Certainly!

Below is a consolidated list of Ubuntu/Linux commands categorized by their functions:

1. File Management:

a. ls
- Description: Lists directory contents.
- Usage: ls [options] [directory]
- Example:
$ ls
Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Videos

b. cp
- Description: Copies files and directories.
- Usage: cp [options] source destination
- Example:
$ cp file1.txt file2.txt

c. mv
- Description: Moves or renames files and directories.
- Usage: mv [options] source destination
- Example:
$ mv file1.txt /path/to/new/location/

d. rm
- Description: Removes files or directories.
- Usage: rm [options] file/directory
- Example:
$ rm oldfile.txt

e. mkdir
- Description: Creates a new directory.
- Usage: mkdir [options] directory_name
- Example:
$ mkdir new_directory

f. rmdir
- Description: Deletes an empty directory.
- Usage: rmdir [options] directory
- Example:
$ rmdir empty_directory

g. touch
- Description: Creates an empty file or updates the access and modification times of an existing
file.
- Usage: touch [options] file
- Example:
$ touch newfile.txt

2. Directory Navigation:

a. cd
- Description: Changes the current directory.
- Usage: cd [directory]
- Example:
$ cd Documents

b. pwd
- Description: Prints the current working directory.
- Usage: pwd
- Example:
$ pwd
/home/user/Documents

c. ls
- Description: Lists directory contents.
- Usage: ls [options] [directory]
- Example:
$ ls -l

d. pushd
- Description: Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack and changes to it.
- Usage: pushd [directory]
- Example:
$ pushd /path/to/directory
e. popd
- Description: Removes the top directory from the directory stack and changes to the new top
directory.
- Usage: popd
- Example:
$ popd

3. File Viewing and Editing:

a. cat
- Description: Concatenates and displays file contents.
- Usage: cat [options] [file]
- Example:
$ cat file.txt

b. nano
- Description: Simple text editor for creating and editing files.
- Usage: nano [file]
- Example:
$ nano newfile.txt

c. less
- Description: Allows viewing file contents one screen at a time.
- Usage: less [file]
- Example:
$ less longfile.txt

d. head
- Description: Displays the beginning of a file.
- Usage: head [options] [file]
- Example:
$ head -n 10 file.txt

e. tail
- Description: Displays the end of a file.
- Usage: tail [options] [file]
- Example:
$ tail -f logfile.log

4. Process Management:

a. ps
- Description: Displays information about running processes.
- Usage: ps [options]
- Example:
$ ps aux

b. kill
- Description: Sends a signal to terminate a process.
- Usage: kill [options] PID
- Example:
$ kill 1234

c. top
- Description: Displays real-time system resource usage and running processes.
- Usage: top
- Example:
$ top

d. pgrep
- Description: Returns the process IDs (PIDs) of processes based on name.
- Usage: pgrep [options] process_name
- Example:
$ pgrep sshd

e. pkill
- Description: Sends a signal to terminate processes based on name.
- Usage: pkill [options] process_name
- Example:
$ pkill -9 firefox
5. System Information:

a. uname
- Description: Prints system information.
- Usage: uname [options]
- Example:
$ uname -a

b. df
- Description: Displays disk space usage.
- Usage: df [options]
- Example:
$ df -h

c. free
- Description: Displays memory usage.
- Usage: free [options]
- Example:
$ free -m

d. uptime
- Description: Displays system uptime and load averages.
- Usage: uptime
- Example:
$ uptime

e. lsblk
- Description: Lists information about block devices (disk drives and partitions).
- Usage: lsblk [options]
- Example:
$ lsblk

f. lshw
- Description: Displays detailed hardware configuration.
- Usage: lshw [options]
- Example:
$ sudo lshw -short

g. htop
- Description: Interactive process viewer, similar to top, but with more advanced features and
customization options.
- Usage: htop
- Example:
$ htop

6. User Management:

a. useradd
- Description: Adds a new user to the system.
- Usage: useradd [options] username
- Example:
$ sudo useradd newuser

b. passwd
- Description: Changes the password for a user account.
- Usage: passwd [options] username
- Example:
$ passwd newuser

c. userdel
- Description: Deletes a user account from the system.
- Usage: userdel [options] username
- Example:
$ sudo userdel olduser

d. usermod
- Description: Modifies user account properties.
- Usage: usermod [options] username
- Example:
$ sudo usermod -aG sudo username

e. groups
- Description: Displays the groups a user is a member of.
- Usage: groups [username]
- Example:
$ groups username

f. su
- Description: Switches user accounts.
- Usage: su [options] [username]
- Example:
$ su - username

g. visudo
- Description: Edit the sudoers file safely.
- Usage: visudo [options]
- Example:
$ sudo visudo

