LO1: Examine Networking

Principal and Their Protocols

Pearson
Higher National Diploma in
Computing

Unit1: Networking

Done By: Thajudeen Mohamed

Nafrin

Unit Lecturer: Shakir Moulana

Table of Contents
Part 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 4
1 Definition of Network .............................................................................................................. 4
2 Types of Network..................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 LAN (Local Area Network) ................................................................................................ 5
2.2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) ................................................................................. 5
2.3 WAN (Wide Area Networks) ............................................................................................ 6
2.4 WLAN (Wireless Local Areas Networks)........................................................................... 7
3 Benefits of Networking ............................................................................................................ 8
4 Importance of Network ........................................................................................................... 9
5 Advantages, Disadvantages in Networks .............................................................................. 10
6 Functions of Networking ....................................................................................................... 11
7 Network Architecture ............................................................................................................ 12
7.1 Peer to Peer .................................................................................................................... 12
7.2 Client-Server ................................................................................................................... 13
8 Comparison Between Peer to Peer and Client Server ........................................................... 14
9 The Importance of Networking in a BCAS ............................................................................. 15
Part 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 16
10 Definition of Wi-Fi .............................................................................................................. 16
11 Importance of Wi-Fi ........................................................................................................... 16
12 Standards of Wi-Fi.............................................................................................................. 17
13 Definition of Ethernet Cable .............................................................................................. 18
14 Comparison between Ethernet and Wi-Fi ......................................................................... 18
15 Transmission Media ........................................................................................................... 19
15.1 Guided Media ............................................................................................................. 19
15.2 Unguided Media ......................................................................................................... 21
16 Wi-Fi is Suitable for BCAS rather than Ethernet ................................................................ 23
17 Internet Service Providers ................................................................................................. 24
17.1 Dialog Broadband ....................................................................................................... 24
17.2 SLT Broadband ............................................................................................................ 24
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Part 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 25
Part 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 31
18 Network Topologies ........................................................................................................... 31
18.1 Bus Topology .............................................................................................................. 31
18.2 Ring Topology ............................................................................................................. 32
18.3 Star Topology .............................................................................................................. 33
18.4 Mesh Topology ........................................................................................................... 34
18.5 Hybrid Topology ......................................................................................................... 35
19 History of Networking ........................................................................................................ 36
20 Comparison between Star topology and Ring topology .................................................... 36
21 Recommend topology for BCAS Campus ........................................................................... 37
22 References ......................................................................................................................... 39

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Table of Figures
Figure 1 LAN (Local Area Network)) ....................................................................................... 5
Figure 2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) .......................................................................... 6
Figure 3 WAN (Wide Area Network)) ..................................................................................... 6
Figure 4 WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) ....................................................................... 7
Figure 5 Peer to Peer Architecture ....................................................................................... 12
Figure 6 Client Server Architecture....................................................................................... 13
Figure 7 Types Of Transmission Media ................................................................................. 19
Figure 8 Twisted Pair Cable .................................................................................................. 20
Figure 9 Coaxial Cable .......................................................................................................... 20
Figure 10 Optical Fiber Cable ............................................................................................... 21
Figure 11 Radio Waves ........................................................................................................ 22
Figure 12 Micro Waves ........................................................................................................ 22
Figure 13 Example Of Infrared ............................................................................................. 23
Figure 14 Bus Topology ........................................................................................................ 31
Figure 15 Ring Topology....................................................................................................... 32
Figure 16 Star Topology ....................................................................................................... 33
Figure 17 Mesh Topology ..................................................................................................... 34
Figure 18 Hybrid Topology ................................................................................................... 35
Figure 19 Server with Star Topology ..................................................................................... 37

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LO1: Examine Networking Principal and Their Protocols
Introduction
In this report, I am going to discuss about Networking principal and their protocols. Also, I will
discuss the information part by part. We find a lot of information with these research and lot of
knowledge. And, in the first part. I’m going to discuss what is network, importance of network,
network types etc... And the second part I will explain about Wi-Fi such as standards of Wi-Fi and
also discuss about Ethernet cables. And, the part four I will explain about network topologies,
comparison between them. Further, I make this report based on analytical information.

