Network Models

OSI Model and TCP/IP Model

TMF6044
ICT Infrastructure
.
Objectives
• Explains how standards ensure greater compatibility
and interoperability between various types of
network technologies
• OSI reference model networking scheme
• The basic functions of the OSI model
General model of communication
• Using layers to analyze problems in a flow of
materials
• Source, destination, and data packets
• Media
• Protocol
• The evolution of ISO networking standards
Concept of Layers
• We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail. The process of
sending a letter to a friend would be complex if
there were no services available from the post office
Tasks involved in sending a letter
OSI Model
THE OSI MODEL
• Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated
to worldwide agreement on international standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in
the late 1970s.
What you need to know?
• The purpose of the OSI reference model
• The seven layers of the OSI reference model
• The functions of each layer
• Encapsulation
• Names for data at each layer of the OSI model
Introduction
• OSI stands for Open System Interconnection
developed by the International Standards
Organization (ISO)
• The model is NOT a standard, but rather is a
representation that is useful in understanding how
data communications happens
• In the OSI reference model, there are seven
numbered layers, each of which illustrates a
particular network function. This separation of
networking functions is called layering.
Fundamentals of the OSI model
• Layered Architecture
• Peer-to-Peer Processes
• Encapsulation
Layered Architecture
why it divide into different layer?

• OSI model - easy to debug

- have a separate function

composed of
seven layers
Peer-to-Peer Processes
• The processes on each machine that communicate
at given layer of the OSI model at the source must
communicate with its peer layer at the destination
• Each layer's protocol exchanges information,
called protocol data units (PDUs), between peer
layers
Message structure of OSI model

MESSAGE

MESSAGE

MESSAGE

Segments

PACKETS

FRAMES

BITS
Peer to Peer Communications
Encapsulation
• Encapsulation wraps data with the necessary
protocol information before network transit
• At each layer, a header (h) or possibly a trailer (t),
can be added to the data unit.
An exchange using the OSI model
A conceptual view of data encapsulation
Data Encapsulation Example
TCP Header Format

kenak sequence number sbb setiap data chop into different part
IP Header Format
Frame Header and Trailer
What are the seven layers?
Alligator
Pet
Steve’s
Touch
Not
Do
Please
Why a Layered Network Model?

• Reduce complexity
• Standardizes interfaces
• Facilitates modular engineering
• Ensures interoperable technology
• Accelerates evolution
• Simplifies teaching and learning
Organization of the layers
• 1, 2, and 3 (physical, data link, network) classified as the
network support layers. They deal with the physical
aspects of pushing the data; physical addressing, actual
electrical connections, etc.
• 4 (transport) It has the job of insuring that what was
transmitted across the network is in a form that the
upper layers can use.
• 5, 6, and 7 (session, presentation, and application) can
be considered the user support layers they allow inter
operability among unrelated software packages or
systems.
OSI MODEL IN DETAILS
OSI Model Functional Drawing
The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
• Network Processes to
Applications
– Provides network services to
application processes (such
as electronic mail, files
transfer, and terminal
emulation)
Application Layer
• Refers to application interfaces. Example MHS (Message
handling Service) is an interface that enable a variety of
email programs can be used on a intranet.
• Is closest to the user
• Provides network services to applications
• Does not provide services to any other OSI layer
• Think of browsers
The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
• Data Representation
– Ensure data is readable by
receiving system
– Format of data
– Data structure
– Negotiates data transfer
syntax for application layer
Presentation Layer
• Ensures that the information that the application layer of
one system sends out is readable by the application
layer of another system
– Translation
• ensuring interoperability between different encoding
• Changes information from sender-dependant format into common
format and to receiver-dependant format
– Encryption (sender)/ Decryption (receiver) of data
– Compression
• To reduces the number of bits contained in the information
• Text, audio, and video
• Think of a common data format
The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
• Inter-host communication
– Establishes, manages and
terminates sessions between
applications
Session Layer
• Synchronizes dialogue between the two hosts'
presentation layers and manages their data
exchange
• Offers provisions for efficient data transfer, class of
service, and exception reporting
• Think of dialogues and conversations or transaction
The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
• End to end connections
– Concerned with
transportation issues between
hosts / process
– Data transport reliability
– Establish, maintain, terminate
virtual circuits
– Fault detection and recovery
– Information flow control
Transport Layer
• Segments the data into acceptable packet size
• Responsible for data integrity of packet segments
• Provide a data transport service that shields the
upper layers from transport implementation details
• Levels of service are segmenting, reassembly, error
recovery, flow control
• Think of quality of service, and reliability
The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
• Address and Best Path
– Provides connectivity and
path selection between end
systems
– Domain of routing
Network Layer
• Think of path selection, routing, and addressing.
• Sometime called Internet layer.
• The header includes the source and destination
addresses, the sequence order, and other data
necessary for correct routing and rebuilding at the
destination.
The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
• Access to Media
– Provides reliable transfer of
data across media
– Physical addressing, network
topology, error notification,
flow control modem connect to
the service provider