7. Networking:

a. ifconfig
- Description: Displays or configures network interfaces.
- Usage: ifconfig [interface] [options]
- Example:
$ ifconfig eth0

b. ping
- Description: Tests network connectivity by sending ICMP echo requests.
- Usage: ping [options] host
- Example:
$ ping google.com

c. netstat
- Description: Displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade
connections, and multicast memberships.
- Usage: netstat [options]
- Example:
$ netstat -ant
d. nmcli
- Description: Command-line tool for controlling NetworkManager.
- Usage: nmcli [options]
- Example:
$ nmcli device show

e. ip
- Description: Show or manipulate routing, devices, policy routing, and tunnels.
- Usage: ip [options] [object]
- Example:
$ ip addr show

f. route
- Description: Show or manipulate the IP routing table.
- Usage: route [options]
- Example:
$ route -n

8. File Permissions:

a. chmod
- Description: Changes file permissions (mode).
- Usage: chmod [options] mode file
- Example:
$ chmod +x script.sh

b. chown
- Description: Changes the owner and group of files.
- Usage: `chown [options
] owner:group file`
- Example:
$ chown user:group file.txt

c. chgrp
- Description: Changes the group ownership of files.
- Usage: chgrp [options] group file
- Example:
$ chgrp groupname file.txt

9. File Viewing and Editing:

a. vim
- Description: Powerful text editor for creating and editing files.
- Usage: vim [file]
- Example:
$ vim myfile.txt

b. grep
- Description: Searches for patterns in files.
- Usage: grep [options] pattern [file(s)]
- Example:
$ grep "pattern" file.txt

c. awk
- Description: Pattern scanning and text processing tool.
- Usage: awk [options] 'pattern {action}' [file(s)]
- Example:
$ awk '{print $1}' file.txt

10. Process Management:

a. nice
- Description: Runs a command with modified scheduling priority.
- Usage: nice [options] command
- Example:
$ nice -n 10 ./script.sh

b. renice
- Description: Changes the priority of running processes.
- Usage: renice [options] priority [[-p] pid(s)] [[-g] pgrp(s)] [[-u] user(s)]
- Example:
$ renice +10 -p 1234
c. top
- Description: Displays real-time system resource usage and running processes.
- Usage: top
- Example:
$ top

11. System Information:

a. uname
- Description: Prints system information.
- Usage: uname [options]
- Example:
$ uname -r

b. lscpu
- Description: Displays CPU information.
- Usage: lscpu
- Example:
$ lscpu

c. lsblk
- Description: Lists information about block devices (disk drives and partitions).
- Usage: lsblk [options]
- Example:
$ lsblk

d. lshw
- Description: Displays detailed hardware configuration.
- Usage: lshw [options]
- Example:
$ sudo lshw -short

e. uptime
- Description: Displays system uptime and load averages.
- Usage: uptime
- Example:
$ uptime

f. df
- Description: Displays disk space usage.
- Usage: df [options]
- Example:
$ df -h

g. free
- Description: Displays memory usage.
- Usage: free [options]
- Example:
$ free -m

12. Networking:

a. ifconfig
- Description: Displays or configures network interfaces.
- Usage: ifconfig [interface] [options]
- Example:
$ ifconfig eth0

b. ping
- Description: Tests network connectivity by sending ICMP echo requests.
- Usage: ping [options] host
- Example:
$ ping google.com

c. netstat
- Description: Displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade
connections, and multicast memberships.
- Usage: netstat [options]
- Example:
$ netstat -ant

d. nmcli
- Description: Command-line tool for controlling NetworkManager.
- Usage: nmcli [options]
- Example:
$ nmcli device show

e. ip
- Description: Show or manipulate routing, devices, policy routing, and tunnels.
- Usage: ip [options] [object]
- Example:
$ ip addr show

f. route
- Description: Show or manipulate the IP routing table.
- Usage: route [options]
- Example:
$ route -n

13. Package Management:

a. apt-get
- Description: Command-line tool for handling packages on Debian-based systems.
- Usage: apt-get [options] command
- Example:
$ sudo apt-get install package_name

b. dpkg
- Description: Package manager for Debian-based systems used to install, remove, and provide
information about .deb packages.
- Usage: dpkg [options] action
- Example:
$ dpkg -i package.deb

c. apt-cache
- Description: Query the APT package cache for package information.
- Usage: apt-cache [options] command
- Example:
$ apt-cache search package_name
d. aptitude
- Description: High-level interface to the Debian package management system.
- Usage: aptitude [options] command
- Example:
$ sudo aptitude install package_name

e. dpkg-reconfigure
- Description: Reconfigures an already installed package.
- Usage: dpkg-reconfigure [options] package
- Example:
$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

