BASI CS OF ELECTRI CAL

ENGI NEERI NG

B.Tech Semester 1 & 2

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

Prof. (Dr.) K. P. Mohandas

M.Tech (Electrical Engineering), Ph. D

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First Edition, July 2016

Price: Rs. 190/-

Printed in Bishop Art Printers, India
Preface

lectricity has become essential for human life just like

air and water. Electricity is indispensable for
households, industries, transportation etc. It is essential
that all those who deal with electricity, particularly
engineers, irrespective of their specialization, be
familiar with the basic principles of generation, distribution and
utilization of electrical energy. This book on ῾Basic Electrical
Engineering’ is intended as a preliminary text book on Electrical
Engineering for the first year students of all engineering disciplines.
The contents of this book have been selected based on the current
syllabi of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University; however, it
can be used as a text book for first year student in engineering
elsewhere as the book covers the syllabi of several universities.
The first chapter of the book introduces the fundamental of electric
circuits and circuit theorems. Principles of magnetism, magnetic
circuits and electromagnetic induction are introduced in chapter 2 of
the book. Chapter 3 is then used to bring out the fundamentals of
single phase alternating currents and voltages. Chapter 4 then
introduces the three phase AC systems. Principles of electrical energy
generation transmission and distribution are discussed in chapter 5.
The transformers, the basic device of an AC energy system is
presented in Chapter 6. Direct current machines are discussed in
chapter 7 and AC motors and generators briefly in chapter 8. The last
and final chapter, the 9th, discusses the electrical tariffs and electricity
wiring systems.
Illustrative worked examples are given in each chapter along with
additional exercise problems with numerical answers. Each chapter
concludes with a ‘Points to remember’ as ready reference for the
contents of each chapter. Useful links to a few internet sites where
principles of electrical engineering are discussed and can be of help to
a student to improve his understanding is appended to the selected
bibliography.
We hope this will be a useful addition to the text books on Basic
Electrical Engineering for the different universities in India.
The author, who has been teaching different subjects in Electrical
Engineering in different institutions since his graduation in 1968 takes
this opportunity to salute all his teachers and students for making
learning and teaching of Electrical Engineering an interesting
vocation.

July 2016 Prof. K. P. Mohandas

Contents

Chapter 1

Electrical Circuits and Network Theorems

1.1 Introduction to Electric circuits 17

1.2 Units and Scales 18
1.3 Charge, Current and Power 19
1.4 Circuit components 20
1.4.1 Active components 21
1.4.2 Passive components 22
1.4.3 V-I relations of circuit components 24
1.5 Simple DC circuits 24
1.5.1 Series circuit 25
1.5.2 Parallel circuit 26
1.5.3 Series parallel circuits 26
1.6 Kirchhoff’s laws 27
1.6.1 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) 28
1.6.2 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) 29
1.7 Nodal Analysis 30
1.7.1 Basics of nodal analysis 30
1.7.2 Node equations for networks with voltage sources 32
1.8 Mesh analysis 33
1.9 Matrix methods for node and mesh analysis 35
1.9.1 Matrix equation for nodal analysis 35
1.9.2 Matrix equation for mesh analysis 36
1.9.3 Solution of matrix equation – Kramer’s rule 37
1.10 Star and Delta connection of elements 38
1.10.1 Delta to Star conversion 39
1.10.2 Star to Delta conversion 40
1.11 Additional worked examples 41
1.12 Points to remember 51
1.13 Exercise problems 52

