Water quality monitoring and forecasting system

ABSTRACT:

Generally, Water pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the water that is
detrimental to human health and the planet as whole. The aim is to investigate
machine learning-based techniques for water quality forecasting by predicting
results with the best accuracy. The analysis of the data set by supervised machine
learning technique(SMLT) to capture information like variable identification, uni-
variate analysis, bi-variate and multivariate analysis, missing value treatments and
analysis data validation, data cleaning/preparation, and data visualization will be
done on the entire given data set. Our analysis provides a comprehensive guide to
sensitivity analysis of model parameters with regard to performance in the
prediction of water quality pollution by accuracy calculation. To propose a
machine learning-based method to accurately predict the Water Quality Index
value by prediction results in the form of best accuracy from comparing supervised
classification machine learning algorithms. . Additionally, to compare and discuss
the performance of various machine learning algorithms from the given transport
traffic department data set with evaluation classification report, identify the
confusion matrix and categorizing data from priority and the result shows that the
effectiveness of the proposed machine learning algorithm technique can be
compared with the best accuracy with precision, Recall and F1 Score
INTRODUCTION :

Water is one of the most valuable natural resources that humans have gifted. one of
humanity's most serious and concerning challenges is the diminishing condition of
natural water resources such as lakes, streams, and estuaries. These resources are
also at risk of contamination as a result of a variety of reasons, including human,
industrial, and commercial activity, as well as natural processes. In addition,
drinking water contamination is exacerbated by poor sanitation infrastructure and a
lack of knowledge Unclean water has far-reaching consequences that affect every
part of existence. As a result, water resource management is critical if the water
quality is to be maximized. Water contamination can be effectively addressed if
data is examined and water quality can be fore casted ahead of time. The
consequences of poor water quality are far-reaching, having a negative influence
on health, the environment, and infrastructure. As a result, water resource
management is critical if water quality is to be maximized. Water contamination
can be effectively addressed if data is examined and water quality can be fore
casted ahead of time.
LITERATURE SURVEY:
Multisensor system for remote environmental (air and
water) quality monitoring
AUTHOR:
M. Simić, G. M. Stojanović, L. Manjakkal, and K. Zaraska
ABSTRACT:
Remote water monitoring data collection can save hours in the field, lower costs
and reduce risk. But many professionals avoid remote monitoring systems because
they’re notoriously difficult to set up and manage. We’ve changed that with our
reliable and easy-to-use cellular telemetry, and our powerful and versatile data
services platform, for real-time access to your data from anywhere. Our water
quality, water level and water flow remote monitoring solutions offer a seamless
experience from the water to the web. All at a price that will surprise you.
TITLE :
cloete N A,Malekian R,Nair L.DesigAUTHORS :
S. C. Mukhopadhyay
ABSTRACT:

This study aimed at identifying the most preferred water quality tracking system
(WQTS) for adoption and the determining factors for the same among the Langata
sub County households in Nairobi city, Kenya. Perrenial municipal water shortage
in this neighborhood has forced the residents to depend on vended water
supplication but whose quality is not possible to verify at the moment.
Accordingly, a mobile phone quality tracing application running on blockchain
technology platform was developed to fill the gap of provenance tracking. A non-
market discrete choice experiments (DCEs) model was deployed in which four-
option attribute bundles; with one being the “status quo” choice were presented to
each of the 382 randomly sampled respondents from the five wards within the area.
Results indicated that Option 2; the communally managed WQTS emerged as the
most preferred choice at 53.9%. Secondly, the male factor was identified as the
major determinant to this decision. In conclusion, the study proposes for the
installation of this new WQTS which will trigger a 12% adjustment of the average
household’s monthly water bill. In addition, this paper recommends for a city-wide
assessment of residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for this WQTS, which it deems
as an improved response to water shortage problem. Finally, the study contributes
to the application of DCEs model in technology adoption literature.
EXISTING SYSTEM :

Water quality monitoring (WQM) sensor technology has improved in recent years.
Sensorized equipment that can autonomously measure the important physical,
chemical, and biological (PCB) characteristics is now easily available and is being
deployed on buoys, boats, and ships at a low cost. However, due to a lack of
standardized methodologies for data collection and processing, spatio temporal
volatility of critical parameters in water bodies, and novel contaminants, there is a
gap between data quality, data gathering, and data interpretation. These gaps can
be filled by deploying a network of multi parametric sensor systems in water
bodies and using autonomous vehicles like marine robots and aerial vehicles to
expand data coverage in space and time. With this in view, this article has
examined key sensing technologies, sensor deployment strategies, and emerging
data analysis methods. For standardized data analysis and forecasting,
sophisticated algorithms could also be used.

DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM :

1) Less accuracy

2)low Efficiency
PROPOSED SYSTEM :

The proposed method is to build a machine learning model for Water quality. The
process carries from data collection where the past data related to Water qualities
are collected. Data mining is a commonly used technique for processing enormous
data in the domain. The water if found before proper treatment can save lives.
Machine learning is now applied and mostly used in health care where it reduces
the manual effort and a better model makes error less which leads to saving the
life. The data analysis is done on the dataset proper variable identification is done
that is both the dependent variables and independent variables are found. Then
proper machine learning algorithms are applied to the dataset where the pattern of
data is learned. After applying different algorithms a better algorithm is used for
the prediction of the outcome.

ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM :

1) High accuracy

2)High efficiency
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE :
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

HARD REQUIRMENTS :

 System : i3 or above.
 Ram : 4 GB.
 Hard Disk : 40 GB

SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS :

 Operating system : Windows8 or Above.

 Coding Language : python
RELATED WORK :

The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) has been

highlighting the need to address water-energy-food (WEF) challenges in the
contexts of communities and watersheds to ensure that ecosystems comprising land
and water systems are managed for their full range of benefits, ensuring these
critical components of human security. For example, fresh water, agricultural
productivity, habitat, natural resources, hydroelectricity, etc. are all benefits that
must be considered and managed carefully to ensure human and related ecosystem
security now and into the future. Mining is a particular form of development that
has a unique set of impacts and implications for water quantity and quality. For
example, pollution associated with mining can affect both the long-term viability
of the mine and the water and food sources of local communities. With an
increased demand for minerals, metals and other mined products, understanding
these impacts and managing them to the best possible extent is important to
maintaining sustainability in mining systems
PURPOSE :
The water cycle, or hydrologic cycle, is the circulation of water through the atmosphere, land,
ground, riverine network and oceans (Figure 1). Moisture in the atmosphere condenses, falling to
the Earth’s surface as rain, snow and sleet or condensing from fog drip and dew. Precipitation
hitting the surface of condensation ponds runs off over land or infiltrates into the ground.
Portions of the ponded water and runoff evaporate and infiltrated water evaporates or is
transpired by plants back into the atmosphere (the process is collectively referred to as
evapotranspiration). Excess water enters the riverine systems of streams, lakes and rivers
(surface water system), or infiltrates through the unsaturated groundwater zone into the saturated
groundwater zone (groundwater systems). In both systems, water travels “downstream” towards
the oceans with the two systems exchanging water in the process. In addition, people influence
the water flow toward the oceans through diverting, damming, pumping, channelizing and
consuming to support human needs such as irrigation, domestic, commercial, municipal,
industrial, energy production and navigation uses. Unconsumed and post-consumed water by
humans re-enters the groundwater and surface water systems in its travels. Water that has neither
been lost to evapotranspiration, nor stored in reservoirs, glaciers or aquifers, nor consumed by
people enters the ocean where it again is evaporated to supply the atmospheric moisture that will
ultimately precipitate or condense. Throughout the process, water quantity and chemistry are
changing. The science of understanding the occurrence, distribution, movement and properties of
water and its relationship with the environment is called hydrology
Non- Functional Requirements:

NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT (NFR) specifies the quality

attribute of a software system. They judge the software system based on
Responsiveness, Usability, Security, Portability and other non-functional
standards that are critical to the success of the software system. Example
of nonfunctional requirement, “how fast does the website load?” Failing
to meet non-functional requirements can result in systems that fail to
satisfy user needs. Non- functional Requirements allows you to impose
constraints or restrictions on the design of the system across the various
agile backlogs. Example, the site should load in 3 seconds when the
number of simultaneous users are> 10000. Description of non-functional
requirements is just as critical as a functionalrequirement.

