MODULE IN GEC 3

(THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD)

CHAPTER 1: GLOBALIZATION: DEFINITIONS, IMPORTANCE AND ITS

IMPACTS/EFFECTS, METAPHORS AND FORMS
Chapter Introduction
The Contemporary World is an ever changing mix of social and political changes.
Challenges of the 21st century includes the emerging technologies, health care, overpopulation,
climate change, poverty, illiteracy, disease and migration.
In this chapter, the different definitions of Globalization, its importance will be discussed.
We all know that globalization is not just a simple topic that we can explained it in one sentence.
In fact it is a broad topic which are also interrelated on the different sectors of the society.
The term globalization is derived from the word “globalize” which refers to the emergence
of an international network of economic systems.
Actually, most globalization scholars viewed this concept as a primarily an economic
process usually referring to the integration of the national markets to a wider global market
signified by the increased free trade.
However, anti-globalist groups believed that globalization negatively affect that force
poorer countries of the world to do whatever the big developed countries are dictated them to
do. Another viewpoint is that developed countries, including Canada, are the ones who may lose
out because they are involved in outsourcing many of the manufacturing jobs that used to be
done by their own citizens. Thus, in this chapter these topics will be discussed.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Concern for others; cooperation

Lesson 1 - GLOBALIZATION: DEFINITIONS, IMPORTANCE AND ITS

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES; METAPHORS, NATURE AND FORMS

Introduction:

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In this chapter, different definitions of globalization will be discussed which reveals a
variety of perspectives. It is further said that globalization is moving towards a borderless world
that we can explore different countries without having dangers such as travelling abroad. Aside
from the benefits globalization has also a negative results that brings not only on the economic
aspect, but also cultural, political, ecological, and military.
In addition, metaphors and forms of globalization will also be discussed in this chapter.
Its liquidity and solidity as well as its forms: economic, political, cultural, environmental, military,
and criminal globalizations.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. Write a personal definition of globalization based on a concept map
2. Discuss the different definition of globalization cited by different authors.
3. Identify the importance and impacts of Globalization as well as its metaphors and forms.

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

1. Why do we need to study globalization?
2. Do you have any idea of what globalization is?
3. Does globalization mean that all countries of the world are becoming the same?
4. Does it mean the integration of economic, political, and cultural systems around the
world?
5. Does it mean that individual countries will not be able to make business and trade
decisions on their own but will have to consult other countries?
6. If these are the realities of globalization, what kinds of impacts will it have on the way we
live? Is globalization good or bad? Is it beneficial or detrimental?

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

DEFINING GLOBALIZATION: THERE ARE SEVERAL DEFINITIONS.

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o Much has changed since time immemorial; “Globalization is a very important change, if not,
“the most important” (Bauman, 2013).
o The omnipresence of globalization we refer it as “global age” (Albrow, 1996). The presence
of internet by simply browsing google as well as mass media allows us for connecting
people, communities, and countries all over the world.
o According to The G-World, Globalization first used in 1959; the noun appears in the Oxford
English dictionary in 1962; but three decades passed before GLOBALIZATION was
developed in social sciences as a paradigm. And it was in 1992 through Roland Robertson
that Globalization is applied to almost everything.
o Anthony Giddens defined “Globalization as a concept refers both to the compression of the
world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”
o Roland Robertson defined “Globalization as a concept refers to both the compression of
the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole.” The key
dynamics at play here are global interconnectedness and global consciousness.
o David Held defined “Globalization may be thought of as a process … which embodies a
transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions … generating
transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction, and the exercise
of power.”
o Manfred Steger defined “Globalization as The expansion and intensification of social
relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space.”
 Expansion refers to “both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of
existing connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural, and
geographical boundaries.
 Intensification refers to the expansion, stretching, and acceleration of these networks.
Not only are global connections multiply but they are also becoming more closely-knit and
expanding their reach.
o “Globalization means the onset of the borderless world (Ohmae 1992).” This is an example
of a broad and inclusive type of definition because it includes a variety of issues that deal
with overcoming traditional boundaries.
o According to Robert Cox, “the characteristics of Globalization trend include the
internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, new migratory

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movements from North to South, the new competitive environment that accelerate these
processes, and the internationalizing of the state…making states into the agencies of the
globalizing world.”(cited in RAWOO Netherlands Development Assistance Council,2000.)
o George Ritzer defined Globalization as “an increasing liquidity and the growing multi-
directional flows of people, objects, places and information as well as the structures they
encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite those flows.”
o In General…..Over-all, globalization is a concept that is not easy to define, because in reality,
it has a shifting nature.
 It is complex, multi-faceted, and can be influenced by the people who define it;
 Issues and concerns have a wide-range –from individual to society, from small
communities to nation and states, and from the benefits we can gain from it to the cost it
could carry.
 Globalization involves twin processes: the physical process of interconnectedness, or
‘compression’, which implies that the world is getting smaller.
o Arjun Appadurai
For anthropologist Arjun Appadurai, different kinds of globalization occur on multiple and
intersecting dimensions of integration that he calls scapes.
1. Ethnoscape refers to the global movement of people
2. Mediascape is about the flow of culture
3. Technoscape refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and software
4. Financescape denotes the global circulation of money
5. Ideoscape is the realm where political ideas move around.
Appadurai’s argument are simple that there are multiple globalizations that it is
divided into 5 SCAPES.

IMPORTANCE OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is about the interconnectedness of people and businesses across the world
that eventually leads to global cultural, political, and economic integration. Due to the
increased demand in high tech industry around the world, business and industry have
potential for huge profits working globally.

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ADVANTAGES/DISADVATAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION:
1. Peaceful Relations – most of the countries has resorted to trade relations with each
other in order to boost their economy, leaving behind any bitter past experiences if any.
2. Employment - considered as the most crucial advantages, globalization has led to the
generation of numerous employment opportunities. Companies are moving toward the
developing countries to acquire labour force.
3. Education - a very critical advantage that aided the population is the spread of education.
With numerous educational institutions around the globe, one can move out from home
country for better opportunities elsewhere.
4. Product quality – the product quality has been enhanced so as to retain the customers.
Today the customers may compromise with the price range but not in the quality of the
product. Poor or low quality can adversely affect consumers’ satisfaction.
5. Cheaper prices – globalization has brought in fierce competition in the market.
6. Communication – every single information is accessible from almost all corners of the
world. Circulation of information is already a tedious task, and can happen in seconds.
The internet has significantly affected the global economy, thereby providing direct
access on the information of the product.
7. Transportation – considered as the wheel of any business organization, connectivity to
the various parts of the world is no more a serious problem. Today with various mode of
transportation available, one can conveniently deliver the products to a customer located
at any part of the world.
8. GDP increase – Gross Domestic Product, commonly known as GDP, is the money value
of the final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of the country on
an accounting year.
9. Free Trade – Free Trade is the policy in which a country does not levy taxes, duties,
subsidies, or quota on the export/import of goods or services from other countries. There
are countries which have resolved to free trade in specific regions. This allows consumers
to buy goods and services, comparatively at a lower prices.

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10. Travel and Tourism – globalization has promoted tourism to great heights. International
trade among countries also help in the increase on the number of tourists that visit
different places of the world.
11. External Borrowing – with the help of globalization, there is opportunity for the
corporation, national, and sub-national borrowers to have better access to external
finance, with facilities such as external commercial borrowing and syndicated loans.

DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Health issues – Globalization has given rise to more health risks and present new threats
and challenges for epidemics. The dawn of HIV/AIDS. Having its origin in the wilderness
of Africa, the virus spread like wildfire throughout the globe in no time. Food items are
also transported to various countries, and this is a matter of concern, in of perishable
items.
2. Loss of culture – with large number of people moving in and out of the country, the
culture takes a backseat. People may adopt to the culture of the resident country. They
tend to follow the foreign culture more, forgetting their own roots. This can give rise to
cultural conflict.
3. Uneven wealth distribution - it is said that rich are getting richer, while the poor are
getting poorer. In the real sense, globalization has not even been able to reduce poverty.
4. Environmental Degradation – the industrial revolution has changed the outlook of the
economy. Industries are using natural resources by means of mining, drilling, etc. which
puts a burden on environment.
5. Disparity – though globalization has opened new avenues like wider markets and
employment, there are still disparity that exist in the development of the economies.
Structural unemployment owes to the disparity created. Developed countries are moving
their factories to foreign countries where labour is cheaply available.
6. Conflicts – it has given rise to terrorism and other forms of violence. Such acts did not
only cause the loss of human life but also huge economic losses.
7. Cut-Throat Competition – opening the doors of international trade has given birth to
intense competition. This has affected the global markets dramatically. The local players

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thereby suffer huge losses as they lack the potential to advertise or export their products
on a large scale. Therefore, the domestic market shrinks.

METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
The epochs that preceded today’s globalization paved way for people, things, information, and
places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer, 2015). Their social
relationships and objects remained where they were created.
1. Solidity - refers to the barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things;
Solids can either be natural or man-made (i.e. natural solids are land forms and bodies of
water; man-made barriers include the Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall; an
imaginary line such as nine-dash line used by China in their claim of South China Sea- is
an example of modern man-made solid.
2. Liquidity - as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container; are not fixed; it refer to
increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the
contemporary world;
o Zygmunt Bauman’s said about liquidity of globalization, that today’s liquid phenomena
change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation. This
means that space and time are crucial elements of globalization (i.e. in global finance
changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds; Their movement is difficult to stop
– i.e. videos uploaded on You Tube or Facebook are unstoppable once they are viral
(internet sensations become famous globally);
o Finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries to the flow of people and
things (Cartier, 2001). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015, p.6) regarded globalization as
the most important liquid, “it tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solid).”
The clearest example is the decline, if not death of the nation-state.

Flows
o Liquid flows of phenomena – flows are the movement of people, things, places, and
information brought by growing porosity of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015). i.e. think of a
different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by Filipinos. Aside from local

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dishes, many of us are fond of eating sushi, ramen, hamburger and French fries – foods
introduced by foreign cultures.