Chapter 2
Magnetic Circuits and Electromagnetism

2.1 Introduction 56
2.2 Magnetic circuits 57
2.2.1 Magnetic lines of force and flux 57
2.2.2 Magneto motive force and field strength 58
2.2.3 Permeability of free space 59
2.2.4 Relative permeability 60
2.2.5 Reluctance of a magnetic circuit 61
2.2.6 Ohms law for magnetic circuits 62
2.3 Force on a current carrying conductor 66
2.4 Electro-magnetic induction 67
2.4.1 Principle of electromagnetic induction 67
2.4.2 Faraday’s law 68
2.4.3 Direction of the induced emf 69
2.4.3.1 Fleming’s Right Hand Rule 69
2.4.3.2 Lenz’s Law 70
2.4.4 Statically induced and dynamically induced emf 70
2.5 Self inductance and Mutual inductance 71
2.5.1 Self inductance 71
2.5.2 Mutual inductance 72
2.5.3 Coefficient of coupling 74
2.5.4 Energy stored in an inductor 75
2.5.5 Inductances of coils connected in series 76
2.6 Additional worked examples 78
2.7 Points to remember 80
2.8 Exercise problems 82

Chapter 3
AC Fundamentals

3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 Alternating Current Fundamentals 85
3.3 Generation of alternating voltage 86
3.4 Important features of Alternating Waveforms 90
3.5 Average Value and Root Mean Square values 92
3.6 Phasor representation of AC quantities 95
3.7 Phase difference, lag or lead 96
3.8 Power and power factor in AC circuits 100
3.9 AC Series circuits 102
3.9.1 AC circuit with Resistance only 102
3.9.2 AC circuit with Inductance only 103
3.9.3 AC circuit with Capacitance only 103
3.9.4 RL circuit 104
3.9.5 RC circuit 106
3.9.6 RLC series circuit 107
3.10 Resonance in RLC series circuit 109
3.11 AC parallel circuits 110
3.11.1 RL parallel circuit 111
3.11.2 Parallel RC circuit 112
3.11.3 RLC parallel circuit 114
3.12 Additional worked examples 115
3.13 Points to remember 119
3.14 Exercise problems 121

Chapter 4
Three Phase Systems

4.1 Introduction 124

4.2 Generation of AC three phase emf 125
4.3 Star and Delta connection 126
4.3.1 Phase and line voltages and currents in Delta connection 128
4.3.2 Phase and line voltages in Star connection 128
4.3.3 Line currents and phase currents in Delta connection 129
4.4 Power in three phase systems 130
4.5 Balanced and unbalanced three phase systems 131
4.5.1 Unbalance in voltage/current 131
4.5.2 Unbalanced loads 131
4.6 Three phase 3-wire and three phase 4-wire systems 132
4.7 Power measurement in three phase systems 135
4.7.1 Single wattmeter method for balance system 135
4.7.2 Measurement in unbalanced system using three watt meters 136
4.7.3 Two wattmeter method for balanced and unbalanced systems 136
4.8 Additional worked examples 138
4.9 Points to remember 139
4.10 Exercise problems 141
Chapter 5
Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Power

5.1 Introduction 143

5.2 Different types of generation of energy 143
5.2.1 Conventional forms of electric power generation 144
5.2.1.1 Hydro-electric power generation 144
5.2.1.2 Thermal power plant 146
5.2.1.3 Nuclear power plant 147
5.2.2 Renewable sources of energy 150
5.3 Transmission of electric power 159
5.3.1 Choice of transmission voltage 160
5.4 Distribution of electric power 162
5.4.1 Over head lines or underground cables 162
5.4.2 Electricity distribution 163
5.4.3 Distribution networks 164
5.5 Single line diagram of power systems 166
5.6 Worked examples 168
5.7 Points to remember 170
5.8 Exercise problems 173

Chapter 6
Transformers

6.1 Introduction 174

6.2 Principle of operation 175
6.3 Equation for the induced emf in a transformer 176
6.4 Construction details of transformers 178
6.4.1 Construction of magnetic core 178
6.4.2 Windings 180
6.4.3 Three phase transformers 181
6.5 Phasor diagram of a single phase transformer 183
6.6 Losses in a transformer and efficiency 185
6.6.1 Iron losses or core losses 185
6.6.2 Copper losses 186
6.6.3 Efficiency of a transformer 186
6.6.4 Condition for maximum efficiency 186
6.7 Testing of transformers for determining the losses 187
6.7.1 Open Circuit test 188
6.7.2 Shot Circuit test 189
6.8 Special types of transformers 190
6.8.1 Power transformers 190
6.8.2 Distribution transformers 191
6.8.3 Auto-transformers 192
6.8.4 Instrument transformers 193
6.9 Additional worked examples 196
6.10 Points to remember 199
6.11 Exercise problems 201