 Usabilityrequirement

 Serviceabilityrequirement

 Manageabilityrequirement

 Recoverabilityrequirement

 Securityrequirement

 Data Integrity requirement

 Capacityrequirement

 Availabilityrequirement

 Scalabilityrequirement

 Interoperabilityrequirement

 Reliabilityrequirement

 Maintainabilityrequirement

 Regulatoryrequirement

 Environmentalrequirement
SYSTEM STUDY FEASIBILITY STUDY
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a
very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility
study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is
not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major
requirements for the system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development
of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well
within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely
available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILI

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of
the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical
resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to
high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest
requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes
the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by
the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely
depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him
familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some
constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

4.SYSTEM DESIGN :
4.1 .UML DIAGRAMS :

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized

general-purpose modeling language in the field of object-oriented software
engineering. The standard is managed, and was created by, the Object
Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of
object oriented computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two
major components: a Meta-model and a notation. In the future, some form of
method or process may also be added to; or associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying,
Visualization, Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as
well as for business modeling and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have
proven successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software
and the software development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations
to express the design of software projects.
GOALS:

The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:

1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that
they can develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core
concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development
process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations,
frameworks, patterns and components.
7. Integrate best practices.
USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of

behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is
to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms
of actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between
those use cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what system
functions are performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the system can be
depicted.
login

load and preprocess dataset

run LSTM algoritham

user

run random forecast algoritham

forest water quality

logout

CLASS DIAGRAM:

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language

(UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system
by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the
relationships among the classes. It explains which class contains information.

User
username
password
email
mobile no
adress

register()
login()
load preprocess dataset()
run LSTM algoritham()
run random forest algoritham()
forecast water quality()
logut()
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction

diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is
a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called
event diagrams, event scenarios, and timing diagrams.

user application

login

load and preprocess dataset

run LSTM algoritham

run random forecast algoritham

forest water quality

logout
COLLABRATION DIAGRAM:

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities

and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified
Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and
operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity
diagram shows the overall flow of control.

6: logout
1: login
2: load and preprocess dataset
3: run LSTM algoritham
4: run random forecast algoritham
5: forest water quality
user application
IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULES:

upload MRI images dataset : use this button to get upload images.

Generate images train & test model : use this button to get generate images train & test model.

Generate deep learning CNN model : use this button to get deep learning CNN model.

Get drive HQ images: using this button to get open drive HQ

Predict tumor :use this button to get predict tumor.

IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULES:

upload MRI images dataset : use this button to get upload images.

Generate images train & test model : use this button to get generate images train & test model.

Generate deep learning CNN model : use this button to get deep learning CNN model.

Get drive HQ images: using this button to get open drive HQ

Predict tumor :use this button to get predict tumor.

SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT :

What is Python :

Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python

programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google,
Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used
for the following –

 Machine Learning
 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia
Advantages of Python :-
Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries
Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like
regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading,
databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the
complete code for that manually.

2. Extensible
As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some
of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable
Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python
code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting
capabilities to our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity
The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive than
languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more
things done.

5. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright for
the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in
Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code.
This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more
verbose languages like Java.
7. Readable
Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English.
This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need
curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the
readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented
This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms.
While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real
world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for
free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It
downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.

10. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes
to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you
need to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run
Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any system-
dependent features.

11. Interpreted
Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one by
one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.
Advantages of Python Over Other Languages :
1. Less Coding
Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done in
other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have to
search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people
suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable
Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage the
free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives
you better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the most
popular programming language category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers
need to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally
build web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web
scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming
language.

Disadvantages of Python
So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you
should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing
Python over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it
often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point
for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by
Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on

the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based
applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the
type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it
just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the
programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access layers
are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I
don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity
of Java code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.
History of Python : -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both
start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the
programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and
programming environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the
CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence
the design of Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van Rossum
worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating system. In
an interview with Bill Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an
implementer on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en
Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to
mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project
and to the people who worked on it."Later on in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum
continued: "I remembered all my experience and some of my frustration with ABC. I
decided to try to design a simple scripting language that possessed some of ABC's better
properties, but without its problems. So I started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a
simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made my own version of the various ABC parts that I
liked. I created a basic syntax, used indentation for statement grouping instead of curly
braces or begin-end blocks, and developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash
table (or dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."
What is Machine Learning : -

