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S16-14 Design of steel structures

16 Open-web steel joists 75

16.1 Scope 75
16.2 General 75
16.3 Materials 75
16.4 Design documents 75
16.4.1 Building structural design documents 75
16.4.2 Joist design documents 76
16.5 Design 76
16.5.1 Loading for open-web steel joists 76
16.5.2 Design assumptions 76
16.5.3 Member and connection resistance 77
16.5.4 Width-to-thickness ratios 77
16.5.5 Bottom chord 77
16.5.6 Top chord 78
16.5.7 Webs 79
16.5.8 Spacers and battens 79
16.5.9 Connections and splices 79
16.5.10 Bearings 80
16.5.11 Anchorage 81
16.5.12 Deflection 81
16.5.13 Camber 81
16.5.14 Vibration 81
16.5.15 Welding 82
16.6 Stability during construction 82
16.7 Bridging 82
16.7.1 General 82
16.7.2 Installation 82
16.7.3 Types 82

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16.7.4 Diagonal bridging 82
16.7.5 Horizontal bridging 82
16.7.6 Attachment of bridging 82
16.7.7 Anchorage of bridging 82
16.7.8 Bridging systems 83
16.7.9 Spacing of bridging 83
16.8 Decking 83
16.8.1 Decking to provide lateral support 83
16.8.2 Deck attachments 83
16.8.3 Diaphragm action 83
16.8.4 Cast-in-place slabs 83
16.8.5 Installation of steel deck 84
16.9 Shop coating 84
16.10 Manufacturing tolerances 84
16.11 Inspection and quality control 85
16.11.1 Inspection 85
16.11.2 Identification and control of steel 85
16.11.3 Quality control 85
16.12 Handling and erection 85
16.12.1 General 85
16.12.2 Erection tolerances 86

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S16-14 Design of steel structures

17 Composite beams, trusses, and joists 86

17.1 Application 86
17.2 Definitions 86
17.3 General 87
17.3.1 Deflections 87
17.3.2 Vertical shear 88
17.3.3 End connections 88
17.3.4 Steel deck 88
17.4 Design effective width of concrete 89
17.5 Slab reinforcement 89
17.5.1 General 89
17.5.2 Parallel reinforcement 89
17.5.3 Transverse reinforcement — Concrete slab on metal deck 89
17.5.4 Transverse reinforcement — Ribbed slabs 89
17.6 Interconnection 90
17.7 Shear connectors 90
17.7.1 General 90
17.7.2 End-welded studs 90
17.7.3 Channel connectors 91
17.8 Ties 92
17.9 Design of composite beams with shear connectors 92
17.10 Design of composite beams without shear connectors 94
17.11 Unshored beams 94
17.12 Beams during construction 95

18 Composite columns 95
18.1 Resistance prior to composite action 95
18.2 Concrete-filled hollow structural sections 95

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18.2.1 General 95
18.2.2 Compressive resistance 95
18.2.3 Bending resistance 96
18.2.4 Axial compression and bending 97
18.3 Partially encased composite columns 98
18.3.1 General 98
18.3.2 Compressive resistance 98
18.3.3 Bending resistance 99
18.3.4 Axial compression and bending 99
18.3.5 Special reinforcement for seismic zones 100
18.4 Encased composite columns 100
18.4.1 General 100
18.4.2 Compressive resistance 100
18.4.3 Reinforcement 101
18.4.4 Columns with multiple steel shapes 101
18.4.5 Load transfer 101
18.4.6 Bending resistance 101

19 Built-up members 101

19.1 General 101
19.2 Members in compression 102

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S16-14 Design of steel structures

13.8.2 Member strength and stability — Class 1 and Class 2 sections of I-shaped members 60
13.8.3 Member strength and stability — All classes of sections except Class 1 and Class 2 sections of I-
shaped members 61
13.8.4 Value of U1 61
13.8.5 Values of ω1 61
13.9 Axial tension and bending 62
13.10 Load bearing 62
13.11 Block shear — Tension member, beam, and plate connections 63
13.12 Bolts and local connection resistance 63
13.12.1 Bolts in bearing-type connections 63
13.12.2 Bolts in slip-critical connections 64
13.13 Welds 65
13.13.1 General 65
13.13.2 Shear 65
13.13.3 Tension normal to axis of weld 66
13.13.4 Compression normal to axis of weld 67
13.14 Welds and high-strength bolts in combination 67

