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Impact OF JET - lab report

Mechanical Engineering Laboratory II (Universiti Putra Malaysia)

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Department of Mechanical &

Manufacturing Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, UPM

Course: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Course Code: EMM 3808

Session: Semester 3 (2020/2021)

Title: Impact of Jet

Group Members:

Name Matric No.

1.Wan Nasharina Binti Mohd Zaki 200641
2. Luqman Hakim Bin Noorazlan 200354
3. Mohamad Fadzlin Adam Bin Md Fadzli 203233
4. Aina Najwa Binti Nizarimi 201094

Lecturer Name: Dr. Eris Elianddy Bin Supeni

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Introduction

One way of producing mechanical work from fluid under pressure is to use the pressure to
accelerate the fluid to a high velocity in a jet. The jet is directed on to the vanes of a turbine
wheel, which is rotated by the force generated on the vanes due to the momentum change or
impulse that takes place as the jet strikes the vanes. These forces can be determined, as in
solid mechanics, using Newton’s second law, or by the momentum equation. The force
exerted by a jet of fluid on a flat or curve surface can be resolved by applying the momentum
equation. The study of these forces is essential to the study of fluid mechanics and hydraulic
machinery.

Water turbines working on this impulse principle have been constructed with outputs of the
order of 100 000kW with efficiencies greater than 90%.

Objective

the reaction forces produced by the change of momentum of a fluid flow when a jet of water
strikes a flat plate or a curved surface has been investigated and results of forces by applying
the momentum equation has been computed and compared.

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Methodology

Equipment Description

In the 5th laboratory session, equipment such as F1-10 hydraulics bench, F1-16 impacts of a
jet apparatus with three flow deflectors with deflection angles of 90, 120, and 180 degrees,
and stopwatch for timing the flow measurement have been used to carry out the impact of the
jet experiment.

The jet apparatus is a clear acrylic cylinder, a nozzle, and a flow deflector (Figure 1). Water
enters vertically from the top of the cylinder, through a nozzle striking a target, mounted on a
stem, and leaves through the outlet holes in the base of the cylinder. An air vent at the top of
the cylinder maintains the atmospheric pressure inside the cylinder. A weight pan is mounted
at the top of the stem to allow the force of the striking water to be counterbalanced by applied
masses.

Figure 1: F1-16 Impacts of a Jet Apparatus

Experimental Procedure

First, the top plate and the transparent cylinder was removed from the equipment. The top
plate was removed by releasing the knurled nuts. After that, the exit diameter of the nozzle
was checked and recorded. Then, the cylinder was replaced and the 90-degree deflector was
screwed onto the end of the shaft. The inlet tube was connected to the quick-release connector
on the bench. The top plate was replaced on the transparent cylinder. The three knurled nuts
was replaced, then tighten in sequence until the built-in circular spirit level indicates that the
top plate is horizontal. The vertical shaft was ensured to free to move and was supported by
the spring beneath the weight pan. With no weights on the weight pan, the height of the level
gauge was adjusted until it aligns with the datum line on the weight pan. The position was

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checked by gently oscillating the pan. A mass of 50 grams was placed on the weight pan, and
the pump was turned on. The bench valve was opened slowly, and the water was allowed to
impinge upon the target until the datum line on the weight pan is level with the gauge. The
flow constant was left. The flow behaviour was observed and noted during the test. The flow
rate was measured using the volumetric tank. This is achieved by closing the ball valve and
measuring the time that it takes to accumulate a known volume of fluid in the tank, as
measured from the sight glass. The water should be collected for at least one minute to
minimize timing errors. This procedure was repeated by adding an additional 50 grams
incrementally, until a maximum mass of 500 grams has been applied. The entire test was
repeated for each of the other two flow deflectors.

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Result

A. Raw Data
• Diameter of the nozzle: d= 0.008 m
• Cross sectional area of the nozzle: A= 5.0265×10-5 m2
• Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

Table 1 : Table of Raw Data

Deflector Type (degree)

90° 120° 180°
Applied Applied
Volume Time Volume Time Volume Applied
Test No. Mass Mass Time (s)
(Liters) (s) (Liters) (s) (Liters) Mass
(kg) (kg)
(kg)
1 3 14.20 0.05 3 16.00 0.05 3 16.80 0.05
2 3 11.50 0.1 3 15.10 0.1 3 16.20 0.1
3 3 10.20 0.15 3 14.00 0.15 3 15.80 0.15
4 3 9.21 0.2 3 12.00 0.2 3 14.50 0.2
5 3 8.34 0.25 3 11.00 0.25 3 13.40 0.25
6 3 7.50 0.3 3 10.00 0.3 3 12.00 0.3
7 3 6.80 0.35 3 9.00 0.35 3 11.00 0.35
8 3 5.93 0.4 3 8.00 0.4 3 10.00 0.4
9 3 5.73 0.45 3 7.00 0.45 3 9.00 0.45
10 3 5.30 0.5 3 6.50 0.5 3 8.00 0.5

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B. Results Table

Table 2 : Table of Results for Deflector Type 90 Degree

Flow Area, A (m2) =

Nozel Diameter (m) = 0.008 m 5.0265x10 -5 m2 Deflector Area (degree) = 90
Applied
Test Weight, Flow Rate, Velocity, v (Velocity)2 Force, Fy Experimental Theoretical
No. W (N) Q (m3/s) (m/s) (m/s)2 (N) Slope Slope
1 0.491 2.11E-04 4.198 17.623 0.886
2 0.981 2.61E-04 5.198 27.019 1.357
3 1.472 2.94E-04 5.849 34.211 1.720
4 1.962 3.26E-04 6.486 42.068 2.114
5 2.453 3.60E-04 7.162 51.294 2.578
0.041 0.050
6 2.943 4.00E-04 7.958 63.330 3.183
7 3.434 4.41E-04 8.774 76.983 3.869
8 3.924 5.06E-04 10.067 101.344 5.094
9 4.415 5.24E-04 10.425 108.681 5.463
10 4.905 5.66E-04 11.260 126.788 6.373