Part 1

1 Definition of Network

A Network is just a communication framework that happen between various groups in instruction
to carry out efficient, quick and exact communication, for the transmission of information from
one computer to another, thus Exchange out an Information and also sharing available resources
on the computer. Also, in a short is a set of interconnected other means of exchanging data with
each other. It can be connected via telephone lines, satellites, computer cables. Further, it is
allows electrical motivations, different modes of physical or electromagnet waves, permit them
to send and get data in information, share their assets and go about as a sorted out set. Building
a network permits you to oversee inner correspondence, share program execution and even
oversee peripherals, for example, printers, scanners, and so on. These kinds of multitude
frameworks right now backing huge numbers of the data the board and preparing processes in
our day, for example, telecommunications network, the Internet or the different intranets of
organizations.

In addition, professionals use networking to broaden the contact of their familiar people, learn
about the employment opportunities in their fields, and awareness for future threats. Also, it is
creates connections that may support future business or work possibilities.

(Kagan, 2015)

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2 Types of Network

2.1 LAN (Local Area Network)

In the event that a network comprises of more than one PC, it is known as the LAN (Local Area
Network). Such a LAN can remember two computers for a private home or a few thousand
devices in an organization. Similarly, networks in institutions such as colleges, schools are LAN
networks. This allows them to connect with to individually other and share information and
resources. For example, a school may use a one LAN to connect PCs and other devices. Generally
the size of the LAN is small. In today's time, LAN is connected using wireless technology.

Figure 1 LAN (Local Area Network))

2.2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

In a city there are various networks LAN and WAN that interconnect all its buildings with each
other, but the network that allows the integration of multiple services over the transmission of
information, voice and video is called MAN. The MAN numerous local area networks are
interconnected with one another through backbone technology. The MAN size is bigger than
LANs and it covers the larger area of a city.

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Figure 2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

2.3 WAN (Wide Area Networks)

This type of networks are the largest computer networks that encompass and interconnect LAN,
MAN, and other kinds of networks. They connect regions or countries by means of satellites or
telephone lines. And, The WAN provides access to computers, file servers, and services located
in distant locations. This make sure users and computer in a one area can intercommunicate with
users and computer in different areas. Computers connected by van are often connected via
common networks.

Figure 3 WAN (Wide Area Network))

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2.4 WLAN (Wireless Local Areas Networks)

WLAN is a wireless computer system that connect two or many devices using wireless network
instead of a cable network within a narrow area. Peoples increasingly prefer this kind of network.
And, these sorts of networks don't necessitate that devices depend on physical cables to
interconnect with the network.

Figure 4 WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

(Thakur, 2020)

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3 Benefits of Networking

i. Strength business connections

Networking is a huge help to the business. This makes it easier for a business to interact with
other businesses. And it also enables networking businesses to communicate with other
countries and discuss exports and imports. And to make a connection with customers, such as
selling their products online.

ii. Connections with others

In general, in this modern world we are more and more connected through the network. Thus
we deal with different types of communication. That is, we use LANs to connect people within a
certain narrow range, and we use WANs to connect people over a large wide area. By connecting
in this way we as network users have the opportunity to interact with others using different
technologies. This makes it probable for us to exchange information quickly and easily.

iii. Data Security

That is, it is always common for important and confidential data to be found business. Allows
network administrators to manage such data. This is because creating such data on small
computers can be risky. This is because data be able to stolen. This makes it possible to enforce
restrictions on who can read the data and change the data.

iv. Entertainment

In modern times, the internet provides many entertainment for humans. Many types of games
are one of them. It is now an important part of youth entertainment. This is why the addition of
home networks and this gaming’s has become so popular across the wide network area.

(Kozierok, 2005)

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4 Importance of Network

There are many benefits found in networks. They include information, low hardware costs,
applications. The network gains importance because of these benefits. Furthermore, it is
considered an important point of data management. And helps to connect peoples through a
network. One of these is the LAN, a local area network that runs with cables. And other one is
the WAN, which we use to connect millions of LAN networks in the world. And, the best example
of this is the Internet. Essentially the internet took become a part of us for its various activities.
The Internet connects lots of people everywhere the world and provides a connection to
technology, so gaining its importance.

Currently the importance of networks is that we live in the fifth generation, where artificial
intelligence, robotics, the continuous development of new technologies and their advancement
make networks important. Because, in a technology world such networks can be very helpful in
continuing to improve technologies and, in general, the lives of people.