14 Beams and girders 67

14.1 Proportioning 67
14.2 Flanges 68
14.3 Webs 68
14.3.1 Maximum slenderness 68
14.3.2 Web crippling and yielding 69
14.3.3 Openings 69
14.3.4 Effect of thin webs on moment resistance 70
14.4 Bearing stiffeners 70
14.5 Intermediate transverse stiffeners 71

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14.6 Combined shear and moment 72
14.7 Rotational restraint at points of support 72
14.8 Copes 72
14.9 Lateral forces 72
14.10 Torsion 73

15 Trusses 73
15.1 Analysis 73
15.1.1 Simplified method 73
15.1.2 Detailed method 73
15.2 General requirements 74
15.2.1 Effective lengths of compression members 74
15.2.2 Joint eccentricities 74
15.2.3 Stability 74
15.2.4 Chord members 74
15.2.5 Web members 74
15.2.6 Compression chord supports 74
15.2.7 Maximum slenderness ratio of tension chords 74
15.2.8 Deflection and camber 74
15.3 Composite trusses 75

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S16-14 Design of steel structures

19.3 Members in tension 104

19.4 Open box-type beams and grillages 105

20 Plate walls 105

20.1 General 105
20.1.1 Definition 105
20.1.2 Lateral resistance 105
20.2 Seismic applications 106
20.3 Analysis 106
20.4 Angle of inclination 106
20.5 Limits on column and beam flexibilities 106
20.6 Infill plates 107
20.7 Beams 107
20.8 Columns 107
20.9 Anchorage of infill plates 107
20.10 Infill plate connections 107

21 Connections 108
21.1 Alignment of members 108
21.2 Unrestrained members 108
21.3 Restrained members 108
21.4 Connections of tension or compression members 109
21.5 Bearing joints in compression members 109
21.6 Lamellar tearing 109
21.7 Placement of fasteners and welds 109
21.8 Fillers 110
21.8.1 Fillers in bolted connections 110
21.8.2 Fillers in welded connections 110

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21.9 Welds in combination 110
21.10 Fasteners and welds in combination 110
21.10.1 New connections 110
21.10.2 Existing connections 111
21.11 High-strength bolts (in slip-critical joints) and rivets in combination 111
21.12 Connected elements under combined tension and shear stresses 111

22 Design and detailing of bolted connections 111

22.1 General 111
22.2 Design of bolted connections 111
22.2.1 Use of snug-tightened high-strength bolts 111
22.2.2 Use of pretensioned high-strength bolts 111
22.2.3 Joints subject to fatigue loading 111
22.2.4 Effective bearing area 112
22.2.5 Fastener components 112
22.3 Detailing of bolted connections 112
22.3.1 Minimum pitch 112
22.3.2 Minimum edge distance 112
22.3.3 Maximum edge distance 112
22.3.4 Minimum end distance 112
22.3.5 Bolt holes 113

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S16-14 Design of steel structures

23 Installation and inspection of bolted joints 114

23.1 Connection fit-up 114
23.2 Surface conditions for slip-critical connections 114
23.3 Minimum bolt length 114
23.4 Use of washers 114
23.5 Storage of fastener components for pretensioned bolt assemblies 115
23.6 Snug-tightened bolt assemblies 115
23.7 Pretensioned high-strength bolt assemblies 115
23.7.1 Installation procedure 115
23.7.2 Turn-of-nut method 115
23.7.3 Use of ASTM F959 washers 116
23.7.4 Use of ASTM F1852 and ASTM F2280 bolts 116
23.8 Inspection procedures 116

24 Welding 116
24.1 Arc welding 116
24.2 Resistance welding 117
24.3 Fabricator and erector qualification 117

25 Column bases and anchor rods 117

25.1 Loads 117
25.2 Minimum number of anchor rods 117
25.3 Resistance 117
25.3.1 Concrete in compression 117
25.3.2 Tension 117
25.3.3 Shear 118
25.3.4 Anchor rods in shear and tension 118
25.3.5 Anchor rods in tension and bending 118

