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Inheritance, Package and Interface, Exception

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35 views

Inheritance, Package and Interface, Exception

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Honey A
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(eed WY Year ¢seé uniT-§ Z Upsk Wh “is a’ Yelatiouship exisht bebweer two claeses, we ure Imhelauce - * The parent class is lermed super Class aud the iuhented Oclass is Hae sub clase * The keyword extends is uted by Hae sub class bo iubent Ye featurer of Super class. class Fersou Person is wnore geveralied) . atkvibuker Qud fuuchouality of Peyton defiued */ j Shudenk it a” Person and it) class Shidet extende Pevsou Ae speed { /ivboitt He atbibutes aud fuuchoualibier of Person aud in addifiou aud its owu Specialities */ J x A Subclass canuot access the private munbers of its Super class. x Tuhevitauce leads bo reusability o todd. Juhoitaue :- + Mulli- level tmlentawce it allowed im Java but wot wulbiple imlenitauce - Grandparent | [Patemal “Matera Parent | ; \ eats Child cuuald Allowed im Java Not Allowed iv Java‘Although Java is strictly pass by value, the precise effect differs between whether a primitive type or a reference type is passed. ‘When we pass a primitive type fo a method, i is passed by value. But when we pass en object to a method, the situation changes dramatically, because objects are passed by what is effectively cal-by-reference. Java does ths interesting thing that’s sort of a hybrid between pass-by-value and pass-by-reference. Basically, 2 parameter cannot be changed by the function, but the function can ask the parameter to change itself via caling some method within it While creating @ variable of a class type, we only create a reference to an object. Thus, when we pass this reference to a method, the parameter that receives it will refer to the same object as that referred to by the argument This effectively means that objects act as if they are passed to methods by use of callby-reference, Changes to the object inside the method do reflect in the object used as an argument. In Java we can pass objects to methods. For example, consider the following program 1 Java program to demonstrate objects passing to methods. class ObjectPassDemo { inta,b; ObjectPassDemofinti int} { azi; bei; } IT return true io is equal othe invoking IT object notice an object is passed as an {argument to method boolean equalTo{ObjectPassDemo 0) ( retum (0, } } Driver dass public class Test { public static void main(String args) { CObjectPassDemo ob1 = new ObjectPassDemo(100, 22}; CObjectPassDemo 0b2 = new ObjectPassDemo(100, 2); CObjectPassDemo ob3 = new ObjectPassDemo(-1 1); System out printin¢obt == ob2:* + obf.equalTo(ob2)); System.outprintinobt == 03: + ob equalTo(ob3)); @ a&&ob==b);Itstrative images for the above program Three objects ‘obt’ ,‘ob2 and ‘0b3' are created: ObjectPassDemo obt = new ObjectPassDemo( 100, 22) ObjectPassDemo ob? = new ObjectPassDemo( 100, 22) ObjectPassDemo ob3 = new ObjectPassDemo(-1, -1) Passing Objects as Parameters and Returning Objects. From the method side, a reference of type Foo with @ name ais declared and it’ initially assigned to nul, boolean equalTo(ObjectPassDemo 0); Passing Objects as Parameters and Retuming Objects 'As we cal the method equalTo, the reference‘! willbe assigned to the object which is passed as an argument, ie. ‘0' will fer to ‘0b? as following statement execute. System out printn(‘obt == 0b2:* + obf.equalTo(0b2)}; Passing Objects as Parameters and Retuming Objects Now as we can see, equalTo method is called on ‘ob’, and’o’ is refering to ‘cb2’, Since values of a! and ‘bare ‘same for both the references, so {condition is true, so boolean true willbe return. ifoa==a&kob==b) ‘Again‘o' wil reassign to '0b3' asthe folowing statement execute. System out prntin(‘obt == ob3: * + obf.equalTo(obg)}; Passing Objects as Parameters and Retuming Objects Now as we can see, equalTo method is called on ‘ob, and‘o’is refering to ‘ob. Since values ofa! and ‘bare ‘not same for both the references, soi{condition) i false, so else block will execute and fase will be retum. Defining a constructor that takes an objec of its