Table 3 : Table of Results for Deflector Type 120 Degree

Flow Area, A (m2) = Deflector Area (degree) =

Nozel Diameter (m) = 0.008 m 5.0265x10 -5 m2 120
Applied
Test Weight, Flow Rate, Velocity, v (Velocity)2 Force, Fy Experimental Theoretical
No. W (N) Q (m3/s) (m/s) (m/s)2 (N) Slope Slope
1 0.491 1.88E-04 3.740 13.988 1.055
2 0.981 1.99E-04 3.959 15.674 1.182
3 1.472 2.14E-04 4.257 18.122 1.366
4 1.962 2.50E-04 4.974 24.741 1.865
5 2.453 2.73E-04 5.431 29.496 2.224
0.0657 0.075
6 2.943 3.00E-04 5.968 35.617 2.686
7 3.434 3.33E-04 6.625 43.891 3.309
8 3.924 3.75E-04 7.460 55.652 4.196
9 4.415 4.29E-04 8.535 72.846 5.492
10 4.905 4.62E-04 9.191 84.474 6.369

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Table 4 : Table of Results for Deflector Type 180 Degree

Flow Area, A (m2) = Deflector Area (degree) =

Nozel Diameter (m) = 0.008 m 5.0265x10 -5 m2 180
Applied
Test Weight, Flow Rate, Velocity, v (Velocity)2 Force, Fy Experimental Theoretical
No. W (N) Q (m3/s) (m/s) (m/s)2 (N) Slope Slope
1 0.491 1.79E-04 3.561 12.681 1.275
2 0.981 1.85E-04 3.680 13.542 1.362
3 1.472 1.90E-04 3.780 14.288 1.436
4 1.962 2.07E-04 4.118 16.958 1.705
5 2.453 2.24E-04 4.456 19.856 1.996
0.1003 0.101
6 2.943 2.50E-04 4.974 24.741 2.487
7 3.434 2.73E-04 5.431 29.496 2.965
8 3.924 3.00E-04 5.968 35.617 3.581
9 4.415 3.33E-04 6.625 43.891 4.412
10 4.905 3.75E-04 7.460 55.652 5.595

Figure 1 : Graph of Applied Weight, W against Velocity Squared, v2

Applied Weight versus Velocity2

6
y = 0.1003x y = 0.0657x
y = 0.041x
5
Applied Weight, W (N)

2
90 Degree Deflector

1 120 Degree Deflector

180 Degree Deflector

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Velocity Squared, v2 (m/s)2

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Figure 2 : Graph of Force of the Water on the Deflector, Fy Against Applied Weight, W

Force of the Water on the Deflection versus Applied Weight

7
Force of the Water on the Deflector, FY (N)

y = 1.2175x
6
y = 1.1229x

5
y = 0.9801x
4

1 90 Degree Defector
120 Degree Defector
180 Degree Defector
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Applied Weight, W (N)

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Discussion

For this experiment, we used different type of deflector which is 90°, 120° and 180°. For each
type test from test 1 to 10, the applied weight was increased because to balance the water out
from the nozzle strike a target. We calculate the weight for each test using this equation 𝑊 =
𝜌𝐴𝑣 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 1). Based on time recorded and information above, we are able to to calculate
velocity and force for each test for different type of deflector. Other than that, when the
measured increased,the time needed to level up the water in volumetric is decrease. This result
also decrease the flow rate of water. When comparing th three type of deflectors, the flow rate
for the deflector type 180 degree is found to be lowest. It occurs because the more angle
deflector is more smooth to water fill up the tank than deflector with flat surface. Hence, flow
rate will become low.

For the slope we can see that have a little bit different between experimental and theoretical
slope. This thing happen due to several errors and assumptions when conductiong experiment.
Firstly, the effect of gravity on the water jet is neglected. In fact, the velocity of water jet will
decrease as it leaves the nozzle and before it collides with the target surface. The decrease in
velocity due to the acceleration due to gravity will cause more mass is needed to produce effect
of same flow rate. The other assumption made is the contact of water molecules and target
surface are assumed to be frictionless. In fact, movement of water along the targeted surface is
not totally frictionless, energy is loss in the form of heat. Moreover, the assumption of elastic
collision between water molecules and wall also cause the error of experiment. The collision
between water molecule and target surface is not completely elastic and therefore some of the
energy transform into heat energy due to friction.

Another of the errors may be the error made during setting the pointer, the pointer may not
precisely set to zero due to parallex error. Lastly, the error is was made when recording the
time because of the limitation of human eyes.

Conclusion

To summarise, a higher degree deflector a steeper gradient as shown in Appendix A¸ for

example, with a 180° deflector, its max velocity is the lowest among the three deflectors. Next,
if a lower degree deflector is used, it will obtain a higher flow rate when the heaviest weight is
applied. Based on Appendix B, \the plotting of each graph differs from the origin until the mid-
points whereby the 180° deflector has the highest momentum force at the origin but has the
lowest momentum force when a weight of heavier than 5N is used.

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References

• https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-5/
• Shirayama, Y. (1999, January). Biological results of the JET project: an overview.
In Third ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium. International Society of Offshore and
Polar Engineers.
• Bertolini, E., & JET Team. (1995). Impact of JET experimental results and
engineering development on the definition of the ITER design concept. Fusion
engineering and design, 27, 27-38.

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