NATURES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. LIBERALIZATION – it stands for the freedom of the entrepreneurs to establish any
industry or trade or business venture, within their own countries or abroad.
2. FREE TRADE – it stands for the free flow of trade relations among nations. Each state
grants MFN (most favoured nation) status to other states and keeps its business away
from excessive and hard regulatory and protective regimes.
3. GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY – Economic activities are to be governed
both by the domestic market and also the world market. It stand for the process of
integrating the domestic economy to the world economies.
4. LIBERALIZATION OF IMPORT-EXPORT SYSTEM – it stands for liberating the export-
import activity and securing a free flow of goods and services across borders.
5. PRIVATIZATION – keeping the state away from ownership of means of production and
distribution letting the free flow of industrial, trade and economic activity across borders.
6. INCREASED COLLABORATION – encouraging the process of collaborations among the
entrepreneurs with a view to secure rapid modernization, development and technological
advancement.
7. ECONOMIC REFORMS – encouraging fiscal and financial reforms with a view to give
strength to free world trade, free enterprise and market forces.
8. DEREGULARIZATION – this refers to the lifting of government’s control or regulating
powers over the trade and operation of public utilities or goods, as in the case of power
and oil in the Philippines.

Globalization accepts and advocates the value of free world trade, freedom of access to world
markets and a free flow of investments across borders. It stands for integration and
democratization of the worlds’ culture, economy, and infrastructure through global investments.

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ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION (Forms) THESE ASPECTS ARE ALL
INTERCONNECTED!
1. Economic Globalization may be defined as the intercontinental exchange of products,
services, and labor. Multinational corporations have been instrumental in globalization of
both production and distribution networks.
o It refers to the increasing interdependence of the world economies as a result of a
growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international
capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies (Shangquan, 2000).
2. Political globalization is the proliferation of international and regional organizations
composed of states and the spread of non-state political actors.
o Through globalization, political issues such as rights of women and children are now
currently discussed in which this aspect promote globally certain values such as
equality, human rights, justice democracy, and moral values (Gazleh, 2001).
3. Military globalization is characterized by extensive as well as intensive networks of
military force that operate internationally.
o According to David Held, “military globalization is the process which embodies the
growing extensity and intensity of military relations among the political units of the world
system. It reflects both the expanding network of worldwide military ties and relations,
as well as the impact of key military technological innovations (from steamships to
satellites) which over time, have reconstituted them into a single geostrategic space.”
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, “military globalization entails long distance networks
interdependence in which force, and the threat or promise of force are employed.”
Example: Global alliances become clear during war time; US alliance with Britain in
wars against Afghanistan and Iraq; North Korea and its nuclear weapons - North Korea
suggested on April 24, 2017 it will continue its nuclear weapons tests, saying it will
bolster its nuclear force "to the maximum" in a "consecutive and successive way at any
moment" in the face of what it calls U.S. aggression and hysteria; US is the #1 exporter
of weapons globally and the last on the list of exporters of non-military aid to the
developing world.
4. Cultural globalization refers to the spread of one culture across national borders.

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o It is the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way
to extend and intensify social relations. This process marked by the consumption of
cultures that has been diffused by the internet, popular culture media, and international
travel.
o However, the downside of this is, some cultures that are exclusive on a certain country
are slowly vanishing.
5. Environmental globalization refers to the interdependence of countries to work together
to solve environmental problems.
o The effects of globalization to the environment are still not completely identified, though
some studies suggest that process has many consequences in the environment.
6. Criminal globalization is the intercontinental spread of global crime and its impact on
governments and individuals.Globalization has internationalized crimes such as drug
trafficking, and the trafficking of women and children have come much more difficult to
control because of their international character. Not only crimes are globalized, but also
diseases (Muzaffar, 1998). i.e. Criminal case vs Duterte filed before International
Criminal Court. Lawyer Jude Sabio shows the stamped complaint he filed before the
International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands on Monday, April 24, 2017.

Remember what Kofi Annan, former UN Secretary-General: said:

ACTIVITY/IES. Let the student research and answer the following:

A. Activity 1: The World Made Closer
1.1. Is globalization a new or an old phenomenon?

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1.2. Is globalization good or bad?
1.3. Is globalization really “global” or inclusive of all people?
Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration)

Activity 1. In this activity, you are to see the actual application of globalization on the different
aspects of daily life such as politics, music, sports, film, celebrity, and disaster.
1. Answer the following:
a. Enumerate at least 3 of the most recent songs you have listened. Where did they originate?
Identify the nationality of the writer and/ or artist for each music.
b. What gadget or devices do you usually use to listen to music?
c. Where are these gadgets or devices made? Where is the company based?
d. How did you access the music? Did you purchase them on line or listen them through
YouTube, Spotify, and other music channels?

Activity 2.
1. Evaluate the over-all impact of globalization in terms of socio-economic aspect in our
country. Write your answers on the box below:

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

BENEFICIAL HARMFUL

2. Based on what we have discussed on the concept of globalization. Make an essay on your
understanding of the term globalization. Write it in a piece of paper.

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment)

Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:
Quiz/Assessment:
I. TRUE or FALSE. Write True if the statement is correct and False if otherwise.

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__________1. Globalization is reality and it is changing as human society develops.
__________2. Zygmunt Bauman regarded globalization as the most important liquid for it tends
to melt whatever stands in its path and one clearest example is the decline, if not death of the
nation-state.
__________3. According to the G-World, “Globalization was first used in 1959, appear as noun
in the Oxford English dictionary in 1962; but three decades passed when GLOBALIZATION was
developed in social sciences as a paradigm in 1990.
__________4. Globalization open the doors of international trade that has given birth to intense
competition which we called it, cut-throat competition.
__________5. Globalization is seen as negative for it brings regression, colonialism, and
destabilization.

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the correct letter of your choice:

___6. He was an Anthropologist believing that different kinds of globalization occur on multiple
and intersecting dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes.”
A. George Ritzer C. Arjun Appadurai
B. Zygmunt Bauman D. Roland Robertson
___7. He define “military globalization as the process which embodies the growing extensity
and intensity of military relations among the political units of the world system.
A. Anthony Giddens C. Joseph Nye
B. David Held D. Manfred Steger
___8. According to him, “Globalization as a concept refers both to the compression of the world
and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”
A. Anthony Giddens C. Joseph Nye
B. David Held D. Manfred Steger
___9. A nature of globalization that refers to the lifting of government’s control or regulating
powers over the trade and operation of public utilities or goods, as in the case of power and oil
in the Philippines.
A. Liberalization C. Privatization
B. Deregularization D. Free Trade

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___10. He define “globalization as an expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and across world-space.”
A. Robert Keohane C. Roland Robertson
B. David Held D. Manfred Steger

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)

Make a reflection paper on the issue, Globalization. Is it good or bad? Is it beneficial or
detrimental? How does it affect in your daily life?

Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama. The Contemporary World, 1st ed. Rex Book Store.
Manila, Philippines.2018.

CHAPTER 2: GLOBALIZATION: HISTORY, THEORIES AND IDEOLOGIES

Chapter Introduction
There are many established definitions and issues of defining globalization that we can
use to understand easily its concept. This chapter will give a glimpse on the origins and history,

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as well as important theories and ideologies on Globalization. It is also helpful that theories had
been asserted for us to see globalization as a process that increases homogeneity and
heterogeneity.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Integration and cooperation

Lesson 2 - GLOBALIZATION: HISTORY, THEORIES AND IDEOLOGIES

Introduction:
Globalization is often referred to as a contemporary or modern phenomenon that need to
be analyzed historically, its origin, theories, and ideologies in order to have a better
understanding of the concept and discussion surrounding. Thus, this chapter will focus on the
origin and history, as well as the different theories and ideologies behind the development of the
concept of Globalization.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. Come up with a time line of the history of Globalization
2. Identify the different theories and ideologies of Globalization

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

1. Do you have any idea on how globalization started?
2. What are the different theories and ideologies in the study of globalization?

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

A. ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
HARDWIRED

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According to Nayan Chanda (2007), “it is because of our basic need to make our lives
better that made globalization possible”; he further said that commerce, religion, politics, and
warfare are the “urges’ of people toward better life which are respectively connected to four
aspects of globalization and they can be traced throughout history: trade, missionary work,
adventures and conquest.

CYCLES
For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be
a daunting task; there is also a notion to suspect that this point of globalization disappear and
reappear.

PERIODS OF GLOBALIZATION
There are five waves of globalization; these are also called “waves” and each has its own
origin.
1. The first wave of globalization is as old as human civilization. For more than five
thousand years human beings from different places have interacted, mostly through
trade, migration, and conquest.
2. The second wave of globalization is closely associated with the Western European
conquest of Asia, Latin America, and Africa and the spread of capitalism to these areas.
3. The third wave of globalization, which began around 1870 and declined around 1914,
was marked by breakthroughs in technological development, the global production of
primary commodities as well as manufactured products, and mass migration.
4. The fourth wave of globalization, from 1945 to 1980, was spurred by the retreat of
nationalism and protectionism and the strengthening of internationalism and global
cooperation, led by the United States. The removal of trade barriers was selective, but
institutions – such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the General
Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT) – were formed to encourage global trade and
development.
5. The fifth wave of globalization, which is the current period, is characterized by
unprecedented interdependence among nations and the explosive growth of powerful
actors.

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B. THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is not a single concept ….
Globalization is a concept that has been defined variously over the years, with some
connotations referring to progress, development and stability, integration and cooperation, and
others referring to regression, colonialism, and destabilization.
In 1995, Martin Khor, President of the Third World Network in Malaysia, referred to
globalization as colonization.

THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. THE WORLD-SYSTEM THEORY BY IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN
In the 1950s, the dominant theory was modernization theory; its problem was that some
countries were not developing/ modernizing as predicted.
 Evidence did not fit the theory  hence... World System Theory was developed out of
attempt to explain the failure of certain states to develop.
 Looking at Latin America, their economies could not compete, global capitalism forced
certain countries into under-development
 Trade is asymmetrical
 Poor countries are dependent on rich states

Immanuel Wallerstein (The Modern World System, 1976) argued that “Globalization represents
the triumph of a capitalist world economy tied together by a global division of labor.” A world-
system is a "multicultural territorial division of labor in which the production and exchange
of basic goods and raw materials is necessary for the everyday life of its inhabitants."