– Example : Ethernet, Point-to-

Point Protocol (PPP), High-
level Data Link Control (HDLC)
and Advanced Data
Communication Control
Procedures (ADCCP)
Data Link Layer
• It concerns with physical (as opposed to logical)
addressing, network topology, network access, error
notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow
control
• Think of frames and media access control
The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
• Binary Transmission
– Wires, connectors, voltages,
data rates
Physical Layer
• Defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and
functional specifications for activating, maintaining,
and deactivating the physical link between end
systems
– Voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data
rates, maximum transmission distances, physical
connectors, and other
• Think of signals and media
OSI Service Types
• Connection oriented service
– A physical link is established between the sending and receiving nodes
– This link remains in effect for the duration of the session
– After the session is completed, the link is removed.
– Wasted bandwidth, link remain even during idle periods of a transmission
– Exp: telephone system

• Connectionless
– No physical link is established
– A message is partitioned into packets and routed through the network
– Each packet is independent of the other packets
– Packets can arrive out of order
– Example: post office (once mailed, the mail / parcel do not necessarily
follow exactly the same delivery route)
– It is reliable or unreliable (regular letter versus register letter)
Summary of OSI layers
Model of TCP/IP
History of Internet
• Under the project or ARPA (advanced Research
Projects Agency) within the Department of Defense
(DoD)
• Early interenetwork called ARPANET
• Access restricted to the military, defense contractors
and university personnel involved in defense
research.
Father of Internet
TCP/IP
• TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol
stack make data communication possible between
any two computers, anywhere in the world
• It is the protocol that defines how transmissions are
exchanged across the Internet
• U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)
TCP/IP protocol suite
• The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly
match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers:
host-to-network, internet, transport, and application.
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can
say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five
layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and
application.
Comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP Layers
TCP/IP’s application layer
corresponds to OSI’s
application, presentation,
and session layer

TCP/IP’s host-to-host
transport layer
corresponds to OSI’s
transport layer

TCP/IP’s Internet layer

corresponds to OSI’s
network layer

TCP/IP’s network interface

layer corresponds to OSI’s
data link and physical
layer
Application Layer
• Higher level protocols should include the session and
presentation layer details
• Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation,
encoding, and dialog control
• Serve as the communication interface for users by
providing specific application services to the user
such as remote terminal login, file transfer, email.
• Application protocols include Telnet, FTP, and SMTP
Transport Layer
• Also called, host-to host transport layer
• Deals with the quality-of-service issues of reliability,
flow control, and error correction
• End-to end data delivery
• Two protocols
– Transmission control protocol (TCP)
– User datagram protocol (UDP)
– Stream Control Transmission protocol (SCTP)
Internet Layer
• Also called network layer
• Transfers user messages from a source host to a
destination host
• Internet / Internetworking protocol (IP)
• Best path determination and packet switching
• Example: Postal system
Network Access Layer
• Host-to-network layer
• Physical + Data Link
• Making a connection to the physical medium.
• Includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and
all the details in the OSI physical and data link layers
Protocol Graph: TCP/IP
Layer 5: Application Layer