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25.3.6 Moment on column base 119
25.4 Fabrication and erection 119
25.4.1 Fabrication 119
25.4.2 Erection 119

26 Fatigue 119
26.1 General 119
26.2 Proportioning 120
26.3 Live-load-induced fatigue 120
26.3.1 Calculation of stress range 120
26.3.2 Design criteria 120
26.3.3 Cumulative fatigue damage 120
26.3.4 Fatigue constants and detail categories 121
26.3.5 Limited number of cycles 121
26.4 Distortion-induced fatigue 121
26.5 High-strength bolts 121

27 Seismic design 122

27.1 General 122
27.1.1 Scope 122
27.1.2 Capacity design 122

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S16-14 Design of steel structures

27.1.3 Seismic load path 122

27.1.4 Members and connections supporting gravity loads 122
27.1.5 Material requirements 123
27.1.6 Bolted connections 124
27.1.7 Probable yield stress 124
27.1.8 Stability effects 124
27.1.9 Protected zones 125
27.2 Type D (ductile) moment-resisting frames, Rd = 5.0, Ro = 1.5 125
27.2.1 General 125
27.2.2 Beams 125
27.2.3 Columns 126
27.2.4 Column joint panel zone 127
27.2.5 Beam-to-column joints and connections 128
27.2.6 Bracing 128
27.2.7 Fasteners 129
27.2.8 Protected zones 129
27.3 Type MD (moderately ductile) moment-resisting frames, Rd = 3.5, Ro = 1.5 129
27.4 Type LD (limited-ductility) moment-resisting frames, Rd = 2.0, Ro = 1.3 129
27.4.1 General 129
27.4.2 Beams and columns 130
27.4.3 Column joint panel zone 130
27.4.4 Beam-to-column connections 130
27.5 Type MD (moderately ductile) concentrically braced frames, Rd = 3.0, Ro = 1.3 131
27.5.1 General 131
27.5.2 Bracing systems 131
27.5.3 Diagonal bracing members 132
27.5.4 Brace connections 133
27.5.5 Columns, beams, and connections other than brace connections 134

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27.5.6 Columns with braces intersecting between horizontal diaphragms 135
27.5.7 Protected zones 135
27.6 Type LD (limited-ductility) concentrically braced frames, Rd = 2.0, Ro = 1.3 135
27.6.1 General 135
27.6.2 Bracing systems 135
27.6.3 Diagonal bracing members 136
27.6.4 Bracing connections 136
27.6.5 Columns, beams, and other connections 136
27.6.6 Columns with braces intersecting between horizontal diaphragms 136
27.7 Type D (ductile) eccentrically braced frames, Rd = 4.0, Ro = 1.5 137
27.7.1 General 137
27.7.2 Link beam 137
27.7.3 Link resistance 138
27.7.4 Link length 139
27.7.5 Inelastic link rotation 139
27.7.6 Link stiffeners 140
27.7.7 Lateral support for link 141
27.7.8 Link beam-to-column connection 141
27.7.9 Beam outside the link 141
27.7.10 Modular link-to-beam connections 142
27.7.11 Diagonal braces 142

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S16-14 Design of steel structures

27.7.12 Brace-to-beam connection 143

27.7.13 Columns 143
27.7.14 Protected zone 143
27.8 Type D (ductile) buckling restrained braced frames, Rd = 4.0, Ro = 1.2 143
27.8.1 General 143
27.8.2 Bracing systems 144
27.8.3 Bracing members 144
27.8.4 Brace connections 145
27.8.5 Beams, columns, and connections other than brace connections 145
27.8.6 Testing 145
27.8.7 Protected zone 145
27.9 Type D (ductile) plate walls, Rd = 5.0, Ro = 1.6 146
27.9.1 General 146
27.9.2 Infill plates 146
27.9.3 Beams 146
27.9.4 Columns 147
27.9.5 Minimum stiffness for beams and columns 147
27.9.6 Column joint panel zones 147
27.9.7 Beam-to-column joints and connections 147
27.9.8 Protected zones 148
27.10 Type LD (limited-ductility) plate walls, Rd = 2.0, Ro = 1.5 148
27.10.1 General 148
27.10.2 Infill plates 148
27.10.3 Beams 148
27.10.4 Columns 149
27.10.5 Column joint panel zones 149
27.10.6 Beam-to-column joints and connections 149
27.11 Conventional construction, Rd = 1.5, Ro = 1.3 149