KEY STRUCTURE OF THE CAPITALIST WORLD-SYSTEM

The division of the world into three great regions, or geographically based and hierarchically
organized tiers:
1. The Core - is composed of the highly industrialized countries having the most advance
level of technology and dominate the world’s banking and financial institutions.

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2. The Periphery – is composed of economically depressed countries, mostly from Asia,
Africa and Latin America. These countries provide the core states and semi-peripheral
areas with cheap raw materials and labor.
3. The Semi-Periphery - act as the intermediary or the “go-in between” are relatively less
developed than the core states but more developed than the peripheral areas. Their
industries and banking systems are fairly developed but they still depend on the core
states for capital and technology.

The powerful and wealthy "core" societies dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral
societies. There is unequal exchange of goods and services and capital accumulation.
States are used by class forces to pursue their interest, in the case of core countries. The
idea that governments and international institutions can make the system ‘fair’ is an illusion
(because they always reflect interests of capitalists).

In addition, "GLOBALIZATION" refers to some asserted new, chronologically recent, process

in which states are said to be no longer primary units of decision-making, but are now,
only now, finding themselves located in a structure in which something called the "world
market," a somewhat mystical and surely reified entity, dictates the rule."

2. THEORIES OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM

2.1. THE TRANSNATIONAL PRACTICES (TNP) by LESLIE SKLAIR
 rejects both state-centrism (realism) and globalism (the end of the state)
 there is existence of a global system
TRANSNATIONAL PRACTICES (TNP), practices that cross state boundaries but do not
originate with state agencies or actors.

Transnational practices (TNPs) which originate with non- state actors and cross-state borders.
TNPs at three levels (Leslie Sklair):
 the economic, whose agent is transnational capital;
 the political, whose agent is a transnational capitalist Class (TCC);
 the cultural-ideological, whose agent is cultural elites.

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His theory involves the idea of the TCC as a new class that brings together several social
groups who see their own interests in an expanding global capitalist system:
 the executives of transnational corporations;
 globalizing bureaucrats, politicians, and professionals’, and
 consumerist elites’ in the media and the commercial sector (Sklair, 2000).

3. GLOBAL CAPITALISM BY WILLIAM ROBINSON

World Economy
Each country developed a national economy that was linked to others through trade and
finances in an integrated international market.
Global Economy
Globalization of the production process itself, which breaks down and functionally integrates
what were previously national circuits into new global circuits of production and accumulation.

Transnational class formation takes place around these globalized circuits. Like
Sklair, Robinson analyzes the rise of a Transnational Capitalist Class (TCC) as the class
group that manages these globalized circuits that led to the birth of the Emergent
transnational state (TNS) apparatus (William Robinson).
However, in distinction to Sklair, for whom state structures play no role in the global
system, Robinson theorizes an emergent transnational state (TNS) apparatus.
This Transnational State (TNS) is a loose network comprised of supranational political
and economic institutions together with national state apparatuses that have been penetrated
and transformed by transnational forces.

4. THE NETWORK SOCIETY BY MANUEL CASTELLS

A network society is a society whose social structure is made of networks powered by

microelectronics-based information and communication technologies.
This new economy is:

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1. Informational, knowledge-based;
2. Global, in that production is organized on a global scale; and
3. Networked, in that productivity is generated through global networks of interaction.

The Internet constructs a new symbolic environment, global in its reach, which makes
“virtuality a reality”. Castells argues that globalization is a network of production, culture, and
power that is constantly shaped by advances in technology, which range from
communications technologies to genetic engineering.

Globalization represents a new ‘age of information’.

 The development of new information technology (IT), in particular, computers and the
Internet, representing a new technological paradigm and leading to a new ‘mode of
development’ that Castells terms ‘informationalism’.

Informationalism refers to a technological paradigm that replaces and subsumes the

previous paradigm of industrialism (Castells 1996). From metallurgy to transportation,
industrialism was marked by a revolution in materials engineering triggered by the Industrial
Revolution. Moreover, Informationalism is connected with the information revolution that
begins after World War II, covering developments associated with computer science and its
various expressions in electronics and telecommunication networks.

DISTINCT FEATURES OF THE NEW SYMBOLIC ENVIRONMENT

1. SPACE OF FLOWS, in which informational flows bring physical spaces closer through
networks
2. TIMELESS TIME in which technology is able to manipulate the natural sequence of events,
and
3. REAL VIRTUALITY based on a hypertext reality and global interconnection which bends
space and time relations.

CENTRAL THEME (Global Network Society)

The division of the world into those areas and segments of population

19 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

 switched on to the new technological system
 and those switched off or marginalized digital divide

For Castells, the advancement of the Information Age does not necessarily mean that the
world has become flat; rather, with technological advance, he argues, come new global forms of
exclusion and inclusion, fragmentation and integration.

5. THEORIES OF SPACE, PLACE AND GLOBALIZATION

5.1. TIME-SPACE DISTANCIATION BY ANTHONY GIDDENS
Giddens defines time-space distanciation as ‘the intensification of worldwide social
relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped
by events occurring many miles away and vice versa’ – social relations are ‘lifted out’
from local contexts of interaction and restructured across time and space (1990: 64).

GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY (Anthony Giddens)

In Runaway World, Giddens provocatively argues that globalization has led to the creation of a
“global risk society.”
 Human social and economic activities, especially in modernity, produce various risks such
as pollution, crime, new illnesses, food shortages, market crashes, wars, etc., and
societies have become more responsible for managing these risks that their activities
intentionally or, more often than not, unintentionally produce.

5.2. ‘TIME-SPACE COMPRESSION’ BY DAVID HARVEY

 Time-space compression is the process whereby time is reorganized in such a way as to
reduce the constraints of space, and vice-versa.
 Time–space compression refers to the way the acceleration of economic activities leads
to the destruction of spatial barriers and distances.

6. THEORIES OF GLOBAL CULTURE BY TOMLINSON 1999; NEDERVEEN

PIETERSE 2004
There are three main bodies of theory regarding the effects of globalization on local culture:

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1. homogenization,
2. hybridization and
3. heterogeneity or polarization.

1. Homogenization Theory
Homogenization is the name given to the process
whereby globalization causes one culture to consume
another. Moreover, Homogenization theories see a
global cultural convergence and would tend to highlight
the rise of world beat, world cuisines, world tourism,
uniform consumption patterns and cosmopolitanism
(Appadurai).

2. Hybridization
Hybridization occurs when people mix cultural forms,
genres or styles to create something new.

3. Heterogeneity or polarization
Heterogeneity approaches see continued cultural
difference and highlight local cultural autonomy,
cultural resistance to homogenization, cultural clashes
Burundi drummers and dancers
and polarization, and distinct subjective experiences
in New Zealand
of globalization.

7. THE GLOBAL VILLAGE by Marshall McLuhan

His insights were revolutionary at the time, and fundamentally changed how everyone
has thought about media, technology, and communications ever since.
McLuhan chose the insightful phrase "global village" to highlight his observation that an
electronic nervous system (the media) was rapidly integrating the planet -- events in one part of

21 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

the world could be experienced from other parts in real-time, which is what human experience
was like when we lived in small villages.
The late Marshall McLuhan, a media and communication theorist, coined the term “global
village” in 1964 to describe the phenomenon of the world’s culture shrinking and expanding
at the same time due to pervasive technological advances that allow for instantaneous
sharing of culture (Johnson 192).
Moreover, McLuhan's second best known insight is summarized in the expression is "the
medium is the message", which means that the qualities of a medium have as much effect as
the information it transmits.

8. MCDONALDIZATION THEORY BY GEORGE RITZER

McDonaldization theory is defined as “the process whereby the principles of the fast-food
restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society and the
world” (Ritzer, 1993:19).
The Four Main Dimensions of McDonaldization
1. Efficiency - The optimum method of completing a task. The rational determination of the
best mode of production. Individuality is not allowed.
2. Calculability - Assessment of outcomes based on quantifiable rather than subjective
criteria. In other words, quantity over quality. They sell the Big Mac, not the Good Mac.
3. Predictability - The production process is organized to guarantee uniformity of product
and standardized outcomes. All shopping malls begin to look the same and all highway
exits have the same assortment of businesses.
4. Control - The substitution of more predictable non-human labor for human labor, either
through automation or the deskilling of the work force.

9. GLOCALIZATION BY ROLAND ROBERTSON

Roland Robertson’s concept of glocalization suggests that the global is only manifest in the
local. GLOCALIZATION means that ideas about home, locality and community have been
extensively spread around the world in recent years, so that the local has been globalized, and
the stress upon the significance of the local or the communal can be viewed as one ingredient

22 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

of the overall globalization process (Robertson 1995). In addition, “Glocalization” is a more
specific concept coined by Roland Robertson in 1992. To him, as global forces interact with
local factors or a specific geographic area, the glocal is being produced.

In political institutions, Benjamin Barber provided the alternate of McWorld – the “jihad”, it
refers to the political groups engaged in an intensification of nationalism and that leads
to greater political heterogeneity throughout the world.

10. SCAPES by ARJUN APPADURAI

“Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy”
Arjun Appadurai (1990) Landscapes or Dimensions of Cultural Flows
1. Mediascapes are about the flows of image and communication.
2. Ethnoscapes are concerned with the flows of individuals around the world.
3. Ideoscapes deal with exchanges of ideas and ideologies.
4. Technoscapes refer to flows of technology and skills to create linkages between
organizations around the world.
5. Financescapes relate to the interactions associated with money and capital.
Appadaurai uses the suffix SCAPE to connote the idea that these processes have fluid,
irregular, variable shapes end

C. IDEOLOGIES OF GLOBALIZATION by Manfred B. Steger

Since its earliest appearance in the 1960s, ‘globalization’ has been used in both
popular and academic literature to describe a wide variety of phenomena, including a process,
a condition, a system, a force, and an age. Given the different meanings of these concepts,
their indiscriminate usage invites confusion.

