; 12.96 kJ, -12.96, 0;
Problem 2: 1470.08 kJ ii) 1.35 kJ
Problem 3: a) 120.21°C; b) 4.03 bar, Problem 11: a) -90.49 kJ, 0, -90.49 kJ;
190.05 kJ; c) 2.54 bar; 127.92°C; -86.76 kJ b) 24.6 kJ, 61.68 kJ, 86.28 kJ; c) 82.0 kJ,
-61.66 kJ, 20.34 kJ; d) 16.11 kJ;
Problem 4: a) 111.35°C; b) 0.93;
e) 106.62 kJ; f) 15.1%
c) -255.56 kJ; d) 255.56 kJ
Problem 12: a) 26.3%; b) 40.99 kW
Problem 5: b) 0 kJ, 988.7 kJ
Problem 13: b) 60.2%; 56.48 hp
Problem 6: b) -3116 kJ, -32284 kJ
Problem 14: b) 63.4%
Problem 7: b) -323.9 kJ/kg, -80.36 kJ/kg
Problem 15: b) 2285.30 K; c) 63.4%,
Problem 8: b) 462.73°C, 1.695 m3/kg;
74.86 hp
c) 1695 kJ; d) 17776 kJ
Problem 9: b) 361.2 kPa; c) 2080 kJ, 60 kJ
Appendix F: Answers to Chapter Problems 328

Chapter 6: Flow Processes

Problem 1: The water will flow into the Problem 7: 0.01151 m3/s
lower reservoir. Problem 8: 0.007246 m3/s
Problem 2: 524.2 kPa(g)
Problem 9: 69.0 kg/s
Problem 3: a) 5.27 kg/s; b) 0.895 m
Problem 10: 28.64 MW
Problem 4: 0.019 m3/s
Problem 11: -313.9 kJ/kg; -303.9 kJ/kg
Problem 5: 8.98 m
Problem 12: 18.1 MW
Problem 6: 11.40 m/s; 0.00806 m3/s

Chapter 7: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Problem 1: b) 68.92 kJ/kg, -48.44 kJ/kg; Problem 14: 11.90 kg/s
c) 20.48 kJ/kg; d) 29.7%; e) 0 Problem 15: b) 0.516 m3; c) 514.0 kJ;
Problem 2: a) 0.229; b) 724.06 kW; d) 5933.5 kJ; e) 5.98 kJ/K
c) 2437.79 kW; d) 0.602 kW/K
Problem 16: 120.21°C, 1.507 kW/K
Problem 3: a) 60 J; b) 24 J; c) -66.67 J;
Problem 17: a) -664.62 kW; b) 91.6%;
d) 88.89 J
c) 9.72 kg/s; d) 0.1386 kW/K;
Problem 4: b) 0.342; c) 1722.31 kW; e) 0.3039 kW/K; f) 80.1%
d) 4.421; e) 69.86 kg/s; f) 12650.33 kW
Problem 18: a) 4.463 kg/s; b) -29.25 kW;
Problem 5: a) -2.679 kW/K, 5.3202 kW/K; c) 0.0981 kW/K; d) 9.887 kW/K;
b) 0.0512 kW/K, 0.1773 kW/K; e) 2977.06 kW
c) 2.413 kW/K
Problem 19: a) 536.21 K; b) 1066.69 K,
Problem 6: a) 0.477 W/K 830.63 K; c) 803.68 kW; d) 119.65 kW
Problem 7: 13.64 kW Problem 20: a) 49.83 kW; b) 60.41 kW;
Problem 8: a) 2.67; b) 5.5 kW; c) -52.6°C c) 105.05 kW; d) 3.94; e) 3.825 kg/s;
f) 767.33 kW; g) -0.0969 kW/K;
Problem 9: a) i) 0.0239 kJ/K; h) -2.418 kW/K; i) 2.574 kW/K;
ii) 0.0239 kJ/K; iii) 0.0239 kJ/K; j) 0.2978 kJ/(kg·K); k) 0.3569 kW/K;
b) i) 0.0202 kJ/K; ii) 0.00495 kJ/K; l) 106.41 kW
iii) 0.02515 kJ/K; c) i) 0.0239 kJ/K;
ii) -0.0148 kJ/K; iii) 0.0091 kJ/K Problem 21: a) 1134.5 kW; b) 204.11 kg/s;
c) 7.5186; d) 47.4 kg/s; e) 0.85123 kW/K;
Problem 10: b) 20.59 bar; c) 475.25 kJ/kg f) 0.83866 kW/K; g) 0; h) 504 kW
Problem 11: b) 3040.7 kJ/kg; Problem 22: a) 39.79°C; b) 0.00688 kW/K;
c) 6.5494 kJ/(kg·K); d) -2.834 kJ/(kg·K) c) 2.05 kW
Problem 12: 4.11 kW Problem 23: a) 0.1253 kW/K,
Problem 13: 5 0.1253 kW/K; b) 37.36 kW
Appendix F: Answers to Chapter Problems 329