class as a parameter ‘One ofthe most common uses of object parameters involves constructors. Frequently, in practice, there is need {o construct a new object so that tis inilly the same as some existing object. To do this, either we can use Object clone() method or define a constructor that takes an object ofits class as a parameter. The second option illustrated in below example: 1 Java program to demonstrate one object to I intaize another class Box { double width, height, depth; ‘Notice this constructor. It takes an ‘object of type Box. This constructor use Ione object to initalize another Box{Box ot) { width = ob. width; height = ob height; depth = ob. depth; }constructor used when all dimensions II specitod Box(double w, double h, double d) { width = w, height depth = 6; i ‘compute and return volume double volume) { retum width * height * depth: : Z Iriver class public lass Test { public static void main(Sting args) { ‘creating @ box with all dimensions specified Box mybox = new Box(10, 0, 16); I creating @ copy of mybox Box myclone = new Box(mybox); double vol get volume of mybox vol = mybox.volume(); ‘System out printin(’Volume of mybox i *+ vol); I get volume of myclone vol = mycione.volume() ‘System out printn(Volume of myclone is* + vol}; } } Output: Volume of mybox is 3000.0 Volume of myclone is 3000.0 Returning Objects In java, a method can retuin any type of data, including objects. For example, in the folowing program, the inc:ByTen( ) method returns an object in which the value of a (an integer variable) is ten greater than iti in the invoking object. {Java program to demonstrate returning / of obje ass ObjectRetumDemo { inta: ObjectRetumDemo(inti f= is} 5| This method returns an object ObjectRetunDemo inerByTen() { CObjectRReturnDemo temp =new ObjectRetumDemo(at0); return temp: } ? I Diver class Public class Test “ © publ static void main(Sting ergs) \ { ObjectRetumDemo obt = new ObjectRetumDemo(2); ObjectRetumDemo ob2; (0b2 = obf incrByTen(); ‘System out printinobt.a:* + ob.2); System.out prntn('ob2a:" +0622); } } Output obta:2 ob2a: 12 Note : When an object reference is passed to a method, the reference itself is passed by use of calLby-value However, since the value being passed refers to an objec, the copy ofthat value wil stil refer tothe same object that its coresponding argument does. That's why we Said that java is strictly pass-by-value. Passing ot ‘arguments to Meth Object references can be parameters. Call by value is used, but now the value is an object reference. This reference can be used to access the object and possibly change it. Here Is an example program: Program (Rectangle.java) public class Rectangle { private double length; private double width; public Rectangle() { length=0.0; width =0.0; } Public Rectangle(double |, double w) { _lengt public void setLength(doublel) { length=|; } Public void setWidth(double w) {width= w; } Public void set(double |, double w) { length=1; width =w; } public double getLength() { return length; } Public double getWidth() { return width; } Public double getArea() { return length * width; } Public double getPerimeter() { return 2* (length + width); } } width =w; } Program (PassObjectDemo.java) pe * This program passes an object as an argument. * The object is modified by the receiving method. sy)ai public class PassObjectDemo { public static void main(stringf} args) { // Create an Rectangle object. Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(10, 20); // Display the object's contents. System.out printin("Length : "+ rect-getLength()); System.out printin("Width: " + rect.getWidth(); System.out printin("Area: " + rect.getAreal); // Pass the object to the ChangeRectangle method. cchangeRectangle(rect); // Display the object's contents again. System.out printin(); System.out printin("Length : "+ rect.getLengthi)); system out printin("Width: " + rect. getWidth0); System.out printin "Area: "+ rect.getArea()); } i * The following method accepts an Rectangle * object as an argument and changes its contents. af public static void changeRectangle(Rectangle r) { r.set(30, 5); } } Output : Length : 10.0 Width: 20.0 Area: 200.0 Length : 30.0 Width: 5.0 ‘Area: 150.0DYNAMIC BINDING: Crymea ne ella ws peer) * tan we