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GLOBALITY
The term globality signifies a future social condition characterized by thick economic,
political, and cultural interconnections and global flows that make currently existing political
borders and economic barriers irrelevant.
It should not be assumed that ‘globality’ refers to a determinate endpoint that precludes
any further development. Rather, this concept points to a particular social condition
destined to give way to new, qualitatively distinct, constellations.
What is an Ideology?
 set of ideas
 committed to attain an ideal state
 through an organized political action

Components of Ideology
Components Examples

1. Values Communism: collectivist attitudes (Common good)

Democracy: individual freedom
2. Vision of an Communism: withering of the state
Ideal state Democracy: power to the masses
3. Conceptions of Communism: Marxist, i.e., Capitalists exploit workers
Human Nature Democracy: Liberalist,i.e., Man is born free, endowed with
potentials
4. Strategy for Communism: Communist Party control of public and private
action affairs
Democracy: Government interference in private affairs must
be kept to an absolute minimum.
5. Political Tactics Communism: Violent overthrow of Capitalism
Democracy: Popular political participation (Republicanism)

“Theories of Globalization” by Manfred B. Steger

Main Issues of the Article

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• Is Globalization an Ideology or just a Process or Condition?
• Is “Globalism” a mature Ideology?
Criteria for a mature Ideology by Michael Freeden
Degree of:
1. Uniqueness and morphological sophistication
2. Ability to produce effective context-bound responsiveness to a broad range of
political issues
3. Conceptual decontestation chain

***According to Steger, Globalization has reached maturity as an Ideology (globalism is a

widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of economic markets is
beneficial for everyone, since it spread freedom and democracy across the world.) as seen in
its 6 Core Claims.

THE SIX (6) CORE CLAIMS (IDEOLOGIES OF GLOBALIZATION)

Claim 1: “Globalization” is about “liberalization” and “global integration of Markets”.
 “Liberalization is liberation of markets from state control.” The only role of government is
to get out of the way - to remove barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital.
(Neo-liberalism)
 “Integration of markets” is opening the country's economy to free trade and competition
(shrinking in time and space -uniqueness of globalism regardless of the political and
cultural preferences of the local citizens. (Globalization vs Indigenization?)

Claim 2: Globalization is inevitable and irreversible

 Determinist terms of globalization: inevitable, inexorable, irresistible, irreversible
 ‘Globalization is inevitable and inexorable and it is accelerating .... Globalization is
happening, it’s going to happen. It does not matter whether you like it or not, it’s
happening, it’s going to happen’.
 Frederick W. Smith, chairman and CEO of FedEx Corporation
 “...it is the reality of the modern world” (Manny Villar)
 Globalization (global free market) is “providential” (a natural force for human survival)

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Political implications:
 Political leaders simply carry out what is demanded by Globalization

Claim 3: Nobody is in charge of Globalization

Globalization is ‘self-regulating market’; “Globalists” do not dictate.
 in the sense of imposing their own political agenda on people Globalization is not
controlled by any individual, government or institution

Claim 4: Globalization benefits everyone (...in the long run)

1996 G-7 Summit
“Economic growth and progress in today’s interdependent world is bound up with the
process of globalization. Globalization provides great opportunities for the future, not only for our
countries, but for all others too. Its many positive aspects include an unprecedented expansion
of investment and trade; the opening up to international trade of the world’s most populous
regions and opportunities for more developing countries to improve their standards of living; the
increasingly rapid dissemination of information, technological innovation, and the proliferation of
skilled jobs. These characteristics of globalization have led to a considerable expansion of
wealth and prosperity in the world. Hence we are convinced that the process of globalization is
a source of hope for the future.”

1996 G-7 Summit

1. expansion of investment and trade
2. opening up to international trade of the world's most populous regions and opportunities
for more developing countries to improve their standards of living
3. increasingly rapid dissemination of information
4. technological innovation
5. proliferation of skilled jobs

September 11, 2001 AL-QAEDA at World Trade Center (USA)

26 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

 9-11 al- Qaeda attacked was the greatest challenge to globalization
 Globalization shifted from economic globalism to military globalism.
 US President Bush: “Free trade and free markets have lifted the whole societies out of
poverty - so the US will work with individual nations, entire regions, and the global
trading community to build a world that trades in FREEDOM and therefore grows in
PROSPERITY.”

Claim 5: Globalization furthers the spread of Democracy in the world

Democracy is synonymous to freedom, free markets, free trade;
Level of economic development is correlated to a successful democracy.
Globalization economic development. Middle class = Democracy
But... Globalism limits the definition of Democracy by emphasizing procedures (ex. voting), at
the expense of Direct participation.

“Polyarchy” - the rule of the elected elite minorities; Voting in elections is the only political
participation of the citizens
vs
Popular Democracy - political and economic power in the hands of the masses

CLAIM 6: GLOBALIZATION REQUIRES A GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR

Like the previous claims, this final decontestation chain attests to globalism’s political
responsiveness and conceptual flexibility. It combines the idea of economic globalization with
openly militaristic and nationalistic ideas associated with the American-led global War on Terror.

LOGICAL CONTRADICTIONS OF THE CLAIM

1. War on terror undermines the idea of “self-regulating market” and historical
'inevitability'.
2. Enforcing democracy and freedom at gunpoint conflicts with “liberty as absence
of coercion.”
3. Anglo-American war on terror contradicts the cosmopolitan, universal concept of
globalization .

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NEW DISTINCT REGIONS OF THE WORLD - BY T.P.M. BARNETT
I. Functioning Core or Core - globalization is thick of...
 network connectivity, financial transactions, liberal media flows, collective security,
transparency, rising standards of living, more deaths by suicide than murder
 North America, most of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, small part of Latin America
II. Globalization is thinning or absent
 plagued by repressive political regimes, regulated markets, mass murder, widespread
poverty and disease
 Caribbean rim, all of Africa, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Central Asia, China, Middle
East, much of Southeast Asia
III. Non-Integrating Gap or Gap
 breeding ground of global terrorists
 Middle East countries
“Seam States” - those which lie along the Gap's bloody boundaries
 Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, Morocco, Algeria, Greece, Turkey, Pakistan, Thailand,
Malaysia, Indonesia, and PHILIPPINES

ACTIVITY/IES. Let the student research and answer the following: Choose only one to do.
1. Make a time-line on the history of Globalization by filing the table below.
PERIOD/ ERA SIGNIFICANT EVENTS RESULTS/ IMPACT IN SOCIETY

2. Give two core claims of globalism and discuss it comprehensively.

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Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration)
Choose one (1) theory whom you think best describes the process of globalization. Discuss
your answer comprehensively.

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment). Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:

Quiz/Assessment:
I. TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
__________1. Manfred Steger argued that Globalization has reached maturity as an Ideology
which he called globalism seen in its six (6) core claims.
__________2. The second wave of globalization began around 1870 and declined around 1914
which was marked by breakthroughs in technological development, the global production of
primary commodities as well as manufactured products, and mass migration.
__________3. A Global village is a society whose social structure is made of networks powered
by microelectronics-based information and communication technologies.
__________4. Immanuel Wallerstein argued that “Globalization represents the triumph of a
capitalist world economy tied together by a global division of labor.”
__________5. William Robinson coined the idea of TRANSNATIONAL PRACTICES (TNP), a
practices that cross-state boundaries but do not originate with state agencies or actors.

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the correct letter of your choice:

___6. He argues that globalization is a network of production, culture, and power that is
constantly shaped by advances in technology, which range from communications technologies
to genetic engineering.
A. Marshal McLuhan C. Manuel Castells
B. Roland Robertson D. William Robinson
___7. This is his second best insight, “The medium is the message”.
A. Manuel Castells C. Marshall McLuhan
B. George Ritzer D. Benjamin Barber
___8. The name given to the process whereby globalization causes one culture to consume
another is called_______.

29 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

A. Heterogeneity C. Hybridization
B. Homogenization D. Polarization
___9. This dimension of McDonaldization that refers to the production process which is
organized to guarantee uniformity of product and standardized outcomes.
A. Calculability C. Control
B. Predictability D. Efficiency
___10. According to this economist, mobile phones are the “single most transformative
technology” when it comes to developing world.
A. Manfred Steger C. Michael Freeden
B. Mark Mazower D. Jeffry Sachs

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)

Choose one (1) Theory of Globalization which you agree with and make a Position Paper why
did you choose it.

Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama. The Contemporary World, 1st ed. Rex Book Store.
Manila, Philippines.2018.

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CHAPTER 4: MARKET INTEGRATION
Chapter Introduction
The social institution that has one of the biggest impacts in society is the economy. It is
the social institution that organizes all factors of production, consumption, and trade of goods in
the society.
One important dynamics in the global economy is the market integration in which prices
among different locations or related goods follow similar patterns over a long period of time.
Groups of goods often move proportionally to each other to reduce costs for both consumers
and producers and to increase trade between the countries involved in the agreement.

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Hence, this chapter will focused on the contributions of International financial institutions,
market integration, and multinational/transnational corporations in facilitating the growth of global
economy.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Concern for others; cooperation

Lesson 4 – MARKET INTEGRATION

Introduction:
This chapter will mainly focused on the contribution of financial institutions, market
integration: its definition, historical development, types and kinds, reasons, degree and
measurement, and the growth of multinational corporations emerging in today’s world economy
will be discussed.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. Explain the role of international financial institution in the creation of a global market
integration in the twentieth century;
2. Identify the attributes of global corporation.

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

1. Do you know what International Financial Institutions is? What are its examples? What
role does it play in the global arena?
2. Do you know what market integration is? How important is market integration in the
global economy?
3. Do you know what is a corporation? What contributions does it play in the global
economy?