14. Compression and Archiving:

a. tar
- Description: Manipulates archives in Linux.
- Usage: tar [options] file
- Example:
$ tar -cvzf archive.tar.gz directory/

b. gzip
- Description: Compresses files using the gzip algorithm.
- Usage: gzip [options] file
- Example:
$ gzip file.txt

c. zip
- Description: Compresses files into ZIP archives.
- Usage: zip [options] zipfile file(s)
- Example:
$ zip -r archive.zip directory/

d. unzip
- Description: Extracts files from ZIP archives.
- Usage: unzip [options] zipfile
Example:
$ unzip archive.zip

e. gunzip
- Description: Decompresses files compressed with gzip.
- Usage: gunzip [options] file.gz
- Example:
$ gunzip file.gz

f. tar
- Description: Manipulates archives in Linux.
- Usage: tar [options] file
- Example:
$ tar -xvf archive.tar

15. System Maintenance:

a. shutdown
- Description: Shuts down or restarts the system.
- Usage: shutdown [options] [time]
- Example:
$ sudo shutdown -h now

b. reboot
- Description: Restarts the system.
- Usage: reboot [options]
- Example:
$ sudo reboot

c. date
- Description: Displays or sets the system date and time.
- Usage: date [options] [+FORMAT]
- Example:
$ date

d. fsck
- Description: Checks and repairs Linux filesystems.
- Usage: fsck [options] filesystem
- Example:
$ sudo fsck /dev/sda1

e. badblocks
- Description: Searches for bad blocks on a storage device.
- Usage: badblocks [options] device
- Example:
$ sudo badblocks -v /dev/sda

f. sync
- Description: Flushes file system buffers to disk.
- Usage: sync
- Example:
$ sync

16. Text Processing:

a. awk
- Description: Pattern scanning and text processing tool.
- Usage: awk [options] 'pattern {action}' [file(s)]
- Example:
$ awk '{print $1}' file.txt

b. sed
- Description: Stream editor for filtering and transforming text.
- Usage: sed [options] 'command' [file(s)]
- Example:
$ sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt

c. grep
- Description: Searches for patterns in files.
- Usage: grep [options] pattern [file(s)]
- Example:
$ grep "pattern" file.txt
17. System Configuration:

a. hostname
- Description: Displays or sets the system's hostname.
- Usage: hostname [options] [hostname]
- Example:
$ hostname

b. ifconfig
- Description: Displays or configures network interfaces.
- Usage: ifconfig [options] [interface]
- Example:
$ ifconfig eth0 up

c. sysctl
- Description: Configures kernel parameters at runtime.
- Usage: sysctl [options] [variable=value]
- Example:
$ sudo sysctl -w vm.swappiness=10

d. shutdown
- Description: Shuts down or restarts the system.
- Usage: shutdown [options] [time]
- Example:
$ sudo shutdown -h now

e. reboot
- Description: Restarts the system.
- Usage: reboot [options]
- Example:
$ sudo reboot

f. date
- Description: Displays or sets the system date and time.
- Usage: date [options] [+FORMAT]
- Example:
$ date

18. Shell Scripting:

a. echo
- Description: Display a line of text.
- Usage: echo [options] [string]
- Example:
$ echo "Hello, world!"

b. read
- Description: Read a line from standard input.
- Usage: read [options] [variable]
- Example:
$ read -p "Enter your name: " name

c. if
- Description: Conditionally execute a command.
- Usage: if [condition]; then [command]; fi
- Example:
$ if [ $var -eq 0 ]; then echo "Success"; else echo "Failure"; fi

19. System Utilities:

a. hostname
- Description: Displays or sets the system's hostname.
- Usage: hostname [options] [hostname]
- Example:
$ hostname

b. uptime
- Description: Displays system uptime and load averages.
- Usage: uptime
- Example:
$ uptime
c. whoami
- Description: Displays the current logged-in username.
- Usage: whoami
- Example:
$ whoami

d. top
- Description: Displays real-time system resource usage and running processes.
- Usage: top
- Example:
$ top

e. htop
- Description: Interactive process viewer, similar to top, but with more advanced features and
customization options.
- Usage: htop
- Example:
$ htop

f. dmesg
- Description: Displays kernel ring buffer messages, including boot messages and hardware-
related messages.
- Usage: dmesg [options]
- Example:
$ dmesg | grep -i error

g. shutdown
- Description: Shuts down or restarts the system.
- Usage: shutdown [options] [time]
- Example:
$ sudo shutdown -h now

h. reboot
- Description: Restarts the system.
- Usage: reboot [options]
- Example:
$ sudo reboot

i. date
- Description: Displays or sets the system date and time.
- Usage: date [options] [+FORMAT]
- Example:
$ date

j. df
- Description: Displays disk space usage.
- **
Usage**: df [options]
- Example:
$ df -h

k. free
- Description: Displays memory usage.
- Usage: free [options]
- Example:
$ free -m

l. who
- Description: Displays information about currently logged-in users.
- Usage: who [options]
- Example:
$ who

m. w
- Description: Displays information about currently logged-in users and their processes.
- Usage: w [options]
- Example:
$ w