do tis? Dotkoy obj = ue Surgeow (5 CY® 4 C fo porate) * A veference bo a Supey class can refer f a sub clace object. x Now wh we Say obj-breatPatient (), which version of the withod it Called ? Tk calls Surgeou's version of Une breakPatient meltrod is poinling to a Surgeou object used bo call a method, Hie welttod bo be invoked is devided by the JVM, Ue reference it pointing to yelevence bo Dotlor, it ik poiuts bo a as the Yeference kT a base class yeference If depending on the abject Foy q, wes though oby it & calls the mutiod of Surgeon, at Surguow objet. This it decided during yuu - time oy yun-Hwe polymorphitm aud bowed dynawic Redefining a Super class .mettod in a Sub class is called method OvErviding. ©(1. Surgeow \ Pocky [1 Fawily Doctor adds | | overndes treatPahent ‘worksAlHe¢pilal One. ‘View inelaute | imethod ies, giver r | variable. nw deGuition bo the eee Hebemiten net meltiod . A kK | welied | (a Adds one new \ ; / | nethhed ) ; Vy ieee alien Se eee sr ir NV [FamilyDotor call resi | Sub mrakesWouse Calle classes ae saeen | ee ree | giveldvice | make Incision) 1 a (Gaile teal Patient Doctor doctovObj = new Dockoy O ; — matted of Dolor class ) doctor Obj. treat Patient (> Ob) = 8 OO; ington surge dal = awe Sargean On ea cig al bond SurgeouObj. tveatPabent () ( wrthed ot Surgeon css) Some vulet in overvidin are The wellod Sigvature ie. metiod name, parameter list aud yetuvn type have bo mateh cra ckly , The ovevvidden wellod can widen the accessibility but wok viavvow ik, ie, if ib is private im the bare duld cast tan wake if public but uot the @ class, the Vile - VersaSTATIC Dynamic « Funchiow Overloading Fauchou Overviding ~ within Same clase more thaw ~ keeping the siqnatnre ome wmettrod having Same vame aud reli type Same, but difFeving im Siguature metiod iv the base clase is vedefiued in the derived clace * Resolved dunug compilation fme. Resolved dung ran time + Ream type 11 wok part Which wellicd to be invoked mitted siquahire- it decrded by Hhe object thal! evwefeveate poli te aud uct by Hae type of the velerence. ABSTRACT » & The abstract key word cau be used for meliod aud class abarack metred Siquifies if bas uo body, ouly * Au dculavahou of Khe wetted followed by ata tai babar public double caleulate Area () ; a oy wore abshack metrode @ P) Gh alas: hac enedeclared inside it, the class must be dedared abstract abstract class Shape q UW class definition J Au abstract class instaubated ie objects created from an abshact clafs. abstract class caw poiut to thereby achieving canvok be cauvok be Reference of au objeeks of iks Sub- classes yun - hue polymorplisws Comsidty a Sttuano Where You coutidty a guacvali d Le class Shape whids Wat two Subdasses Civile a d Beck ud Reka ye Civde avd vectangle have Haeiy oun way to Bee et area. 8, Slape class -ik oly provides the guideline to tte child castes meted Should be implemented in thom. beem declared abshatt in cauuot detide low fo calculate the area Hak sudr & metlred bras the Supey clase ie Hie method Sigualtre hat ben provided but fhe oaleworgttation bat been Aclerred, abthack public void calculate Area (0; calculate Avea O ySiaee [Rectangle D) [Civele |ky: abstvack class Shape abshact public void calculate Area C) ; public void gekColor () Wode + color the Shape ce ce Noke = * Au abshack class way also have metrods % For desig purpote, a ik does uot contain amy covcrele (complete) cast tan be declared abshact ev if abstract meltiod s. abshack - Rules bo follow AA CN a k The following bevel dee marked wilh “abstract " wmodliFity - Vv Cousthyucters v Stoke mithods V Private method 8 wit * final ” od fier marked @ V MethodsFinal “final " modifier tat a meaning based on ik * ae usage & for mumbo data aud local data in meltodt = Primitives : vead- ouly (toustaut ) ~ Objeckt » reference is yead ~ouly couvenHiow ~ Ure oll upper cate Ielbert Dy tenveuicr & For wellods: No overn dang + For classes : No inenitauce « & Julwhace wan vetcue “fo gimuar te 2 abstract clase is that Coukains 4 Julevface U8 ouly abstvark wmiethode- x The fuuckoualiid 4 Rey eet xterds lass interface. be placed in au 4 Go class Dog vow C Auiwal aud implewnenk Pet Hi [Avwnal | sek ee : extends S TuaplunewhInteafaces tn Tava. é All methods in an inteaface are tiplictty public and abstract. 