In my opinion, networks currently fulfill a vital function in the human being since they help satisfy
multiple needs. Which instead of stagnating and conforming, are creating new alternatives for
the improvement of networks in order to be able to provide a better service and make people's
lives even easier. So it does not surprise us that in the future there are new alternatives and even
the same technology will surprise us again in the way we connect through networks.

(augustine, 2020), (Hurtado, 2020)

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5 Advantages, Disadvantages in Networks

Advantages in Networks Disadvantages in Networks

Expensive peripherals devices can be shared Writing can be expensive buying and
such as laser printers and scanners installation
All operators can access the same documents If a WAN is used modern and the charge of
telecommunication links makes it very
expensive
Message can be sent between users If a server break down the whole network
becomes unusable
Software can be placed on the server and Interference of the multi devices that shared
access by several users which save money the channels
Assists the communication between Wired network-restriction between the body
individuals and machines movement
Opportunity to widen business Negative effects on worker productivity

Useless expensive computer hardware Hard to maintain version control

Easy to administrator No central point of storage or file achieving

No NOS required Additional load on computer because

resource sharing

(Educba, 2020)

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6 Functions of Networking

Over time, networks have become indispensable in the lives of individuals. Networks offer a
variety of functions, such as the ease of sharing information and resources remotely through files
or emails. Every day more information is created by users, where it is exchanged to communicate
and share knowledge on different topics such as labor, politics and sports among others. The
purpose of the networks is to offer transparency and reliability in the exchange of information.
It is for this reason that they contain security systems, such as the activation of the firewall that
filters access to the system and blocks unauthorized access. Also, there are disadvantages, which
is essential to maintain updating the operating system, drivers, useful software, antivirus,
eliminate unnecessary software, check the event log, perform strictly necessary permissions, and
physically clean the machines.

Another function that networks perform is the ability to communicate between operators
everywhere the world. Previously, users had to pay a high cost to be able to communicate with
their family or friends, by telephone, which did not always offer a good service due to a bad
signal. Currently, communication media have been created such as twitter, Facebook, Skype,
LinkedIn, which not only helps to communicate with close people, but to be connected with
businesses and customers.

The previous means of communication allow precision and reliability saving time and money in
each phase of the user process. Likewise, each year these means of communication allow the
user to select which one benefits their own budget without so many limitations.

(Sdxcentral, 2020), (John Polson, 2009)

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7 Network Architecture

Network architecture refers to how computers are organized and how tasks are assigned
between them. Thus various ways are found to design the computer network. The common types
are peer to peer and client server for network architecture.

7.1 Peer to Peer

Peer-to-peer is a computer network model that is structured in a decentralized manner. The

information is therefore transmitted directly from one to another computer without going
through a central server as in a traditional network. In computer language this central server is
called the network node, so that the interchanges that take place there are between nodes with
equivalent obligation in the framework. Most common uses of P2P is file sharing. A client who
has a file makes it available to other clients via a download platform.

It can simultaneously also download other files shared by other clients (servers). The downloaded
pieces of files are immediately shared with other computers, until the file is complete. This
technique increases the download speed and decreases the load on the central server.

Figure 5 Peer to Peer Architecture

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7.2 Client-Server

A client-server architecture represents the environment in which client machine applications

communicate with server-type machine applications. Many applications operate in a client server
surroundings, this means that client machines contact a server, a machine generally very
powerful in terms of input-output capabilities, which provides them with services. And, the
client-server can be used by programs on the same computer, but the concept is especially useful
in the environment of a network.

In this case, the client creates a linking to the server on a LAN or WAN, such as the Internet. When
the server replies to the client's request, the connection is terminated. For example, An Internet
is a client program that requests a service from a server. The service and the resource provided
by the server give rise to the display of a Web page.

Figure 6 Client Server Architecture

(Neagu, 2019), (Techopedia, 2018)

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8 Comparison Between Peer to Peer and Client Server

Basis Peer to Peer Client Server

Meaning The information is therefore It is representing the
transmitted directly from one environment in which client
to another computer without machine applications
going through a central server communicate with server-
as in a traditional network. type machine applications.
Flexibility Easy architecture which Due to complicated
enables the user to easily architecture it could be
access data harder for new users to
understand the logic
Speed of Data Transfer Large files could be Large files could consume a
transferred faster lapse of time to get to its
receiver
Use of Hardware Uses less hardware resources Uses more hardware
Resources resources where the client
server needs separate
hardware resources to set
up.
Focus based on sharing information Based on sharing
connectivity
Cost Peer to peer are more The client servers are costly
affordable to actualize. to execute.
Service The client of requests for the Each node could receive
service whereas the server services without using
serves the services different clients.