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

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A. THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUIONS
World economies have been brought closer together by globalization. It is not only
American economy plays an important role, but as well as other economies in the world has a
significant impact in the global market and finance. For, instance the financial crisis experienced
by Russia and Asia affected the world economy. Thus, the it should be noted that the strength
of a more powerful economy brings greater effect on other countries than a weaker economies
like what had happened in Argentina’s serious financial crisis in the late 1990’s and early 2000
had a small impact in the global economy
The following are the financial institutions and economic organizations that made
countries even closer when it comes on trade.
1. THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM
• After the two world wars, world leaders sought global economic system that would
ensure a longer-lasting global peace;
• They believed that one of the ways to achieve this goal is to set a global financial
institutions that would promote economic interdependence and prosperity;
• The Bretton Woods system was inaugurated in 1944 by UN Monetary and Financial
Conference to prevent the catastrophes of the early decades of the century from
reoccurring and affecting international ties.
• Influenced largely by the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes who believed
that economic crisis occur not when country does not have enough money, but when
money is not being spent and, thereby not moving.
• Delegates agreed to create two financial institutions:
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank)
2. International Monetary Fund
2. THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS TRADE (GATT) AND WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONS (WTO)
• Global trade and finance was greatly affected by Bretton Woods System (Peet, 2003).
One of the systems born out of Bretton Woods was the GATT established in 1947. It was
a forum for the meeting of representatives from 23 member countries focusing on trade
goods through multinational trade agreements conducted in many rounds.
WTO (World Trade Organization)

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• It was out of Uruguay Round (1986-1993) that an agreement was reached to create the
World Trade Organization (WTO) founded in 1995 to continue the tariff reduction under
GATT and the policy they forwarded came to be called Washington Consensus;
• Headquarters was in Geneva, Switzerland;
• Unlike GATT, WTO is an independent multilateral organization that became responsible
for trade and services, non-tariff related barriers to trade, and other broader areas of trade
liberalization;
• It is based on the idea of neo-liberalism, that “by reducing or eliminating barriers, all
nations will benefit.”
3. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) AND WORLD BANK
IMF and World Bank were founded after WWII mainly for peace advocacy after the war
as well as help the economic stability of the world. The two designed to complement each
other.
3.1. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
o Main goal was to help countries which has trouble that and could not obtain money
by any means, their economy collapsed and their currency was threatened.
o Served as lender or a last resort for countries which needed financial assistance.
3.2. WORLD BANK (WB)
o It aims to assist developing countries and improve the standards of living of the
people i.e. eradication of poverty, education, etc.
o Its branches are: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
and International Development Association (IDA).
These organizations aim to reduce poverty in different parts of the world by offering
loans to developing countries for the realization of their social projects such as health,
education, and other basic needs of the poor.
4. THE ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD), ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM AND EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC),
AND THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
4.1. THE ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD)

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o The most encompassing club of the richest countries in the world with 35
member states as of 2016 with Latvia as its latest member.
o Very influential despite the group has little formal power emanating from the
member countries’ resources and economic power.
4.2. ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM AND EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)
o In 1960, originally comprised of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, and
Venezuela.
o Part of the major exporters of oil in the world today.
o Members wanted to increase the price of oil;
o Today its include UAE, Algeria, Libya, Qatar, Nigeria, and Indonesia
4.3. EUROPEAN UNION
o It is made up of 28 member States in which members in the Eurozone adopted
the Euro as basic currency with the exception of Great Britain, Sweden and
Denmark.
5. NORTH AMERICA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
o A trade pact between US, Mexico, and Canada created on January 1, 1994;
o Helps in developing and expanding world trade by broadening international
cooperation;
o Aims to increase for improving working conditions in North America by reducing
barriers to trade as it expands the market of three countries.
o The creation of NAFTA has caused manufacturing jobs from developed countries
(Canada or US) to transfer to less developed country (Mexico) in order to reduce
the cost of their products.
o It has a positive and negative consequences:
• Positive - lower down prices by removing tariffs; opened up new opportunities
for small and medium sized businesses.
• Negative – excessive pollution; loss of more than 682,000 manufacturing jobs,
exploitation of workers in Mexico, and moving Mexican farmers out of
business.

B. MARKET INTEGRATION

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INTEGRATION DEFINED
• “Integration is taken to denote a state of affairs or a process involving attempts to combine
separate national economies into larger economic regions” (Robson, 1990, p.1).
• Integration as a means of stimulating trade and improving the division of labor among
countries has been recommended by many economists, from Ricardo on.
• The foundation of the GATT in 1948 gave further impetus to integration by promoting greater
acceptance of the most favored nation principle.
• Richard Kohls and Joseph Uhl have defined market integration as a process which refers to
the expansion of firms by consolidating additional marketing functions and activities under a
single management.

KINDS OF INTEGRATION
1. Negative integration - reducing non-tariff and tariff barriers to trade can be the main tool
for integrating markets; The term implies that a government’s only role is to withdraw from
interference in the movement of goods and factors of production across national borders
2. Positive integration - integration of agricultural markets requires more than negative
integration. Instead, the Government may have to adjust domestic policies and institutions
and, moreover, there may be a need to create some supranational arrangements.

FORMS OF INTEGRATION
1. Preferential Agreement - a Preferential Agreement involves lower trade barriers
between those countries which have signed the agreement.
2. Free Trade Area reduces barriers to trade among member countries to zero, but each
member country still has autonomy in deciding on the external rate of tariff for its trade with
non-member countries. EFTA (European Free Trade Area) and CEFTA (Central European
Free Trade Area) are prominent examples (for further reading refer to Wonnacott, 1966,
pp.62-66).
3. Customs Union represents a higher stage of economic integration than a Free Trade
Area as the member countries adopt a common external tariff. Until the end of 1992, the
European Community was basically a Customs Union, although the stage of integration was
somewhat higher in some respects, notably concerning the Common Agricultural Policy.

36 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

4. Common Market goes beyond a Customs Union in allowing for free movement of labor
and capital within the Union. Hence, the intention of a Common Market is to integrate both
product and factor markets of member countries. The Single Market of the EU, which came
into force on January 1, 1993, constitutes a Common Market.
5. Economic Union is the highest form of economic integration. In addition to the
conditions of a Common Market, member countries also agree to integrate monetary, fiscal
and other policies.

TYPES OF INTEGRATION
1. Horizontal integration
 This occurs when a firm or agency gains control of other firms or agencies
performing similar marketing functions at the same level in the marketing sequence.
 In this type of integration, some marketing agencies combine to form a union with a
view to reducing their effective number and the extent of actual competition in the
market.
 It is advantageous for the members who join the group. In most markets, there is a
large number of agencies which do not effectively compete with each other.
 This is indicative of some element of horizontal integration.
 It leads to reduced cost of marketing.
 In this reduced competition possible.
Example: independent oil refineries coming under U.S oil company.

2. Vertical integration
 This occurs when a firm performs more than one activity in the sequence of the
marketing process.
 It is a linking together of two or more functions in the marketing process within a single
firm or under a single ownership.
 This type of integration makes it possible to exercise control over both quality and
quantity of the product from the beginning of the production process until the product
is ready for the consumer.

37 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

 It reduces the number of middle men in the marketing channel.
Example Meat industry buys all the functioning plants needed for running this meat
industry.
3. Conglomeration
 A combination of agencies or activities not directly related to each other may, when it
operates under a unified management, be termed a conglomeration.

EFFECTS OF CONGLOMERATION
● Risk reduction through diversification
● Acquisition of financial leverage
● Empire – building urge.

Factors Leading to a Greater Integration

1) MUTUAL BENEFIT - when it comes to trade, these nations can readily supply each other’s
needs.
2) TRADE - the world economy is intertwined with each other whether we like it or not. We all
want or need something from another part of the world, and global trade facilitates that.
3) SIMILAR CULTURE - the cultures of Asia are diverse but they do share many things. This
makes it an easier fit during times of negotiations. The people of this region are generally alike
in appearance, temperament which is seemingly peaceful. They tend to get along quite well
even on an individual level.
4) COMON GOALS - the Asian region recognizes the mutual benefit of a slow integration. The
territories involved are not far from each other and the industriousness of its population can
work as a powerful negotiating block against those from other parts of the world.
5) SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS - aside from small localized rebels, this association needs
only to face with foreign-supported terrorist groups which are usually handled well.
6) TRADE AGREEMENTS
What are Regional Trading Agreements?
- Regional trading agreements refer to a treaty that is signed by two or more countries
to encourage free movement of goods and services across the borders of its
members.

38 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

- The agreement comes with internal rules that member countries follow among
themselves.
- When dealing with non-member countries, there are external rules in place that the
members adhere to. Quotas, tariffs, and other forms of trade barriers restrict the
transport of manufactured goods and services.
- Regional trading agreements help reduce or remove the barriers on trade.

REASONS FOR MARKET INTEGRATION

● To remove transaction costs
● Foster competition
● Provide better signals for optimal generation and consumption decisions.
● Improve security of supply

DEGREE OF INTEGRATION
● Ownership integration - this occurs when all the decisions and assets of a firm are completely
assumed by another firm. Example: a processing firm which buys a wholesale firm.
● Contract integration - this involves an agreement between two firms on certain decisions,
while each firm retains its separate identity. Example: tie up of a dhal mill with pulse traders
for supply of pulse grains.

MEASUREMENT OF MARKET INTEGRATION

• The measurement or assessment of the extent of market integration is helpful in the
formation of appropriate policies for increasing the efficiency of marketing process.
• The measurement or assessment of market integration may be attempted at two levels.
1) Integration among firms of a market.
2) Integration among spatially separated markets.

HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION

Before the rise of today’s modern economy, people only produced for their families;

39 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

Nowadays, economy demands the different sectors to work together in order to produce,
distribute, and exchange products and services.

1. Agricultural and Industrial Revolution

 The first economic change was the agricultural revolution where people learned how to
domesticate plants and animals which was most productive than hunter-gatherer
societies;
 New agricultural economy (farming) help societies build surpluses, further led to major
developments like permanent settlements, trade networks, and population growth.
 The second major economic revolution is the Industrial Revolution of 1800s pave way to
the rise of industries, new economic tools like steam engines, manufacturing, and mass
production;
 Factories popped up and changed how work functioned;
 Increases productivity, standards of living, access to a wider variety of goods due to mass
production.
Results of Economic:
 Economic casualties – workers work in a dangerous working conditions for low wages.
 Economic inequality – industrialist known as robber barons with greater income;
 Organization of workers sought to improve wages and working conditions through
collective actions, strikes, and negotiations inspired by the Marxist principles.

2. CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM

 These are the two competing economic models that sprung up around the time of
industrial revolution as economic more important to the production of goods.
a) CAPITALISM – is a system in which all natural resources and means of production are
privately owned; emphasizes profit maximization and competition as the main drivers of
efficiency.
 According to Adam Smith in 1770’s “invisible hand” of the market, the idea that consumers
will regulate things themselves by selecting goods and services that provide the best
value.

40 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

b) SOCIALISM
 Government has a larger role; in a socialist system, the means of production are under
collective ownership.
 Rejects capitalism’s private property;
 Property is owned by the government and allocated to all citizens;
 Emphasizes collective goals, expecting everyone to work for the common good and
placing a high value on meeting everyone’s basic needs rather than on individual profit.

2. INFORMATION REVOLUTION
 Ours is time of the information revolution;
 Computers and other technologies are beginning to replace many jobs because of
automation or outsourcing of jobs offshore.
WHAT’S NEXT FOR CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM?
 Today the key part of both our economic and political landscape is corporations – are
defined as organization that exists as legal entities and have liabilities that are separate
from its members; they are operating across national borders that the future of the
economy will play out on a global scale.

C. GLOBAL CORPORATION
 These are companies that extend beyond the borders of country, and are called as Multi-
National Corporations and Trans-National Corporations; also referred to as Global
Corporations.
 They intentionally surpass national borders and take advantage and opportunities in
different countries to manufacture, distribute, market, and sell their products. Example of
American Companies are: McDonald, Coca-cola, General Electric and Food Motor
Company.

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS

 Transnational Corporation have a significant role in the global economy. They can
influence the global trade laws of the international global trade laws of the international
regulatory groups.

41 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

 Bring jobs and industry to beleaguered agricultural areas; it also promote rapid advances
in developing nations because of the ideas and innovations brought over from
industrialized countries; it also makes nation around the world more interdependent
which minimizes the potential for conflict.
 Allocation of resources, lower prices of products, more employment worldwide, and
higher product output;
 Cultural diffusion – ideas and practices through the use of technology (mass media and
internet)

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS

 Benefited only the upper classes but exploiting the workers through wages cut, long
working hours, substandard wages, and poor working conditions.
 Company transfer through restrictive laws leaving widespread unemployment.
 Losing of jobs and difficulty of finding new one to the core country.
 Trade promote the self-interested agendas of corporations and autonomy;

DISTINCTIONS OF MNCs/TNCs (Iwan, 2012)

1. International companies are importers and exporters, typically without investment outside
of their home country;
2. Multinational companies have investment in other countries, but do not have coordinated
product offerings of each country. They are more focused on adapting their products and
services to each individual local market.
3. Global companies have invested in and are present in many countries. They typically
market their products and services to each individual local market.
4. Transnational companies are more complex organizations which have invested in foreign
operations, have a central corporate facility but give decision-making, research and
development (R&D) and marketing powers to each individual foreign market.

DIGITALIZATION IN THE STRUCTURE OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS

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• Reduce the effects of time and distance for services performed within the corporate
structures such as design, finance, and accounting, advertising and brand
development, legal services, inventory control, etc.

PHASE OF GLOBAL CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT

o BRICS (Brazil, India, and China) is the so-called “developing economies” – BRICS
economies have become the most dynamic sector of global corporate growth with
significant Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) over the three decades.

ACTIVITY/IES. Let the student research and answer the following: Choose only one (1).
1. Why is European Union considered a prominent Economic union? What are its advantages
and disadvantages as a union in Eurozone?
2. Why are Brazil, India, and China the most dynamic economies today?

Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration). Choose only one (1).

1. Make an Essay that tells How important are the TNCs/MNCs in the global economy?
2. How do you view about GATT/WTO in the Philippine economy being a signatory of the
International Agreement.
Views about GATT/WTO
Positive Negative

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment). Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:

Quiz/Assessment:
I. IDENTIFICATION. Give what is being asked.
__________________________1. An economic system in which all natural resources and
means of production are privately owned, and further emphasizes profit maximization and
competition as the main drivers of efficiency.

43 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

__________________________2. It is so-called “developing economies” that have become the
most dynamic sector of global corporate growth with significant Foreign Direct Investment over
the three decades.
__________________________3. It denotes a state of affairs or a process involving attempts
to combine separate national economies into larger economic regions.
__________________________4. An economic system that emphasizes collective goals,
expecting everyone to work for the common good and placing a high value on meeting
everyone’s basic needs rather than on individual profit.
__________________________5. A kind of integration implying that government’s only role is
to withdraw from interference in the movement of goods and factors of production across national
borders.

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the correct letter of your choice:

___6. It is the highest form of economic integration were member countries agree to integrate
monetary, fiscal and other policies
A. Common Union C. Free Trade Area
B. Market Union D. Economic Union
___7. It is an independent multilateral organization that became responsible for trade and
services, non-tariff related barriers to trade, and other broader areas of trade liberalization.
A. International Monetary Fund C. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
B. World Bank D. World Trade Organization
___8. A combination of agencies or activities not directly related to each other may, when it
operates under a unified management is called ____________.
A. Vertical C. Horizontal
B. Conglomeration D. Positive
___9. It is an international organization founded after WWII with the main goal of helping
countries which has trouble when their economy collapsed and their currency was threatened.
A. International Monetary Fund C. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
B. World Bank D. World Trade Organization
___10. It is a form of integration allowing for free movement of labor and capital within the Union.
A. Common Union C. Free Trade Area

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B. Market Union D. Economic Union

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)

Make a poster-slogan on the negative/positive impacts of GATT/WTO in Philippine Agriculture.

Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama. The Contemporary World, 1st ed. Rex Book Store.
Manila, Philippines.2018.

CHAPTER 5: THE ORIGINS OF INTER-STATE SYSTEM

Chapter Introduction
The State has traditionally been the subject of the most interest to scholars of global
politics because it is viewed as “the institution that creates warfare and sets economic policies
of a country.” Furthermore, the state is a political unit that has the authority over its own affairs

45 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

in which its borders are recognized by other countries that they have the right to determine
exactly what is going to happen in their country (Aldama, 2018).
Indeed, the origins of the present-day concept of sovereignty can be traced back to the
Treaty of Westphalia, which was a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years’
war between the major continental powers of Europe (Claudio and Abinales, 2018). Today,
globalization of politics created an atmosphere where ideas of nation-state and sovereignty,
government control, and state policies are challenged from all sides.
Some scholars suggest that, globalization has decrease the power of the state and that
other actors are actually becoming powerful that includes multinational corporations and global
civil organizations, like Red Cross that cross national borders. Hence, regional alliances and
worldwide organizations of states are pushed to cooperate and collaborate together including
International and regional economic bond bodies, such as IMF and World Bank, and non-state
actors.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Alliance building; cooperation; peaceful co-existence

Lesson 5 - THE ORIGINS OF INTER-STATE SYSTEM

Introduction:
The world is compose of many states with different forms of government. When studying
of political, military, and other diplomatic engagements between two or more countries is called
International relations. Moreover, when they are going to explore deepening of interaction
between states is referred to the phenomenon of Internationalism.
According to scholars, there is a decrease in the power of the state and that other actors
are actually becoming powerful. Hence, this manifests efforts of countries and governments in
the world to cooperate and collaborate together. The MNCs and NGOs such as Amnesty
International, are significant organizations that put into question the strength of the national
economy and global politics. Nevertheless, it is important to study international relations as a
facet of globalization, because states or governments are key drivers of global processes.

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In this chapter, the origin of interstate system, the effects of Globalization on government
Institutions that govern international relations, and the difference between internationalism from
global governance will be discussed.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. Explain the effects of globalization on governments
2. Identify the institutions that govern international relations
3. Differentiate internationalism from globalism.

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

1. Do you have an idea of what global governance is?
2. Is global governance synonymous with global government?
3. Whom do you think are the primary actors in global governance?

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

INTERSTATE SYSTEM
 Westphalian system provided stability for the nations of Europe until it faced its first major
challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte – believed in spreading the principles of the French
Revolution – liberty, equality and fraternity.
 Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815;
 To prevent another war, the new system created by the Royal Powers - “The Concert of
Europe,” is an alliance of Great powers (United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and Prussia
restoring the world of monarchical, hereditary, and religious privileges before the French
Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars).
 This system is called, the Metternich system named after the Austrian diplomat,
Klemens von Metternich;
 The Concert’s power and authority lasted from 1815 to 1914 at the dawn of World War I.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION AND STATE

A. STATE

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 State refers to the community of persons permanently occupying a definite portion of
territory, independent form external control, and possessing an organized government to
which greater body of inhabitants renders habitual obedience.
 The state is a political and legal concept.
 It is not subject to external control.
 A single state may consist of one or more nations or people.
 State refers to a country and its government; a state as four attributes:
1. People – called the citizens
2. Territory – it governs a specific territory
3. Government – crafts various rules that people follow
4. Sovereignty – refers to internal and external authority
1. NATION
 Nation is an “imagined community”; limited for it has boundaries;
 It is a cultural or ethnic concept, which may consist of one or more states.
 It is a large group of people who are bound together, and recognize a similarity among
themselves, because of a common culture; in particular, a common language seems
important in creating nationhood.
 A single nation may be made up of several states.

GOVERNMENT AND CITIZENS IN A GLOBALLY INTERCONNECTED WORLD OF

STATES
A STATE IN A WORLD OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE
Globalization is commonly equated with the rising momentum of global free-market
capitalism in the final decades of the Twentieth Century, accompanying the rise of transnational
enterprises, and the resulting disparities between easy flows of money and commodities across
border and the legal barriers and logistical hurdles that keep most workers ties in their home
communities.
Many critics of the so called “Washington Consensus” and its “neo-liberal” emphasis on
deregulation, privatization, and free trade see globalization as imposing force of choice upon a
state either to conform to free market principle or run the risk of being left behind. Journalist
Thomas Friedman in phrase “Golden Straitjacket” describe how the states are forced into politics

48 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

that suits the preferences of investment houses and corporate executive who swiftly move
money and resources into countries favored as adaptable to the demand of the international
business or withdraw rapidly from countries that are uncompetitive.
Hence, Friedman’s colorful language has essentially claim that states have lost an
important element of economic sovereignty and neo-liberalism is beyond contestation (Martinez,
et.al. 2018).

ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The rising economic interdependence of the past century resulted for the states to form
regional partnerships with their neighbors, from loosely-knit organizations promoting trade and
economic cooperation such as African Union, ASEAN to trading blocs such NAFTA and the
Caribbean Community.
Europe has clearly stand out as the continent’s political elites made a leap into a market
integration shortly after WWII with the launching of the European Coal and Steel Community.
Today European Union has 27 member states, with a single currency and monetary system,
and supranational European Parliament with growing legislative powers alongside the Council
of Ministers.
In recent treaty revisions, the EU has expanded into foreign and security policy instituted
in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, a common citizenship that affords citizens of the member states
the right to live, work, vote and even run for office in European Parliamentary elections outside
one’s native member state.
The EU is regarded by some leading scholars as having strengthened the state because
it empowers the member states to protect their interests into the international arena enabling the
national governments to build resources directed toward international negotiations, and bolsters
national regulatory mechanisms to fulfil the resulting international commitments.

THE RISE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES

The failure of the League of Nations strengthened the collected will of world leaders to
start another international organization to facilitate global dialogue and promote human rights
and fundamental freedom. The United Nations was formed in 1945 though it has huge

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limitations: it never transcended the states system and instead operates mainly as a forum for
states to air their differences and try to resolve them. This is especially apparent within the
Security Council and its outdated composition that awards veto power to each of the five
countries that won the Second World War, as well as the General Assembly’s relative lack of
power and its state-based configuration.
Although, UN has been unable to prevent many atrocities and genocides around the world
during its history. Concerns about the limitations led to formation of ad hoc tribunal and the
permanent establishment of International Criminal Court. As the number of states has risen
steadily, national leaders have turned to the UN and European rights declarations for inspiration
when drafting constitutions and have often signed human rights conventions quickly as a way of
building up global respectability for their new political legal systems.
According to Slaughter (2004), a trans-governmental networks improve the competence
and regulatory effectiveness of governments and bring governments around the world into
greater harmony with international norms and treaties.

STATES AS TARGETS: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM

Transnational activism has deep roots that go back to 19 th century campaigns against
slavery, foot-binding practice in China, and for women’s voting rights. It is multifaceted as
internationalism within which it has emerged. That although globalization and global neo-
liberalism are framed around which many activists mobilize, the protest and organizations are
not the product of a global imaginary but of domestically rooted activists.

INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

What is International Relations?
International relations is concerned with relations across boundaries of nation-states. It
addresses international political economy, global governance, intercultural relations, national
and ethnic identities, foreign policy analysis, environment, international security, diplomacy,
terrorism, media, social movements and more. It is a multi-disciplinary field that does not restrict
students to one approach and employs a variety of methods including discourse analysis,
statistics and comparative and historical analysis (https://international relations.sfsu.edu).

50 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

In the international arena, institution has been used interchangeably with regime, which
has been defined by Krasner as a set of explicit or implicit “principles, norms, rules, and decision-
making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in a given area.”
Modern international relations give us deep cultural understanding that is a foundation for
interaction with cultures with different values and beliefs. Countries need to communicate to
survive depending on trade and exchanges with others that are beneficial in many ways.
Example of an International institutions is UN were it mirrors the structure of existing
international system insofar as it is dominated by leading powers such as permanent members
of the Security Council. Likewise, the EU, and NATO, in which such interaction reduces a long
term potential for international conflict.
When scholars refer to groups like UN or institutions like IMF and the WB, they call them
International organizations. Although international NGOs are sometimes considered as IOs,
which the term refers to International intergovernmental organizations or groups that primarily
made up of member states.

DIFFERENT INTERNATIONAL ORGANZATIONS

1. UNITED NATION – is an instrument of international that UN member states are bound
by it. The UN charter codifies the major principles of international relations, from
sovereign equality of States to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations
(https://www.un.org).

UN FIVE PRINCIPLES OF MUTUAL COEXISTENCE (as stated by Panchsheel Treaty,

signed on April 24, 1954):
a) Mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity
b) Mutual non-aggression
c) Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs
d) Equality and mutual benefits
e) Peaceful co-existence
2. EUROPEAN UNION – the European Commission is responsible for designing European
development policy and delivering aid throughout the world as effectively as possible. It

51 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

ensures that EU is represented internationally in development policy matters and in
negotiating agreements on international development issues (https://ec.europa.eu).
3. NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA) - fundamentally reshaped
North American economic relations, driving unprecedented integration between the
developed economies of Canada, US and Mexico’s developing one. It boosted trade by
eliminating all tariffs between three countries and creating agreements on international
rights for business investors. Furthermore, reduced the cost of commerce by spurring
investment and growth especially small business (https://www.thebalance.com).
4. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) – is the only international organization dealing
with the global rules on trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade
flows as smoothly, predictably and as freely as possible. The WTO agreements,
negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their
parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers
conduct their business (https://www.wto.org).
5. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) – is an international organization of 189
member countries that works to ensure the stability of international monetary and financial
system. Its mandates includes facilitating the expansion of balanced growth of
international trade, promoting exchange stability, and providing opportunity for orderly
correction of countries’ balance of payments problem (https://www.imf.org).
6. WORLD BANK (WB) – is an international organization affiliated with the United Nations
and designed to finance projects that enhance the economic development of member
states (https://worldbank.org)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNATIONALISM AND GLOBALISM

Although the two terms appear to be similar, yet there exist a conceptual difference
between the two:
Globalism is much wider in terms of its meaning, scope and outcome. It emphasizes the
dilution of sovereign expression of the nations but demonstrate the conflict arising out of this
dilution as well. However, this does not mean that globalism is negative concept because
surrendering of national sovereignty (to some extent) is aimed to moderate the barriers to
international exchanges. In addition, globalism is an ideology posits by Manfred Steger which

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are based on the belief that people, goods and information able to cross the national border
unfettered. It is further, a widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of
economic markets is beneficial for everyone, since it spread freedom and democracy across the
world.
On the other hand, internationalism lays stress in the solidarity and cooperation among
nations, while acknowledging their sovereign character. Moreover, internationalism is a political,
economic, and cultural cooperation between nations. It is further a system of heightened
interaction between various sovereign states particularly the desire for greater cooperation and
unity among states and people.
Nevertheless, in spite of this conceptual differences between the two terms, we can see
the amalgamation of this two phenomenon particularly in this contemporary world order which
the international and transnational exchange witness globalism and internationalism with varying
degrees (abhipedia.abimanu.com).

Conclusion
 Internationalism is but one window into the broader phenomenon of globalization;
 Increasingly international relations are also facilitated by international organizations that
promote global norms and policies. The most prominent example is the United Nations.

ACTIVITY/IES. Choose only one. The student will research on:

1. UN’s role on the issue of the Philippine claim in West Philippine Sea.
2. UN’s role on the issue of the COVID-19 pandemic.

USING/APPLYING KNOWLEDGE (application/integration)

1. Based on what you have research on the above activity, make a reaction paper if UN
really play its role as an important international organization.

EVALUATING UNDERSTANDING (Assessment). Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:

Quiz/Assessment:
III. TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE If otherwise.

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__________1. The world is still governed even there is the absent of global government in order
to produce norms, code of conduct and regulation.
__________2. The failure of the United Nations strengthened the collected will of world leaders
to start another international organization to facilitate global dialogue and promote human rights
and fundamental freedom.
__________3. Transnational activism is as multifaceted as the internationalism within which it
has emerged.
__________4. The idea of the present-day concept of sovereignty can be traced back on the
era of the Concert of Europe.
__________5. The EU is regarded by some leading scholars as having strengthened the state
because it empowers the member states to protect their interests into the international arena.

II. IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being asked.

____________________6. It refers to the community of persons permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, independent form external control, and possessing an organized
government to which greater body of inhabitants renders habitual obedience.
____________________7. Its “neo-liberal” emphasis on deregulation, privatization, and free
trade see globalization as imposing force of choice upon a state either to conform to free market
principle or run the risk of being left behind.
____________________8. It is concerned with relations across boundaries of nation-states
such as international political economy, global governance, intercultural relations, etc.
____________________9. It is a large group of people who are bound together, and recognize
a similarity among themselves, because of a common culture; in particular, a common language
seems important in creating nationhood.
____________________10. It is an ideology posits by Manfred Steger which are based on the
belief that people, goods and information able to cross the national border unfettered.

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION(S) BRIEFLY BUT SUBSTANTIVELY

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(5 POINTS).
1. What are the challenges faced by UN in maintaining global security?

UPGRADING COMPETENCE AND EXPANDING INSIGHTS (enrichment phase)

Research on this two International organizations and make a comparison by filling the chart
below:
International Organization International Monetary World Trade Organization
Fund
Similarities
Difference

REFERENCE TO/REFLECTION ON VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama. The Contemporary World, 1st ed. Rex Book Store.
Manila, Philippines.2018.

CHAPTER 6: CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

55 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

Chapter Introduction
There is no global government, yet. On any day, mail is delivered across borders; people
travel from one country to another on a variety of transport modes; goods and services are
freighted across land, air, sea, and cyberspace with reliable, safe, and secure service for the
people, groups, firms and government involved. Disruptions are rare that is why international
transactions are typically characterized by order, stability and predictability.
It is a fact, that state that is in an international order continue to adhere to certain global
norms means that there is a semblance of world order despite the lack of single government.
Definitely, we can say that there is the presence of global governance that intersect various
processes to create order.
There are many sources of global governance such as signing of treaties as well as
forming organizations as part of the process in legislating international law. International Non-
Government Organizations, though not having formal state power, can individual states to
behave in a certain way. Similarly with powerful transnational corporations can likewise, have
tremendous effects on global labor laws, environmental legislation, trade policy, etc.
This chapter will examine how global governance is articulated by intergovernmental
organizations, primarily United Nations as the most prominent intergovernmental organization
today.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Concern for others; cooperation, lobbying power

Lesson 6 – CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Introduction:
This chapter will mainly focus on global governance as a method of harmonizing laws
among states. It is a purposeful order that emerges from institutions, processes, and norms,
formal agreements, and informal mechanisms that regulate action for common good. Moreover,
global governance is cooperative action based on rights and rules enforced through a
combination of financial and moral incentives.