Layer 4: Transport Layer

Layer 3: Network Layer

Layer 1 & 2:
Network Access Layer
Applications
• FTP - File Transfer Protocol
• HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer protocol
• DNS - Domain Name System
• TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol
• The transport layer involves two protocols -
transmission control protocol (TCP) and user
datagram protocol (UDP)
• There is only one network protocol – internet /
internetworking protocol, or IP
• The network access layer, refers to the particular LAN
or WAN technology that is being used
Comparing TCP/IP with OSI
OSI Model and TCP/IP Model (1)
OSI Model and TCP/IP Model (2)
Similarities
• Both have layers
• Both have application layers, though they include very
different services
• Both have comparable transport and network layers
• Packet-switched (not circuit-switched) technology is
assumed
• Networking professionals need to know both
Differences
• TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer
issues into its application layer
• TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical
layers into one layer
• TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers
• TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the
Internet developed, so the TCP/IP model gains
credibility just because of its protocols. In contrast,
typically networks aren't built on the OSI protocol,
even though the OSI model is used as a guide
Summary of TCP/IP
• Internet Layer
– Heart and soul is Internet / Internetworking Protocol (IP) – the IP
of TCP/IP
– Transfer user massages from source host to destination host
– It is a connectionless datagram service
– Route selection is based on some metric
– Users Internet or IP addresses as road map to locate a host
within the Internet
– Relies on routers or switches (dedicated notes that connect
two or more dissimilar network)
– Integral part is Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP),
which uses an IP datagram to carry messages about state of
communications environment
Summary of TCP/IP
• Connects a host to the local network hardware
• Makes a connection to the physical medium
• Uses a specific protocol to accessing the medium
• Places data into frames
• Effectively performs all functions of the first two layers
of the OSI model
Summary of TCP/IP
• Transport layer
– Defined by two protocol
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
– It is a connectionless protocol
– Provides unreliable datagram service(no end-to end detection or correction).
– Does not retransmit any unreceived data
– Requires little overhead
– Application protocols include Trival File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), NFS, Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP), Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), and Domain Name Service
(DNS)
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– This is the TCP of TCP/IP
– It is a connection oriented protocol
– Provides reliable data transmission via end – to end error detection and correction
– Guarantees data are transferred across a network accurately and in proper order
– Retransmits any data not received by destination node.
– Guarantees against data duplication between sending and receiving nodes
– Application protocols include Telnet, FTP, SMTP, and POP
Summary of TCP/IP
• Application layer
– Similar to OSI application layer
– Serves as communication interface by providing specific
application services
– Examples include e-mail, virtual terminal, file transfer,
WWW
Addressing
Physical addresses, logical (IP) addresses, port
addresses, specific addresses
Type of addresses
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
Physical address
• Known as link address
• It included in the frame used by the data link layer.
• Lowest level address
• Most LAN use a 48 bit (6 byte) physical address
written as 12 hex digits
• 07:01:02:01:2C:4B
Logical address
• Uniquely define a host connected to the Internet
• A logical address in the Internet is currently 32 bit
address
• It remains the same address from the source to
destination
• 192.168.2.1
Port address
• Used to label the different processes
• For example, computer A can communicate with
computer B by using TELNET (port 23).
• 16 bit in length in TCP/IP
• Specific services use different port
– Web server service HTTP – Port 80
– DNS service – Port 53
– Secure HTTP – Port 443
Common TCP/UDP Ports

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers
Specific Addresses
• User friendly address
– example: email address ([email protected])
– URL (universal Resource Locator) (www.yahoo.com)
Summary
• OSI reference model
• TCP/IP
• Seven numbered layers
• Encapsulation
• Peer-to-Peer Communications
• Addressing