Operating Systems

Revya Naik V
Assistant Professor
Computer science and engineering
RGUKT Basar
Operating system


An operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware. It
also provides a basis for application programs and acts as an intermediary
between the computer user and the computer hardware.

The main goal of the Operating System is to make the computer
environment more convenient to use and Secondary goal is to use the
resources in the most efficient manner.

The main task an operating system carries out is the allocation of resources
and services, such as the allocation of memory, devices, processors, and
information.

The operating system also includes programs to manage these resources,
such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, memory management, I/O programs,
and a file system.

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Functions of OS

 Processor management:The OS decides the order in each processes have access to

the processor and how much time required for each process this function is called
process scheduling.
 The OS keep track of process status and process allocation and de-allocation of main
memory.
 Device management: An OS manages device communication via their respective
drivers.
 File management: A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy
navigation and usage. The OS provides file access and edit permissions.
 Memory management: The OS manages main memory allocation and deallocation
to processes.
 Error detection: The OS constantly monitors systems to detect errors.
 Security : The OS uses password to protect user data and anauthorized access.

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The components of computer system

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The components of computer system

Hardware:The CPU, memory and I/O devices provides the basic

computing resourses for the system.
Application programs: These resources are used to solve user’s
computing problems. The OS controls the hardware and
coordinates its use among the various application programs for the
various users.
Operating system:OS is similar to a government, it performs no
useful function by itself. It provides an environment within which
other programs can do useful work.

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Generation of Operating Systems

First Generation:Vacuum Tubes and Plugbords(1945-55)

Computers were not constructed until the Second World War. No programming languages
and no OS. In the 1950s, punch cards were introduced; programs were written on cards
and read into the system.
Second generation: Transisters and batch OS (1955-65)
System reads jobs from the tape and executes, after that writes output on second tape.
Third generation: Multiprogramming OS (1965-80)
Multiple jobs were loaded into RAM, if particular job or process executed then
immediately start another process or job (none preemptive). Keeping CPU always busy.
Fourth Generation: Multitasking or time sharing OS (1980-present)
Network and distributed operating systems, using this OS remote login (login one system
to another for copying and accessing files).

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Types of Operating systems
Batch OS: Operator takes similar jobs having the same requirement and group them into batches.
Time sharing OS: Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user
gets the time of CPU as they use a single system.
Distributed OS: Interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared communication
network. The user can access files or software that are not actually present on his system.
 Independent systems possess thier own memory unit and CPU . These aare referrre to as loosly coupled
sysrems or DS.
 Failure of one will not affect the other network commnucation.
 Failure of main network it will affect the communications.
Clustering OS: two or more computers joined together with LAN. High availability
Real time OS :The time interval required to process and repond to inputs is very small. Medical systems,
weapons system, scientific systems, robotic systems etc.
 Hard RTOS time constraints are very strict and even the shortest posssible delay is not acceptable. Ex;
In cars airbags os, rocket launching os etc
. Soft RTOS : time constriants is less strict
 Embedded OS: used in embedded devices.

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Services of OS

Program execution: OS manages how a program is

going to be executed. Program saved in memory
then compiled and executed. OS handles deadlock
(no two processes executed at the same time).
I/O operations: the OS manages i/o operations and
establishes communication between users and
hardware. Device drivers softwares are managed by
OS.
File management : The OS grants file
permissions( read only, read-write ). OS stores files in
HardDisk, USB drive etc.

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Services of OS

Error handling: OS detects errors during process

executions, devices errors etc.
Resource management: CPU, memory and I/O
devices are managed by OS.
Interprocesses communication: Inter process
communication managed by OS.
Protection and security : OS uses username and
password for protecting user data and system
resources.

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System calls
 System calls provide an interface to the services made available
by an operating sytem.

 If the program is executing in user mode then program may not access directly
resources like memory, cpu. Error occurs in user mode then system not crashes.
 When program switches from user mode to kernel mode and vice versa is called
context switching.
 Kernel mode is nothing but previlleged mode, kernel mode program can directly
access cpu, memory. If error occurs in kernel mode program then system crashes.

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System calls

 Switches from user mode to kernel and a call made by program

to access certain resources that call is known as system call.
 System calls made by program when it needs to access certain
resources.
 System call is the programmatic way in which a computer
program request a service from the kernel of the operating system.
 They are many system calls are executed per second. System calls
are executed always.

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System calls

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System call

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Types of system calls


Process control
end, abort, load execute, create process, terminate process, get process attributes, set process
attributs, wait for time, allocate and free memory.

File manipulation
create file, delete file,open, close, read, write, file reposition, get file attributes, set file attributes.

Information maintaince
get time or date, set time or date, get process, file or device, set process, file or device, get
system data, set system data.

Divice management
request device, release device, read, write, reposition, logically attach or detach device.

Communications
create, delete communication connections, send, recieve messages, transfer status information,
attach or detach remote devices.

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Fork() and exec() system calls


Fork() system call use to create separate, duplicate process.

If fork() system call called n times then total 2n process created,
one parent process, remaining 2n-1 are child process.

Exec() system call replace same existing process id.

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Structures of OS (Simple structure)

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Simple structure of OS

 In simple structure OS levels of functionality are not

well separated.
 Application programs can access directly BIOS
hardware.
 If the user program fails then entire system crashes.
 It was designed for Intel 8088, no dual mode and no
hardware protection.

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Layered operating system

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Layered operating system


In which OS is broken into a number of layers.
Bottom layer (layer 0) is the hardware; the highest
(layer N) is the user interface.

The main advantage of the layered approach is
simplicity of construction and debugging.

Layer wise debugging if error is found during
debugging of a particular layer, the error must be
on that layer, because the below layers already
debugged.

The backing storage device at lower layer.

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Monolithic structure of OS (unix)

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Monolithic kernel


Everything below the system call interface and
above the physical hardware is the kernel.

The kernel provides the file system, CPU
scheduling, memory management, and other OS
functions through system calls.

It was difficult to implement and maintain. If the
error is occurs in any of the program then entire
system crashes.

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Microkernels


Unix kernel became large and difficult to manage.

Microkernel provide minimal process and memory management.

The main function of the microkernel is to provide a
communication facility between client program and the various
services that are also running in user space.

If client program wishes to access a file, it must interact with the
file server.

If any services added into user mode then no need to update kernel.

It is more secure because most of services are running in user
mode. If a service fails, rest of the OS untouched.

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Microkernel operating system

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Modular kernel


Object oriented programming techniques used to create a
modular kernel. It uses dynamically loadable strategy and is
common in modern implementation of Unix, such as solaris,
linux, and mac OS.

It is more flexible than a layered system in that any module can
call any other module.

The approach is like microkernel approach in that the primary
module has only core functions and knowledge of how to load
and communicate with other modules; but it is more efficient.

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Modular kernel

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Virtual machines

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Virtual machines

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Virtual machines

●
Divided a mainframe into multiple virtual machines,
each running its own operating system.
●
A major difficultly with the VM virtual machine
approach involved disk systems. For all virtual
machines common HardDisk.

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