Chapter 7
Direct Current Machines

7.1 Introduction 203

7.2 Principle of operation 204
7.3 Constructional details 204
7.4 EMF Equation 207
7.5 Types of DC Machines 208
7.6 Characteristics of generators 211
7.6.1 Open circuit characteristic (OCC) 211
7.6.2 Load characteristic or external characteristic 212
7.7 Losses in DC Machines 215
7.7.1 Magnetic losses 216
7.7.2 Mechanical losses 216
7.7.3 Copper losses 216
7.8 DC Motors 217
7.8.1 Principle of operation 217
7.8.2 Speed of a DC Motor 219
7.8.3 Speed control of DC motors 219
7.8.4 Torque equation of a DC Motor 220
7.9 Characteristics of DC Motors 221
7.9.1 Speed characteristics of DC motors 221
7.9.2 Torque Load characteristics of DC motors 222
7.10 Starting of DC motors 223
7.11 Applications of DC Motors 224
7.12 Additional worked examples 227
7.13 Points to remember 228
7.14 Exercise problems 231

Chapter 8
AC Motors and Generators

8.1 Introduction 233

8.2 Synchronous machines 234
8.2.1 Synchronous generator or alternator 234
8.2.2 Salient pole and cylindrical rotors 234
8.2.3 Stator windings 236
8.2.4 Equation for the induced emf in a alternator 236
8.3 Synchronous motors 238
8.4 Induction Motors 239
8.4.1 Three phase induction motors types 239
8.4.2 Principle of operation 240
8.5 Single phase induction motors 243
8.5.1 Principle of operation 243
8.6 Single Phase AC series and universal motors 247
8.7 Applications of AC motors 248
8.8 Additional worked examples 249
8.9 Points to remember 250
8.10 Exercise problems 252

Chapter 9
Electricity Tariffs and Wiring systems

9.1 Introduction 254

9.2 Electricity Tariffs 254
9.2.1 Types of Tariffs 255
9.2.2 Different types of consumers 259
9.2.3 Domestic, Commercial and Industrial tariffs 261
9.2.4 Electrical power used in different domestic appliances 261
9.2.5 Kerala State Electricity Board Tariffs 261
9.3 Electrical Wiring systems 265
9.4 Electrical supply to households 266
9.5 Elements of Domestic electrical installation 266
9.5.1 Service mains 266
9.5.2 Meter Board 267
9.5.3 Distribution Board 267
9.6 Conduit wiring 269
9.7 Protective Devices 271
9.7.1 Electrical Fuse 271
9.7.2 Cartridge Fuse 272
9.7.3 HRC - High Rupturing Capacity Fuse 272
9.7.4 Miniature Circuit Breaker – MCB 272
9.7.5 Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker – ELCB 275
9.8 Earthing 277
9.8.1 Different forms of earthing 278
9.9 Simple wiring diagrams in house wiring 280
9.9.1 Single lamp controlled by one switch 281
9.9.2 Stair case wiring 282
9.9.3 Series - Parallel (Hospital) wiring 282
9.10 Different types of lamps 283
9.10.1 Incandescent lamp 283
9.10.2 Fluorescent lamp 285
9.10.3 Compact fluorescent lamp 286
9.10.4 LED lamp 287
9.10.5 Mercury vapour lamp 288
9.10.6 Sodium vapour lamp 288
9.10.7 Metal halide lamp 291
9.11 Wiring of power devices 292
9.12 Additional worked examples 293
9.13 Points to remember 296
9.14 Exercise problems 299

Selected Bibliography 301

Syllabus 302