(Douglas K. Barry, 2013)

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9 The Importance of Networking in a BCAS

It is an undeniable fact that the network has really made a huge difference in the world. And
society has thus had a great benefit. When we create a network we can see that their connections
are rooted. As such, the college is one of the best organizations in the network. The reason why
the network is so important at BCAS Campus is that it provides an opportunity for the course
lecturers at BCAS Campus to connect with the students once again. This will allow them to offer
a variety of advice and suggestions to their students. And, students studying at BCAS will be
surrounded by their fellow students through the BCAS network. And communicates with fellow
educational institutions and sponsors. Also, the network is seen as a great opportunity for them
to inform people mainly about their Campus.

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Part 2

10 Definition of Wi-Fi

Almost everyone knows that Wi-Fi is a wireless communication, and everyone also knows that
this standard is used to communicate various devices mainly for the purpose of some, to bring
network connectivity to others. Practical and in line with the new expectations of Internet users,
the Wi-Fi network is a wireless technology that allows you to connect to the Internet without
having to connect the computer or mobile to a cable, bulky and unattractive. The Wi-Fi network
works to a terminal or a main modem which emits electric waves to a Wi-Fi adapter, which is
generally already integrated into your daily devices such as computers, tablets or smartphones.

Also, to be clear, Wi-Fi is a substitute for Ethernet wired connections. Wi-Fi networks between
sender and receiver are not seen as wired connections. Instead, they use radio frequency
technology. No matter how busy the network is and there are problems with the signals due to
other activities, there are channels where the wireless device can run at each frequency range to
prevent this. And the normal range of a Wi-Fi is up to 100M.

(Martindale, 2020)

11 Importance of Wi-Fi

In today's world of technology people communicate more with others through the network than
through verbal communication. Not only that, children and adults like benefit from various
activities at home, such as online learning and online shopping. Thus they pay more attention to
the network they use for them. Sometimes their network is slow because everyone is using it. So
people are expect a change in that. Not only this, they also don't like using cable connection.
Because, sometimes the cost and accommodation may be more. So, people are increasingly using
wireless technology. This technology is very popular among the people. Provides Wi-Fi wireless
waves for internet use. In general, this doesn’t want a lot of space, does not require wires to
connect different electrical appliances and can be carried everywhere. And, its advantage is that
a person only can use the wireless connection from home. This is because giving passwords to
link to it can be avoided by using our Wi-Fi others.

(Shaw, 2020)

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12 Standards of Wi-Fi

Today, Wi-Fi devices are everywhere and many of you may have noticed a little number like
802.11a in the description of the features of your favorite smartphone or tablet. Wi-Fi became
generalized for all 802.11 wireless standards. There are several today and all Wi-Fi standards can
be recognized by their 802.11 identifier followed by a letter to indicate the generation used.
Today we have access different standards.

I mention below the standards of Wi-Fi

IEEE Standards Released Year Frequency Data maximum Rate

802.11a 1999 5Ghz 54Mbps
802.11b 1999 2.4GHz 11Mbps
802.11g 2003 2.4GHz 54Mbps
802.11n 2009 2.4Ghz & 5GHz 600Mbps
802.11ac 2014 2.4Ghz & 5GHz 1.3Gbps
802.11ax 2019 2.4Ghz & 5GHz 10-12Gbps

As you can see the standards until 2009 were aimed at the best overall performance to be used
on all devices. It’s a strategy that has paid off during the internet explosion, but today the
situation has changed. In fact, since 2014, more “specialized” Wi-Fi has appeared. The 802.11 ad
standard, for example, has excellent speed for a short range, it may be the element that will
replace our HDMI cables to transmit very good quality image over short distances. The 802.11ah
standard is optimized for range precisely, with its maximum range of 100 meters and the ensures
that the signal, can pass through walls and doors without problems.