3% The class chich implements the inteaface needs to provide functionality for the metheds dedored in the Inteaface- — A dass needs f be declared abstract f at deast one of the metheds th the interface fs Loft undefined . interface Pet void beFalejndly Os véid play; Mass Deq extends Antmal implements Pet public vid befiendlg -) j U/ Functionality ae public void play O 77 Fanctionali ty 5 (1 other functtons @ 1 J An Fnterface can outend feo one ov mane) inkerfacos .X An interface may define dato twembeas and these axe implictty public, final and static. # An interface cannot have paivate or piotected members ° X% An thterface can extend ently one class but implement any number of interfams . class Peasen oxtends Living Bewng “urnplemnents Employee , Fuend Interface RtcableAritmal eatends Aiiumal » Vehidhe « # An interface cannet be fnstantated. ® An InteaPa.ce veference can pornt bo objects of its Implementing classes . THE same Interface can be implemented by classos trom — different fphelikanay any Pe: -Poxot' a ' Bid but also a fet ~ class Paeot catends Bid tmplenert Pet § 3 p hitevface Pek is being used by both Deg and Rot. XAn jnner class ts a dass defined cwfthtn another class - Mt cAn toner class is a nen- static nested class . thas access to all ef the variables and metheds of hs outer class. §9)#* An inner class & fully evithin the scope of Hs enclosing class - SEANONY MOUS INNER CLASSES : An Anonymous Taner class ts a class that ts not assigned any name - class Outer int ouber-1=100 + wid teste) { Taner “inner =hotw TrnerO; Innes . olisplay 0 + Y this ts an inner class 03s Tnner 5 void display oO systern cet. paint ("display + outer1 =" rottkey—x) ; (9)—— dass Tnner Class Dero 5 : public static void mato (sting Oe )) ; Outer ext. =now Cub O ‘ euler. test 0) ; 5 Packages in Java ldhy > idhak) # Reusability of code is one of the mest Impoxtant Aequirements in the 5 efteoare thdus te Ressob hy saves time, effert and .also enswres consis ia dose once developed can be roused by any PRL eae wishing te incorporate the class th that —— a gem of Paci oe dava, the code which can be xoused by other progtams ls put into a * Package’. ¥A Package is a collection 4 classes, intorfaces and /@ other es . {7# Packages are essentially a means 4 oaganiing classes tegethior as gheups Featuros 6 _ Packages : xo yoo classes “nto smaller ures and make t easy to Jomte and use the appopratte class file : X Avoid sraming conplicts ~ Package names can he used to identify fou classes - ¥ Packages allao you protect vyoess classes , data and methods a a darges coay than on a class - to-clas baste « Caenting a Package : gn Java Packages aw created tn the fellewtng manne : package package—name ; my package v) class Calailater is inside the Th 1gpackage wpe. public class Calculater 5 public tnt add (int »,inty) votuan (x+y) ; 4 Drnporting a Package ftiow can a class which fs not a part af @ package vouse the dcagses ch the package / —use this class as Zpocknge-rame> « Z class_name > Speen to a class always bg ats poll quali.pied name becomes cumbersome - ¥ dn ava, the Packages ean be imported! into a program th the following manner : — import 2 package —name > . Z class—name? 3 # Suppose we ws fo use a class say My —class whase location ts as follows. Hee [rapachage — (egsutpacage —raclass — import mypackage « rnystekpackage - Mydass 5 (9¥ Two lays to tinpoat a package ¥ ctmaporting a specific Package Member —impert mypackage « lalate ; * Trapoating an Entie Package - trapoxt: my package #5 BEST PpRCTICE: + mport enty those classes that are aeguised th yoo code, alo not Import the entise package « idhat about namihg conflicts df too Grapexted packages both have a class with tho same. name) —Needs fo be xcselved susirg sfelly quedificd name Class Path Setting ple. and TVM must Lknow whee to gird the + dass file - — kdhen cwosking with packages - classpath setting chas to be one [evel ap the package hiz-rarchy ;A java exteplow is au objeck that desenbes ay cxcephowal /evvor coudihiow that lias ocuryed in a pie ce of ode at “yun bme wee Excertlon:- | excephi coudih a t | When au excephoval eh on arises, Au objelt | vepreseubug that excepHiow tH creaked aud