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by
looking at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized
as a subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading at
first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research in this context, but
in the data science application of machine learning methods, it's more helpful to think of
machine learning as a means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help understand

data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable parameters that can be
adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be considered to be "learning" from
the data. Once these models have been fit to previously seen data, they can be used to predict
and understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the reader the more philosophical
digression regarding the extent to which this type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is
similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human brain.Understanding the problem setting in
machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and so we will start with some
broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured features
of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it can be used
to apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided into classification tasks
and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete categories, while in regression,
the labels are continuous quantities. We will see examples of both types of supervised
learning in the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to any
label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models include
tasks such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms identify distinct
groups of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more succinct
representations of the data. We will see examples of both types of unsupervised learning in
the following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth
because they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is still in
its initial stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the question
is that what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for doing this is,
“to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence,
Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to perform
several real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by
machines, particularly to automate the process. These data-driven decisions can be used,
instead of using programing logic, in the problems that cannot be programmed inherently.
The fact is that we can’t do without human intelligence, but other aspect is that we all need
to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the need for
machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with cybersecurity
and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go. The reason
behind is that ML has not been able to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that
ML is facing currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest
challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and
feature extraction.
Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of time
especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of

expert resources is a tough job.

No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and
well-defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this
technology is not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be

represented well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data
points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be

deployed in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we
are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems
which cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications
of ML −

 Emotion analysis

 Sentiment analysis

 Error detection and prevention

 Weather forecasting and prediction

 Stock market analysis and forecasting

 Speech synthesis

 Speech recognition
 Customer segmentation

 Object recognition

 Fraud detection

 Fraud prevention

 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field of
study that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly
programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is one
of the most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed, Machine Learning
Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base salary
of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to start
learning it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path you
can follow to eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s get
started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented
Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to your
needs to reach your desired end-goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some
prerequisites that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus,
Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D.
degree in these topics to get started but you do need a basic understanding.

(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning. However,
the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you are more
focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily focused on
maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to focus on R&D in
Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is very
important as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML
expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the
collection, analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance,
Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is
also a very important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional
Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn
them as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip
is Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala,
etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many Python
libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning such
as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various
online resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.

Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML
(Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more
complicated stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:
(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some machine
learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric
features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to
the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color, smell,
taste, etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For the
fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the
name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels), so
after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the
categories trained on.
 Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide a
predicted output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data using
classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the required level of
performance is achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the underlying
structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using factor and
cluster analysis models.
 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised Learning
with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the learning accuracy
and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error. So
the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and that will
maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns
that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it
serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater to
the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal relevant
advertisements to them.

2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving
machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms on
their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new threats as
they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.

3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This lets
them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of
data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions faster.

4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and multi-
variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does
apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers
while also targeting the right customers.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new
data to be generated.

2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose
with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to
function. This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the
algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.

4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an
algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions
coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to
customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go undetected
for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize
the source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources in
February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core data
types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this
release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido
Van Rossum never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was
introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was
supporting unicode.Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next
major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python
3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the
removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to
fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one --
obvious way to do it."Some changes in Python 7.3:

 Print is now a function

 Views and iterators instead of lists
 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list cannot be
sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
 There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have the
"old" behaviour.
 Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal layers—

even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity
ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.

Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code
is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or
tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area
where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and
several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background -
without breaking.

Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable
programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used
for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research and
production at Google.‍

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was
released under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.

Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various
features including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows
Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and

analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data munging
and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this
problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis
of data, regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze.
Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial
domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a

variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can
be used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web
application servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy
things easy and hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar
charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For examples, see
the sample plots and thumbnail gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly when
combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles, font
properties, axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions
familiar to MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn
Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a
consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and is
distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use.
Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code
is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or
tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area
where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and
several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background -
without breaking.

Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer

devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular high-
level programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with its
notable use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables
programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not come
pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to
install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python but
this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or
in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about
your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based
processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit
operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device
or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The steps on how to install Python
on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any other
web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org
Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color
or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here, we
are downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4
Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86 web-
based installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows
x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows x86-64 web-
based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding which
version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the second part
in installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the Release
Note Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the installation
process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to PATH.
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly
installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first
uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click
on Save

Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have
named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

6.SYSTEM TEST
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality of
components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of exercising
software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements and user
expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are various types of test. Each
test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS

Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All
decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual
software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before
integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is
invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business process,
application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business
process performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs
and expected results.

Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to
determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned
with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the
components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the
combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at
exposing the problems that arise from the combination of components.

Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are
available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and
user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key

functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business
process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered for
testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and the effective
value of current tests is determined.

System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of
system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on
process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has
knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose.
It is purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds
of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements
document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which the software
under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test provides inputs and
responds to outputs without considering how the software works.

Unit Testing

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase
of the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be
conducted as two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in
detail.
Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.
Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more
integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface
defects.

The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company level –
interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant participation
by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.
TESTING

6.1 SOFTWARETESTING

Testing

Testingisaprocessofexecutingaprogramwiththeaimoffindingerror.Tomake
oursoftware perform well it should be error free. If testing is done
successfully it will remove all the errors from thesoftware.

6.1.1 Types ofTesting

1. White BoxTesting

2. Black BoxTesting

3. Unit testing

4. IntegrationTesting

5. AlphaTesting

6. BetaTesting

7. Performance Testing and so on

White BoxTesting
Testing technique based on knowledge of the internal logic of an
application's code and includes tests like coverage of code statements,
branches, paths, conditions. It is performedbysoftwaredevelopers

Black BoxTesting

A method of software testing that verifies the functionality of an

application without having
specificknowledgeoftheapplication'scode/internalstructure.Testsarebased
onrequirementsandfunctionality.

Unit Testing

Software verification and validation method in which a programmer tests

if individual unitsof source code are fit for use. It is usually conducted by
the developmentteam.

IntegrationTesting

The phase in software testing in which individual software modules are

combined and tested as a group. It is usually conducted by testing teams.
Alpha Testing

Type of testing a software product or system conducted at the developer's

site. Usually it is performed by the end users.

BetaTesting
Final testing before releasing application for commercial purpose. It is
typically done by end- users or others.

PerformanceTesting

Functional testing conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or

component with specified performance requirements. It is usually
conducted by the performance engineer.

Black BoxTesting

Blackbox testing is testing the functionality of an application without

knowing the details of
itsimplementationincludinginternalprogramstructure,datastructuresetc.Tes
tcasesforblack box testing are created based on the requirement
specifications. Therefore, it is also called as specification-based testing.
Fig.4.1 represents the black box testing:
Fig.:Black Box Testing

When applied to machine learning models, black box testing would mean
testing machine learning models without knowing the internal details
such as features of the machine learning
model, the algorithm used to create the model etc. The challenge,
however, is to verify the test outcome against the expected values that are
known beforehand.

Fig.:Black Box Testing for Machine Learning algorithms

The above Fig.4.2 represents the black box testing procedure for machine
learning algorithms.

Table.4.1:Black box Testing

Input Actual Predicted

Output Output
[16,6,324,0,0,0,22,0,0,0,0,0,0 0 0
]
[16,7,263,7,0,2,700,9,10,1153 1 1
,832,9,2]

The model gives out the correct output when different inputs are given
which are mentioned in Table 4.1. Therefore the program is said to be
executed as expected or correct program
Testing

Testingisaprocessofexecutingaprogramwiththeaimoffindingerror.Tomakeoursoft
ware perform well it should be error free. If testing is done successfully it will
remove all the errors from thesoftware.

7.2.2 Types ofTesting

1. White BoxTesting

2. Black BoxTesting

3. Unit testing

4. IntegrationTesting

5. AlphaTesting

6. BetaTesting

7. Performance Testing and so on

White BoxTesting

Testing technique based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's

code and includes tests like coverage of code statements, branches, paths,
conditions. It is performedbysoftwaredevelopers

Black BoxTesting
A method of software testing that verifies the functionality of an application
without having
specificknowledgeoftheapplication'scode/internalstructure.Testsarebasedonrequi
rementsandfunctionality.

Unit Testing

Software verification and validation method in which a programmer tests if

individual unitsof source code are fit for use. It is usually conducted by the
developmentteam.

IntegrationTesting

The phase in software testing in which individual software modules are

combined and tested as a group. It is usually conducted by testing teams.
Alpha Testing

Type of testing a software product or system conducted at the developer's site.