(Phillips, 2019)

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13 Definition of Ethernet Cable

Ethernet is a LAN protocol. This is based on packet switching and twisted pair cables to allow the
connection of several machines to each other. It is a cable used for the transmission of computer
data. It allows to link your console, your TV decoder or even your computer to an Internet
connection.

For individuals, Ethernet comes down to this cable connected between a computer and an
Internet box, which provides a high quality network and Internet speed. It connects your live box
to the device you need to connect. The Ethernet cable also takes as a nickname "wired
connection".

(Firefold, 2020)

14 Comparison between Ethernet and Wi-Fi

Internet has become branded tools to impart, work, engage ourselves and more. As of now we
realize two different ways to link such as Through the Wi-Fi and Ethernet. Wi-Fi offers us the
chance to associate numerous devices simultaneously more without any problem. In the interim,
Ethernet will in general be more mind complex because of the many number of cables and their
installation between walls to improve presence, which suggests a lot higher cost. In any case, it
is the most suggested connection, since it has constant data transmission that permits us to
reduce the lag, and at present the one offers the most noteworthy data speed.

Ethernet, as far as technology, is the IEEE 802.3 protocol, it ought to be noticed that Ethernet is
a less simply term. This connection is the most known what we know as LAN related to the WAN.
It is utilized through cables that access with our PCs, giving us access to the Internet. Then again
Wireless, it works through a Router that emanates the signal, giving Internet access to different
network devices that don't have an Ethernet link. And, it is essential to Note that the closer we
are to the Router, the better the connection.

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Basis Ethernet Wi-Fi
Speed Data transfer is fast Slow data transfer
Latency Lesser Advanced
Security Data does not required to encode Data required to be encode
Requirement LAN Server to connect or the internet Wi-Fi router

(Parahar, 2020)

15 Transmission Media

The methods for transmission are the mediums by which information is conveyed. Contingent
upon the manner in which the sign is led through the medium or physical help, they can be
arranged into two huge Groups.

Figure 7 Types of Transmission Media

15.1 Guided Media

The guided transmission implies are comprised by cables that are responsible for directing the
signs from one end to the next. The principle qualities of guided media are the kind of conductor
utilized, the most extreme transmission speed, maximum distances it can offer between
repeaters, immunity against electromagnetic impedance, simplicity of installation and the
capacity to help various technologies of level of connection.

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1. Twisted Pair Cable

It comprises of a pair of cross-channel copper wires, so as to lessen crosstalk noise. The greater
the number of the crosses per unit of length, the better the performance against the issue of
crosstalk.

Figure 8 Twisted Pair Cable

2. Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable conveys signals with a higher recurrence run than twisted pair cables. The coaxial
cables has a focal conductive center framed by a strong or abandoned wire, typically copper,
secured by an encasing and dielectric material that, thusly, is secured by an external sheet of
conductive metal, work or a blend of both, additionally normally copper. The external metal coat
fills in as a commotion shield and as a subsequent transmitter. This conductor is secured by a
protecting shield, and the whole cable by a plastic spread.

Figure 9 Coaxial Cable

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3. Optical Fiber

Optical fiber is a connection made with a fine thread of straightforward material with a little
breadth and secured with an obscure material that prevents signal from disseminating. signal
heartbeats, not electrical, are sent through the center, normally glass or plastic.

Figure 10 Optical Fiber Cable

15.2 Unguided Media

Unguided media convey electromagnetic waves without utilizing a physical cable, yet rather
radiate through the air, making them accessible to anybody with a device equipped for tolerating
them. In this kind of media, both the transmission and gathering of data is done by methods for
antennas.

1. Radio Waves

Radio waves utilize some kinds of propagation. such as surface, tropospheric, line of view and
space. Every one of them is separated by the manner by which the waves from the transmitter
arrive at the receiver, following the turning and flow of the earth, appearance in the troposphere,
appearance in the ionosphere, seeing one antenna to another or being communicated by
satellite.

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Figure 11 Radio Waves

2. Microwaves

In a microwave, airspace is utilized as the physical transmission medium. Data is communicated

digitally through radio waves of short length. Numerous channels can be directed to different
stations inside a given connection. The stations comprise of a dish type antenna that interconnect
the antenna with the client's terminal.