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27.12 Special seismic construction 150

28 Shop and field fabrication and coating 150

28.1 Cambering, curving, and straightening 150
28.2 Thermal cutting 151
28.3 Sheared or thermally cut edge finish 151
28.4 Fastener holes 151
28.4.1 Drilled and punched holes 151
28.4.2 Holes at plastic hinges 151
28.4.3 Thermally cut holes 151
28.4.4 Alignment 151
28.5 Joints in contact bearing 152
28.6 Member tolerances 152
28.7 Cleaning, surface preparation, and shop coating 153
28.7.1 General 153
28.7.2 Uncoated steel 153
28.7.3 Coated steel 153
28.7.4 Special surfaces 154
28.7.5 Metallic zinc coatings 154

29 Erection 154

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S16-14 Design of steel structures

29.1 Temporary conditions 154

29.1.1 General 154
29.1.2 Temporary loads 154
29.1.3 Temporary bracing 155
29.1.4 Adequacy of temporary connections 155
29.2 Alignment 155
29.3 Erection tolerances 155
29.3.1 General 155
29.3.2 Elevation of base plates 155
29.3.3 Plumbness of columns 155
29.3.4 Horizontal alignment of members 156
29.3.5 Elevations of members 156
29.3.6 Crane runway beams 156
29.3.7 Alignment of braced members 156
29.3.8 Members with adjustable connections 156
29.3.9 Column splices 156
29.3.10 Welded joint fit-up 157
29.3.11 Bolted joint fit-up 157

30 Inspection 157
30.1 General 157
30.2 Co-operation 157
30.3 Rejection 157
30.4 Inspection of high-strength bolted joints 157
30.5 Third-party welding inspection 157
30.6 Identification of steel by marking 157

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Annex A (informative) — Standard practice for structural steel 173
Annex B (informative) — Margins of safety 174
Annex C (normative) — Crane-supporting structures 176
Annex D (informative) — Recommended maximum values for deflections for specified design live, snow,
and wind loads 177
Annex E (informative) — Floor vibrations 179
Annex F (informative) — Effective lengths of columns 180
Annex G (informative) — Criteria for estimating effective column lengths in continuous frames 182
Annex H (informative) — Deflections of composite beams, joists, and trusses due to shrinkage of
concrete 184
Annex I (informative) — Arbitration procedure for pretensioning connections 188
Annex J (normative) — Qualification testing provisions for seismic moment connections and buckling
restrained braces 189
Annex K (normative) — Structural design for fire conditions 191
Annex L (informative) — Design to prevent brittle fracture 203
Annex M (informative) — Seismic design of industrial steel structures 209

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S16-14 Design of steel structures

Contents
Technical Committee on Steel Structures for Buildings 12

Preface 16

1 Scope and application 18

1.1 General 18
1.2 Requirements 18
1.3 Application 18
1.4 Other standards 18
1.5 Terminology 19

2 Reference publications 19

3 Definitions and symbols 23

3.1 Definitions 23
3.2 Symbols 26
3.3 Units 32

4 Structural documents 33
4.1 General 33
4.2 Structural design documents 33
4.3 Fabrication and erection documents 34
4.3.1 Connection design details 34
4.3.2 Shop details 34
4.3.3 Erection diagrams 34

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4.3.4 Erection procedures 34
4.3.5 Fieldwork details 34