Usually it is performed by the end users.

BetaTesting

Final testing before releasing application for commercial purpose. It is typically

done by end- users or others.

PerformanceTesting
Functional testing conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or
component with specified performance requirements. It is usually conducted by
the performance engineer.

Black BoxTesting

Blackbox testing is testing the functionality of an application without knowing

the details of
itsimplementationincludinginternalprogramstructure,datastructuresetc.Testcasesf
orblack box testing are created based on the requirement specifications.
Therefore, it is also called as specification-based testing. Fig.4.1 represents the
black box testing:

Fig.:Black Box Testing

When applied to machine learning models, black box testing would mean testing
machine learning models without knowing the internal details such as features of
the machine learning
model, the algorithm used to create the model etc. The challenge, however, is to
verify the test outcome against the expected values that are known beforehand.

Fig.:Black Box Testing for Machine Learning algorithms

The above Fig.4.2 represents the black box testing procedure for machine
learning algorithms.

Table.4.1:Black box Testing

Input Actual Output Predicted Output

[16,6,324,0,0,0,22,0,0,0,0,0,0] 0 0

[16,7,263,7,0,2,700,9,10,1153,832,9,2 1 1
]

The model gives out the correct output when different inputs are given which are
mentioned in Table 4.1. Therefore the program is said to be executed as
expected or correct program
Test Test Case Test Case Test Steps Test Test
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The
Database

CODE :
SCREENSHOTS :

To run project first copy content from ‘DB.txt’ file and then paste in MYSQL
database to create it and now double click on ‘run.bat’ file to start DJANGO server
and then will get below output
In above screen DJANGO server started and now open browser and enter URL as
‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/index.html’ and press enter key to get below page

In above screen click on ‘New User Signup Here’ link to get below screen
In above screen user is signing up and then press button to get below screen

In above screen signup process completed and now click on ‘User Login’ link to
get below screen
In above screen user is login and after login will get below screen

In above screen click on ‘Load & Preprocess Dataset’ link to load and process
dataset such as replacing missing values with 0 and then split dataset into train and
test and get below output
In above screen dataset is processed and in above graph x-axis contains water
quality as 0 or 1 where 0 means GOOD quality and 1 means POOR quality and y-
axis represents number of records and now close above graph to get below screen

In above screen we can see dataset processed and loaded and now click on ‘Train
LSTM Algorithm’ link to train LSTM and get below output
In above screen LSTM got trained and with LSTM we got 57% accuracy and now
click on ‘Train Random Forest Algorithm’ link to train Random Forest and get
below output
In above screen with Random Forest we got 94% accuracy and now click on
‘Forecast Water Quality’ link to upload test data and then forecast quality

In above screen selecting and uploading ‘testData.csv’ file and then click on
‘Open’ and ‘Submit’ button to get below forecast output
In above screen in tabular output first column contains water test values and
second column contains forecast result as ‘Poor’ or “Good”
CONCLUSION:

Data cleaning and processing, missing value analysis, exploratory analysis, and
model creation and evaluation were all part of the analytical process. The best
accuracy on a public test set will be discovered, as will the highest accuracy score.
This application can assist in determining the current state of water quality
URL listing

Websites Data collected

https://wikipedia.org Searching of any information that

will be used in documentation.

https://dev.sqlserver.com/doc SQL server it performing in mainly

depending on the one of the database
using.

https://www.answers.com Answers.com, online dictionary,

encyclopedia and much more.

https://google.co.in Any information searching and

downloading.

https://training-classes.com Designing part information as

gathered
SCOPE:

The conductivity acts as a sensor gateway. The sensor input are sent to the pi4, a
edge level processor(personal computer) where in the K Means, a machine
learning algorithm is used for predicting the quality of water.The predicted water
quality data are stored in Cloud server for future access. The predicted data is sent
to the water controller unit for further action.This has brought about complete
computerized Water Quality Monitoring framework utilizing IoT and AI
Technologies by which the gadgets impart among themselves in anticipating the
Water Quality for private country region. Subsequently, the water quality can be
watched consequently with no human interference. The proposed system can be
extended further by water retreatment mechanism
REFERENCES:

[1] M. Simić, G. M. Stojanović, L. Manjakkal, and K. Zaraska, "Multisensor

system for remote environmental (air and water) quality monitoring,"

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