Figure 12 Microwaves

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3. Infrared

it is permit us to impart between two modes, utilizing a progression of infrared LEDs for this.
These are producers/receivers of infrared waves between the two devices, every device needs
the other to complete information. So, its utilization for a huge scale is scant.

Figure 13 Example of Infrared

(Kumar, 2020)

16 Wi-Fi is Suitable for BCAS rather than Ethernet

For me, Wi-Fi is more relevant to the BCAS Campus than Ethernet. This is because starting to use
Ethernet can be costly. Because we use different types of devices in BCAS. If we start connecting
every device via Ethernet, we will have more difficulty and will need many more types of wires.
Not only that, it requires a lot of spaces and can be used from a very specific location by using
ethernet. Thus, people or an organization will not like Ethernet much.

Conversely, many uses can be achieved by using Wi-Fi. The cost will be very low. And we can use
Wi-Fi from different place as per our liking. It does not require much space during Ethernet, and
we can easily configure it. Employees or students at BCAS can enjoy great performance incentives
by using this. More importantly, you can connect multiple devices simultaneously using Wi-Fi.
This allows people at BCAS to connect to each other easily and quickly via Wi-Fi.

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17 Internet Service Providers

These providers associate clients to the clients of other service providers through networks.
Generally, Internet Service Providers are organizations that give telecommunications services,
including access to data communications and phone connection. Most telephone organizations
currently work as Internet Access Providers also. ISPs can be business, privately owned or
network claimed.

17.1 Dialog Broadband

Dialog is one of the leading and fastest network in Sri Lanka. They lead the company so that
people can benefit the most. Not only this, the dialog network is a very secure using for people.
So people like it a lot. Another feature that is found in many packages is prepaid packages,
postpaid packages, Broadband packages, Roaming rates etc. They have also introduced different
types of Broadband. For example, Home Broadband, Mobile broadband. Each of these
Broadband has different data packets. People buy more because their packages are cheaper than
other companies. And they offer many offers for their customers. And, also, they provide Bonus
Data to Broadband customers to build customer stability. Dialog is a network that won the award
for fastest network in 2018.

(Dialog, 2020)

17.2 SLT Broadband

SLT Broadband is one of the fastest network systems in Sri Lanka. Its main use is that no matter
where we are in Sri Lanka, there will be no impact on their coverage. Uniform coverage is found
everywhere. So people use it a lot. And their bandwidth is 100Mbps faster than the bandwidth
of other networks. Thus, we can quickly download what we need on the internet (Movies, Games,
Software). And, they offer packs with high data at reasonable prices such as Light, Family, super
module etc.

(SLT, 2020)

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Part 3

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Part 4

18 Network Topologies

18.1 Bus Topology

In the bus topology computers are linked to a common circuit (bus). Information that is transmit
from one to another computer travels directly or indirectly, if there is a controller that routes the
information to the correct destination. All computers can be connected to the bus, if a computer
fails, communication is maintained and the same does not happen if the bus is the one that fails.
In this topology, each computer is linked to a common segment of network cable such as coaxial,
twisted pair. The network segment is placed as a linear bus, that is, a long cable that runs from
one end of the network to the other, and to which each node of the network is connected. The
cable can go through the floor, the walls, the ceiling or in several places, as long as it is a
continuous segment.

Advantages

 Simplicity in architecture.
 This is does not take up much space.
 Easy adaptation.

Disadvantages

 A channel problem usually degrades the whole network.

 Performance decreases as the network develops.

Figure 14 Bus Topology

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18.2 Ring Topology

A ring network is a topology in which each station has a single input connection and an output
connection. Each station has a transmitter and receiver that works as a translator, passing the
signal to the next station. In this type of network, communication occurs through the passage of
a token which can be conceptualized as a postman who passes by collecting and delivering
information packages, thus avoiding eventual information losses due to collisions. In a double
ring, two rings allow data to be sent in both directions. This configuration creates redundancy.

Advantages

 Easy to reconfigure.
 Performance doesn’t loss when there are many users linked to the network.
 The connection organize peer-to-peer organization for all computers.

Disadvantages

 When a computer fails, it interrupts the entire network.

 All signals go in one direction.

Figure 15 Ring Topology

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18.3 Star Topology

Star network topology is a configuration for a LAN in which individually of the nodes is
interconnected to an essential connection point, such as a hub and switch. This topology is most
common network configurations. Therefore, it is a network topology in which each individual
part of the network is linked to a central node. The junction of these network devices to the core
component is visually represented in a star-like way.