5 Material — Standards and identification 35

5.1 Standards 35
5.1.1 General 35
5.1.2 Strength levels 35
5.1.3 Structural steel 35
5.1.4 Sheet steel 35
5.1.5 Cast steel 35
5.1.6 Forged steel 35
5.1.7 Bolts and bolt assemblies 35
5.1.8 Welding electrodes 35
5.1.9 Studs 35
5.1.10 Anchor rods 36
5.2 Identification 36
5.2.1 Methods 36
5.2.2 Unidentified structural steel 36
5.2.3 Tests to establish identification 36
5.2.4 Affidavit 36

6 Design requirements 36

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S16-14 Design of steel structures

6.1 General 36
6.1.1 Limit states 36
6.1.2 Structural integrity 37
6.2 Loads 37
6.2.1 Specified loads 37
6.2.2 Importance factors based on use and occupancy 37
6.3 Requirements under specified loads 37
6.3.1 Deflection 37
6.3.2 Camber 37
6.3.3 Dynamic effects 38
6.3.4 Resistance to fatigue 38
6.4 Requirements under factored loads 38
6.4.1 Strength 38
6.4.2 Overturning 38
6.5 Expansion and contraction 38
6.6 Corrosion protection 39
6.7 Requirements under fire conditions 39
6.8 Brittle fracture 39
6.9 Requirements under impulse loading 39

7 Factored loads and safety criterion 40

7.1 Safety during erection and construction 40
7.2 Safety criterion and effect of factored loads for the ultimate limit states 40

8 Analysis of structure 40
8.1 General 40
8.2 Types of construction 40
8.2.1 General 40

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8.2.2 Rigidly connected and continuous construction 41
8.2.3 Simple construction 41
8.2.4 Semi-rigid (partially restrained) construction 41
8.3 Analysis methods 41
8.3.1 Elastic analysis 41
8.3.2 Plastic analysis 41
8.4 Stability effects 42

9 Stability of structures and members 42

9.1 Stability of structures 42
9.2 Stability of members 42
9.2.1 Initial misalignment at brace point 42
9.2.2 Displacement of bracing systems 42
9.2.3 Function of bracing 43
9.2.4 Twisting and lateral displacements 43
9.2.5 Simplified analysis 43
9.2.6 Detailed analysis 43
9.2.7 Slabs or decks 44
9.2.8 Accumulation of forces 44
9.2.9 Torsion 44

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S16-14 Design of steel structures

10 Design lengths and slenderness ratios 44

10.1 Simple span flexural members 44
10.2 Continuous span flexural members 45
10.3 Members in compression 45
10.3.1 General 45
10.3.2 Failure mode involving bending in-plane 45
10.3.3 Failure mode involving buckling 45
10.4 Slenderness ratios 45
10.4.1 General 45
10.4.2 Maximum slenderness ratio 45

11 Width (or diameter)-to-thickness — Elements in compression 46

11.1 Classification of sections 46
11.2 Maximum width (or diameter)-to-thickness ratios of elements subject to compression 46
11.3 Width and thickness 47

12 Gross and net areas 47

12.1 Application 47
12.2 Gross area 47
12.3 Net area 47
12.3.1 General 47
12.3.2 Allowance for bolt holes 48
12.3.3 Effective net area — Shear lag 48
12.3.4 Angles 49
12.3.5 Plug or slot welds 49
12.4 Pin-connected members in tension 49
12.4.1 Effective net areas 49
12.4.2 Detail requirements 50

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13 Member and connection resistance 50
13.1 Resistance factors 50
13.2 Axial tension 50
13.3 Axial compression 51
13.3.1 Flexural buckling of doubly symmetric shapes 51
13.3.2 Flexural, torsional, or flexural-torsional buckling 51
13.3.3 Single-angle members in compression 52
13.3.4 Segmented members in compression 53
13.3.5 Members in compression subjected to elastic local buckling 54
13.4 Shear 54
13.4.1 Webs of flexural members with two flanges 54
13.4.2 Plastic analysis 56
13.4.3 Webs of flexural members not having two flanges 56
13.4.4 Pins 56
13.4.5 Gusset plates and coped beams 56
13.5 Bending — Laterally supported members 56
13.6 Bending — Laterally unsupported members 57
13.7 Lateral bracing for members in structures analyzed plastically 59
13.8 Axial compression and bending 60
13.8.1 General 60

June 2014 © 2014 CSA Group 3