Hnrowu im the weltiod Urak caused bot evvoy. REPRESENTATION OF PROGRAM EXECUTION. DIAGRAMMATLL [Tova ede] classes zip: classes ueeded ab run-hme _ by java inkerpreber et (Bava Covapile” teephion | Classes \ Javae | 7 Tava x Vs Tafrcede Java Juterprebey : java | Ne ee cata [Etvov oy Extephou fae Exuphion Type Prog vam dikerwiued [_Exeouiow class created Related message displayed be guaevated by: [object of Excephow | | Exceptions cou Java Yun- Hwe Syste ERROR Q)Genevated by the wde:- EXCEPTION THROWABLE :- SS * All &xcephiows fupa ave subclasser of tre builé-in claey THROWABLE + Turownece it at the bop of the Exception Clast Hierarchy, Exception ‘Tyres: THROWABLE = Evroy ) w) - Excepho ond Rhack over low [Avvay Ot Tudor Out OF Bounds ONCAU GUT EXCEPTIONS :- class Uncoughtex ¢ ; public skalic void maiw (Souq aygs [3) \ut do; inka = 42/0; 4 4 ye| Output Java.laug. ArithaehcExcephou : / by zero at ExcO-main( Uncaughtex. java:4) Tava oxcephiow - haudliug x by # catele » Urvow + Crows + Finally E Exception - HANDLING: & Progyau gtatumurh bo be monitored for excephous are coutaimed witin by blouk. # Your ede caw cata thir excephow using cater aud thaudle ik im Some vakoual waver. poe # Use the Keyword Urrow bo Ure au excephon # Auy excephow Haat 6 Urvown out of a method Urows Clautt wae ¥* Auy code tat absolutely wust be cxceuted is put in a Finally block . | (29)| | clase Haudled Excephow ' public stahe void main ( Shimg args FD a it d,a3 by ¢ dzo; a=4a/ds J cake CAritamthe Exception ot Sy thw. out.prinktin ("Division by 0"; 4 : di Output. Diviviow by 0. &Adwantags of Aandting excip tions : Ost allows the pregrammn to fic the vor. Ivuninating. vy-calh Control Fleur i] sce. gen Bee-Mautiple catch. hawses_ © Ore Mock Ff code camses multiple Caxystien, @ Jue 6 mere calc clauses, ote a me A oy 8 @Unwachable ode. age Ahalic wil madn (dung agscy i int a= Lengthy ind b= a, dirk CC1= 4195 C[42]=4949; J oabch Catithoulc Exception €) £ dyslim.eut. prcitt (Qivide by a" se)sh colic Carma Sno Out bounds Cxveptien e) E dystom.eut, print Wony Andia 606: "+e);$ uystirn out priinttn Csfften Huy tatch Ibock.")s of [Nested truy Atatunents OA Iny and its colch san Je rusted inside the Mock of anetiur Juy. OSL ecocutes wurtit one Af the Lalch. slatuments succeeds WL Tawa sunfire. aystum Jandts the exception. @fe public class Nested Tou tT public static veld main labuing axgst1) coe bs a dt cOI> £45, c640]= 99 ; ae Indu Out boundabe. ) ae pies et as pen ¢ ee focceplion 0) 13 j J See ad Define t ® cuales a Mteck of cade that wih Ae em eg Cn mee ei ea thvown], a dnt Clrum4 = £12, 6, 10, 8, -L.645 fink [J numa =f 1,5, 35,20, 1189s public * hs veld rain (un angst) i sr Finally Some 0; foi numt); jasodNara (frst a joadNunes Circ C7 arnay) f nt Count g \ | he Aue : pox | tCcend) § | i ha | ‘hatch Eaeopibn 4 dapat ot Excopticnd); cufputspeintinCAN);) Capt -prontln ("2"); |Cull Sequence Method A ———> method B-—>Mefhed ¢ — Method . aaichor perpagater pepaga Stack hace ) Je — |6)—>}5\ SI A| NAA [RY REY le ¢ én that Is not i fo thieed a Fxcophon Cai eos ee aces ‘ shandled - : . thea subclasses don't Bao and Rinkineeption ary q = Type, methed— name ¢ posametea -list) tixcwws excephn -Itst 5 bedy of methed 5 dass Throwsdemo § Static void theceoPioc 0) Throws MlegabAccessExcopten 5 ‘threeo het ‘thegat Access Fxcoptién C'demo"); 5 Plblic stectis void main Ching ange ey) § tay f thiewPoe OF j catch CH j cla legal Access Excoptin eng Systers weet + pxintlh Ch Guight 46) 744Tyats_ pull _Euophons (pve defind Gicecglen). * Towa Aehines several orcoption classes inside the standard — paca. java. lan poe A oa Ener RuntimeEncopkion Unchecked Fxcopfih = Runtime Excopttons /ERROR Saamplo: ‘ * Numberoimaticacoptten * dllegalA xqument Excephen me Sut Of Memoay Faas Checked Fa coptons i chetkod Excoption = checked at aornpile terne X these ever cue duo extenal ciraumstanas that fhe pegiateme ceenret prevent « Exs J0Eacephton | Sa\a!s Buitk to FacoptOng - . Te Following M2 Java's Checked Exeephens | * classNot Found Fxcophton * dlone Not: Suppoatedl Excephion % legal Access Fxcoption % Fnstantiation Excopton % thheupledl Eeephicn % NoStich FieH Excoptton % NoStehMethed Exception

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