All data traffic comes from the center of the star. Thus, this central site has control of all nodes
connected to it. The central hub is usually a fast, independent computer and is responsible for
routing all traffic to the other nodes.

Advantages

 Centralization of the network.

 Easy to find fault.
 It has a system that allows new equipment to be added easily.

Disadvantages

 The entire network will stop transmitting, when a switch or hub fails.
 It is expensive as it requires more cables.

Figure 16 Star Topology

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18.4 Mesh Topology

Mesh topology is a kind of network in which network devices and computers are interconnected,
thus allowing most communications to be assigned, even when a connection is down. That is, it
is a network configuration where all the nodes cooperate to distribute the data to each other.
The devices are connected in such a method that at least some have multiple routes to other
nodes. This topology is normally used by wireless networks.

This creates several routes of information among pairs of operators, growing the resistance of
the network in case of failure of a node or connection. The decision about which nodes to connect
will depend on factors such as the degree to which the connections or nodes have a risk of failure
and the general pattern of network traffic.

Advantages

 If a node flops it doesn’t affect the other nodes at all.

 It is possible to carry messages from one to another node by different routes.

Disadvantages

 The cost of the network may increase in cases where it is implemented wired.
 Dependent on the transmission medium, the central node be able to limit the lengths.

Figure 17 Mesh Topology

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18.5 Hybrid Topology

Hybrid topology, networks can use different types to connect, such as star. The hybrid topology
is the most frequent and is derived from the union of several types of network topologies, hence
the name of hybrids. Examples of hybrid topologies would be: tree, star-star, bus-star, etc. Its
implementation is due to the intricacy of the network solution, or to the increase in the number
of devices, which makes it necessary to establish such a topology. Hybrid topologies have a very
high cost due to their administration and maintenance, since they have segments of different
types, which forces you to invest in additional equipment to achieve the desired connectivity.

Advantages

 Which makes it necessary to establish a topology.

 Its implementation is due to the complexity of the network solution.

Disadvantages

 They have a very high cost due to their maintenance.

 They have different types of segments.

Figure 18 Hybrid Topology

(Keary, 2020), (Singh, 2020)

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19 History of Networking

The first attempts to transmit digital information date back to the early 1960s, with timeshare
systems offered by companies such as General Electric and Timeshare. These `` networks '' only
offered a client-server connection, that is, the client-computer was connected to a single server-
computer; the client computers in turn did not link to each other. But the true history of the
network begins in the 1960s with the establishment of packet-switched networks. Packet switch
is a method of dividing messages into parts called packets, routing them to their destination, and
assembling them once they get there. Packet switching is opposed to circuit switching, the most
common method of telephone, where a physical circuit is established between the speakers.
Initially it was done using physical switches, and today it is done most often using digital switches.

(Computerhope, 2019), (Sunshine, 2020)

20 Comparison between Star topology and Ring topology

In a star topology, all computers and devices in the network associate to a central device, thus
forming a star. In a ring topology, a cable methods a shut loop with all computers and peripherals.
Data transferred above a ring flows from device to device around the entire ring topology, in one
track. At the point When a PC sends data, the data is transmitted to each PC on the ring topology
till it reaches its purpose.

Comparison Star Topology Ring Topology

Cost High Low
Amount of wiring required Larger It is Less compared to star
topology
Structure of Architecture Peripheral nodes are connected Every node has two branches
to the hub. connected to a node on each
side of it.
Node Failure Network can still run Network will down

(Lithmee, 2019)

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21 Recommend topology for BCAS Campus

In my view, I recommend Star Topology for BCAS. Star topology has always had a low start-up
cost. And, different types of devices are found in BCAS. So, using this will make it easier to add
many devices. And, also this topology we can maintenance easily. Moreover, it has various
advantages over other topologies. That is, errors can be detected more easily than other
topologies. Finding a fault in other topologies will not be easy.

Figure 19 Server with Star Topology

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Conclusion
Computer network is the very large area. And generally we want a network which have a high
speed of transmission and very less of error while Communicating. Computer network wants
speed, accuracy, adequacy and security. These are the all future aspects of computer network
which we will have to consider.

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