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Lecture 3 Power Flow Analysis

This document provides an overview of power flow analysis and the per unit method for modeling power systems. It discusses change of base calculations, positive sequence modeling, and examples of calculating impedances in per unit. It also summarizes the Gauss-Seidel method for solving power flows, defines slack, PQ and PV buses, and provides the power flow equations. Sample problems are given to illustrate power flow calculations and determining line flows and losses.

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Justine Reyes
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52 views

Lecture 3 Power Flow Analysis

This document provides an overview of power flow analysis and the per unit method for modeling power systems. It discusses change of base calculations, positive sequence modeling, and examples of calculating impedances in per unit. It also summarizes the Gauss-Seidel method for solving power flows, defines slack, PQ and PV buses, and provides the power flow equations. Sample problems are given to illustrate power flow calculations and determining line flows and losses.

Uploaded by

Justine Reyes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

EE 410 Power System Analysis

Lecture 3 Power Flow Analysis

Per Unit Method, Change of Base and Positive Sequence Modelling

Example 1
A certain 230 kV transmission line, with conductor code name Stilt was constructed from
Substation A to B, 40 km long. Looking at the conductor data, stilt has the following specs: RAC
at 60 Hz = 0.0805 Ω/km, XL(AC) at 60 Hz = 0.2535 Ω/km. Calculate Zpu if Vbase = 230 kV and Sbase
= 100 MVA.

Change of Base
𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑑 2
𝑍𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑜𝑙𝑑 [ ][ ]
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤

For transformer, Zrating = %IZ of transformer


For generator and motor, Zrating = X”d (subtransient reactance)

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EE 410 Power System Analysis
Lecture 3 Power Flow Analysis

Example 2
A certain transformer rated 10 MVA, 34.5/0.48 kV has %IZ = 5.75% with an X/R = 6.
Determine the new Zpu if Vbase at the primary region is 34.5 kV and Sbase = 100 MVA.

Example 3
A 30 MVA, 4.16 kV three-phase generator has a subtransient reactance (X”d) of 0.20.
Determine the value of Znew, if the Vbase = 4.16 kV and Sbase = 100 MVA.

The value of Sbase, which is selected or decided by the engineer, remains the same through
any part of the power system. However, Vbase is being dictated by regions depending on the voltage
transformation of transformer.

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EE 410 Power System Analysis
Lecture 3 Power Flow Analysis

Example 4
Using the power system below, draw the positive sequence model/network diagram.
Assume Vbase = 11 kV at G1 and G2 region. Also, assume Sbase = 100 MVA.

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EE 410 Power System Analysis
Lecture 3 Power Flow Analysis

Power Flow Analysis


Introduction
In the previous chapters, modelling of the major components of an electric power system
was discussed. This chapter deals with the steady-state analysis of an interconnected power system
during normal operation. The system is assumed to be operating under balanced condition and is
represented by a single-phase network. The network contains hundreds of nodes and branches with
impedances specified in per unit on a common MVA base.
Power flow studies, commonly referred to as load flow, are the backbone of power system
analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling and
exchange of power between utilities. In addition, power flow analysis is required for many other
analyses such as transient stability and contingency studies.

Basic Load Flow Calculation


Simple load flow calculations can be used in distribution power systems or in industrial
power systems (inside a building or a factory). It uses point to point calculations which the method
lies mostly in Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Law (KVL/KCL).

Example 5

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EE 410 Power System Analysis
Lecture 3 Power Flow Analysis

Power Flow Solution


Power flow studies, commonly known as load flow, form an important part of power
system analysis. They are necessary for planning, economic scheduling, and control of an existing
system as well as planning its future expansion. The problem consists of determining the
magnitudes and phase angle of voltages at each bus and active and reactive power flow in each
line.
In solving a power flow problem, the system is assumed to be operating under balanced
conditions and a single-phase model is used. Four quantities are associated with each bus. These
are voltage magnitude |𝑉 |, phase angle δ, real power P, and reactive power Q. The system buses
are generally classified into three types.

Slack bus One bus, known as slack or swing bus, is taken as reference where the
magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are specified. This bus makes up the difference between
the scheduled loads and generated power that are caused by the losses in the network.

Load buses At these buses the active and reactive powers are specified. The magnitude
and the phase angle of the bus voltages are unknown. These buses are called PQ buses.

Regulated buses These buses are the generator buses. They are also known as
voltage-controlled buses. At these buses, the real power and voltage magnitude are specified. The
phase angles of the voltages and the reactive power are to be determined. The limits on the value
of the reactive power are also specified. These buses are called PV buses.

Power Flow Equation


Consider a typical bus of a power system network as shown in figure 6.7. Transmission
lines are represented by their equivalent π models where impedances have been converted to per
unit admittances on a common MVA base.

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EE 410 Power System Analysis
Lecture 3 Power Flow Analysis

Application of KCL to this bus results in

The real and reactive power at bus i is

Substituting for Ii in (6.24) yields

From the above relation, the mathematical formulation of the power flow problem results
in s system of algebraic nonlinear equations which must be solved by iterative techniques.

Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution


In the power flow study, it is necessary to solve the set of nonlinear equations represented
by (6.27) for two unknown variables at each node. In the Gauss-Seidel method (6.27) is solved for
Vi, and the iterative sequence becomes

where yij shown in lowercase letters is the actual admittance in per unit. 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ and 𝑄𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ are the net
real and reactive powers expressed in per unit. In writing the KCL, current entering bus i was
assumed positive. Thus, for buses where real and reactive powers are injected into the bus, such
as generator buses, 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ and 𝑄𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ have positive values. For load buses where real and reactive
powers are flowing away from the bus, 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ and 𝑄𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ have negative values.

If (6.27) is solved for Pi and Qi, we have

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EE 410 Power System Analysis
Lecture 3 Power Flow Analysis

The power flow solution is usually expressed in terms of the elements of the bus admittance
matrix. Since the off-diagonal elements of the bus admittance matrix Ybus, shown by uppercase
letters, are Yij = -yij, and the diagonal elements are Yij = ∑ 𝑦𝑖𝑗 , (6.28) becomes

Yii includes the admittance to ground of line charging susceptance and any other fixed admittance
to ground.

Line Flows and Losses


After the iterative solution of bus voltages, the next step is the computation of line flows
and line losses. Consider the line connecting the two buses i and j in figure 6.8.

The line current Iij, measured at bus i and defined positive in the direction i to j is given by

Similarly, the line current Iji measured at bus j and defined positive in the direction j to i is given
by

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EE 410 Power System Analysis
Lecture 3 Power Flow Analysis

The complex powers Sij from bus i to j and Sji from bus j to i are

The power loss in line i to j is the algebraic sum of the power flows determined from (6.40) and
(6.41), i.e.,

Example 6
Figure 6.9 shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system generation at
bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at buses
2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base
and the line charging susceptances are neglected.

a. Using the Gauss-Seidel method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2
and 3 (P-Q buses) accurate to four decimal places.
b. Find the slack bus real and reactive power.
c. Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram showing the direction
of line flow.

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