Chapter 8: Vapour Power and Refrigeration Cycles

Problem 1: b) i) -3.539 kJ/kg; f) 3.64 kW/K; g) 29.55 kg/s; h) 9205.9 kW;
ii) 2991.171 kJ/kg; iii) 867.68 kJ/kg; i) 0 kW/K; j) 1085.3 kW
iv) -2127.03 kJ/kg; v) 28.9%; vi) 92.58 kg/s; Problem 6: a) -10.28 kW; b) 1193.35 kW;
c) i) -4.445 kJ kg-1 K-1; 7.259 kJ kg-1 K-1; c) 15.52 kg/s; d) 38.76 kg/s; e) 26.7%;
ii) 51.2% f) -5.558 kW/K; g) 10.52 kW/K;
Problem 2: c) 25.6%; d) 27.1%; e) 94.6% h) 4.962 kW/K; i) 44.4%
Problem 3: a) -11.71 kW; b) 2283.82 kW; Problem 7: b) -18.43 kW; c) 2604.55 kW;
c) 7406.13 kW; d) -5134.0 kW; e) 30.7%; d) 27.64 kg/s; e) -5291.47 kW; f) 32.8%;
f) -11.00 kW/K; g) 17.22 kW/K; h) g) -61.43 kJ/kg; h) 42.1 kg/s;
6.22 kW/K; i) 55.1%; j) 443.05 K; i) -9111.56 kW; j) 17.83 kg/s; k) 2.52;
k) 11.64 kg/s; l) 491.42 K; m) 1.242 kW/K; l) -9.899 kW/K; m) -24.987 kW/K;
n) 2224.80 kW n) 48.308 kW/K; o) 4001.67 kW
Problem 4: a) 17.764 MW; b) -144.8 kW; Problem 8: b) 6.075 kg/s; c) -1475.36 kW;
c) 31.1%; d) 164.0 kg/s; e) -38.960 MW; d) 2.03 kg/s; e) 3.553; f) 45.2%;
f) -27.95 kW/K; g) 36.4% g) -10.71 kW/K; h) 13.92 kW/K; i) 35.1%
Problem 5: a) -6.03 kW; b) 1086.5 kW; Problem 9: c) 73%; d) 3.17
c) 3524.1 kW; d) 30.7%; e) -2443.7 kW;

Chapter 10: Internal Flow

Problem 1: 2681 kPa(g) Problem 8: 46.81 m
Problem 2: a) -9.2953 kW; b) 166 Problem 9: 23.45 m
Problem 3: -34.7 kW Problem 10: a) 0.00532; 719; 3.59 m2/s2 or
Problem 4: a) 0.2393 m; b) 11.58 m 0.366 m; 5.546 kg/s; 0.00581; 746;
3.22 m2/s2 or 0.33 m; 0.063501 m;
Problem 5: 2206 kPa(g) 0.8771 m/s; 55485; 0.00072; 0.00575; 532;
Problem 6: a) 189 km; b) 33.30 MW 4.71 m2/s2 or 0.480; b) 205.74 kPa(g);
Problem 7: 0.011 mm c) -3.46 kW; d) 36.06

Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations

Problem 1: a) i) 394 ft/min; ii) 7.2 km/h; Problem 6: 1.24 m/s
iii) 4.47 miles/h; b) 12.1 hp; Problem 7: a) 1.01 m/s; b) 16.5 m3/h;
c) i) 2.875×10-4 kW·h; ii) 1.388 hp·s; c) 2.27 m/s; d) 16.5 m3/h
iii) 10.21 L·atm; d) 618430 Pa(abs); Problem 8: a) 3.15 kg/s; b) 1.61 m/s;
e) 761.88 mmHg(abs); f) 9799 kW·h; c) 1157.06 kg/m3; d) 1.61 m/s; e) 1.86 m/s
g) 8.314×1010 erg kmol-1 K-1; h) 257 bbl;
i) 27.52 linear acre; j) 7259 mile2 Problem 9: a) 7.601×10-4 m3/s;
b) 0.4859 kg/s; c) 639.26 kg/m3; d) 1.138 h
Problem 5: a) 1.42 m; b) 13700 N;
c) 510 lbf Problem 10: a) 192.923°C;
b) 0.20716 m3/kg; c) 224.84°C; d) 10.65 bar