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Finally, UN as a prominent intergovernmental organization and world views on global
governance will also be discussed.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations
2. Identify the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century
3. Explain the relevance of the state amid globalization

STIMULATING LEARNING (Motivation)

1. What is global governance? Is it synonymous with global government?
2. How is the world governed?
3. What are the roles played by UN in maintaining world order?

INCULCATING CONCEPTS (Input/Lesson Proper)

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

THE FACTORS BEHIND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 The declining power of nation-states
 The flow of digital information of all sorts through the internet;
 Mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally into various nation-states;
 Nation-states have long struggle to problems that deals with interstate system.
 The Attributes of Today’s Global System

WORLD POLITICS TODAY HAS FOUR KEY ATTRIBUTES:

 There are countries or states that independent and govern themselves;
 Countries interact with each other through diplomacy;
 There are International organizations like UN that facilitate these interactions.
 Facilitating meetings between states, International Organizations also take on the lives of
their own.

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WHAT ARE THE ORIGIN OF THIS SYSTEM?
 The nation-state is relatively a modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not
always organize themselves as countries.

WHAT IS GOVERNANCE?
 Governance is “the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage
a country’s affairs at all levels. It comprises the mechanisms, processes and institutions
through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights,
meet their obligations and mediate their differences” (UNDP, 1997).
 Governance is “the method through which power is exercised in the management of a
country’s political, economic and social resources for development.” (World Bank, 1993)

WHAT GOOD GOVERNANCE ENTAILS? (WORLD BANK)

 sound public sector management (efficiency, effectiveness and economy)
 accountability, exchange and free flow of information (transparency)
 a legal framework for development (justice, respect for human rights and liberties)

Consensus
oriented Accountable

Participatory Transparent
GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
Follows the Responsive
rule of law

Effective and Equitable and

efficient inclusive

58 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE DEFINED:
There is no world government to coordinate and facilitate cooperation among all actors
to deal with threats and challenges. Therefore, global governance is especially needed.

WHAT IS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE?

 “Sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their
common affairs.” (Commission on Global Governance).
 “Collection of governance related activities, rules and mechanisms, formal and informal,
existing at a variety of levels in the world today, also referred to as the ‘pieces of global
governance” (Kams and Mingst).
 Global governance can be understood as the sum of laws, norms, policies, and institutions
that define, constitute, and mediate trans-border relations between states, cultures,
citizens, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations and the market
(https://english.lokaantar.com).
 “Global governance” means “collective efforts to identify, understand or address worldwide
problems that go beyond the capacity of individual States to solve”. (Thomas G. Weiss)
 “Global governance is governing, without sovereign authority, relationships that transcend
national frontiers. Global governance is doing internationally what governments do at
home.” (Rosenau)

WHY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE?

With the emergence of rapid globalization, the risks to the international system have grown to
the extent that formerly localized threats are no longer locally containable but are now potentially
dangerous to global security and stability.
Ethnic conflicts Food and water scarcity
Infectious diseases International migration flows
Terrorism New technologies are increasingly taking center stage
Climate change Energy security
Energy security New economic powerhouses

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COMPLEX RISKS DRIVING DEMANDS FOR GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 deepening interdependence
 interconnected problems
 the mingling of domestic politics with international issues

WORLD VIEWS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

China. Many Chinese saw mounting global challenges and ‘fundamental’ defects in the
international system but emphasized the need for China to deal with its internal problems. The
Chinese envisage a ‘bigger structure’ pulling together the various institutions and groups that
have been established recently. They saw the G-20 as being a step forward but questioned
whether North-South differences would impede cooperation on issues other than economics.
India. The Indians thought existing international organizations are ‘grossly inadequate’ and
worried about an ‘absence of an internal equilibrium in Asia to ensure stability.’ They felt that
India is not well-positioned to help develop regional institutions for Asia given China’s
preponderant role in the region. Some feared that a system developed by the ‘West’ – which
includes democracy and rule of law – would suffer as the ‘East’ becomes more powerful.
Japan. Many Japanese saw the governance gap as more about political leadership than ‘form
or structure.’ Several questioned whether formal institutions, with their huge bureaucracies, are
effective. At the same time, the Japanese felt the G-20 needs stronger political cohesion. Most
emphasized the need to boost national and regional means before reforming international
organizations. Many were concerned about the lack of regional frameworks – particularly for
hard security – in East Asia but argued that Japan should take a more proactive role toward
regional cooperation.
Russia. Russian experts saw the world in 2025 as still largely one of ‘great powers,’ although
some expected the influence of multinational businesses to increase and opportunities for
greater transnational cooperation. The Russians worried about the relative lack of ‘trans-Pacific
security.’ The United States, Europe, and Russia also have scope for growing much closer, while
China, ‘with the biggest economy,’ will be the main factor in changing the world.
UAE. The Persian Gulf region is concerned with the key question “what sort of global institutions
are most capable of inclusive power sharing?” The region bemoaned the lack of strong regional
organizations. A framework or institution is needed to bring together the ‘rights’ of energy

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producers with those of consumers. Several felt let down by lack of support from the West on
democratization.

GROWTH OF REGIONALISM
No comprehensive trend can be detected toward deepening regional governance structures.
However, some progress toward closer cooperation at the regional level has been achieved over
the last decade in regions as diverse as South America, Africa, and most notably, East Asia.

Regional cooperation is likely to make some further strides due to a mix of factors.
First, there is growing dissatisfaction with the performance of global governance
institutions as either ineffective of carrying political agendas.
Second, relative power is shifting at the regional level as well. Preeminent actors such
as China, Japan or Brazil have chosen to invest in regional cooperative frameworks to manage
political differences and confirm their leadership.
Third, the global financial crisis has impacted all global regions and amplified both the
suspicion of external interference in regional affairs and a sense of self-reliance to address
economic and political challenges.

ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATIONS

New technologies, such as the Internet, empower individuals and groups and enable non-
state actors to coordinate actions across national boundaries. As one participant stated: ‘The
Internet is an enabler, it gives the weak a chance to do things they could not do before. That
creates a kind of power shift.’
In the global health arena, for example, the exposure by Chinese medical practitioners
via the Internet of provincial governments’ efforts to hide the spread of SARS in 2002- 2003 led
Beijing finally to take action against the virus. During the color revolutions and more recently in
Iran, democratic pressure groups used the Internet to organize mass demonstrations. Equally,
the spread of mass media in regions – largely rural – that historically have been cut off has
increased pressures on government for better governance – particularly at home. As a
conference participant put it,

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‘To predict the future, you need information and technology, but many people in the world
don’t have these tools. We need to get people the tools so they will have a stake in the future
and policy.’
The Future
‘As for the future, it will not be a linear progression but zig-zags and ups and downs,
probably marked by discontinuities and surprises.’

ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF UNITED NATIONS

It becomes the embodiment of the international community of states, the focus of
international expectations, and the locus of a collective action as a symbol of an imagined
community of strangers. It has made enormous positive contributions in maintaining international
peace and security, promoting cooperation among states and international development. It has
to be noted that the United Nations is not a nascent world government, but it has and can
continue to contribute to improving global governance.
Purpose or role of the United Nations?
Article 1 of the UN Charter states the following purposes:
1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective
measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression
of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful
means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment
or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the
peace;
2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal
rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to
strengthen universal peace;
3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic,
social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for
human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion; and
4. To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common
ends

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THE STATE AMIDST GLOBALIZATION
In our modernizing planet, globalization is compressing the world through changes in
spatial organization of social relations and transactions creating transcontinental and
interregional flows and networks (Held et al 1999:16). Hyperglobalist believe that globalization
has made the state superfluous (Heywood, 2007:103) while others believe it is “globaloney” and
has had no effects on state’s role (Brown & Ainley 2009:177).
Indeed, the role of the state has changed to some extent. The original role was created
in the Westphalian model, portraying the state as the highest power with complete sovereignty,
with internal role to provide and to govern for the people of the state and an external role as
actor in world politics. But, currently, the role of the state is different politically, socially,
technologically and economically.
Globalization has changed the role of the state politically because of strengthened
interstate relationships and dependence on one another creating an imbalance of power among
nations of different political and economic strengths. The role of the nation-state in a global world
is largely regulatory one as the chief factor in global interdependence.
Globalization is generally recognized as the fading or the complete disappearance of
economic, social, and cultural borders between nation-states. Some scholars have theorized
nation-states which are inherently divided by physical and economic boundaries will be less
relevant in a globalized world (Investopedia.com).
However, the increasingly reduced barriers regarding international commerce and
communications seen as potential threat to nation-states especially forcing it to deal with one
another particularly in the aspect of trade and commerce.
Moreover, another effect of globalization to nation-state is that, it favors Westernization,
meaning other nation-states are at the disadvantage when dealing with America’s and Europe.
This particularly true in agricultural industry in which second-and third world nation-states faces
competition from western companies.
In addition, the emergence of powerful multinational corporations is another challenge to
nation-states forcing them to examine their economic policies at the advantage of these
corporations. Furthermore, confronting the unique issue on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
would let nation-states to determine how much international influence they would allow on their
economies.

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The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely on regulatory one as the chief factor
in global interdependence. The only remaining unchanged part of nation-state is their domestic
role. Subsequently, states that were previously isolated are now forced to engage with one
another to set international commerce policies, but through various economic imbalances, these
interactions may lead to diminish the roles for some states and exalted roles for other states.

CONCLUSION
Future opportunities, but also limits
Global governance is not slated to approach ‘world government’ because of widespread
sovereignty concerns, divergent interests and deep-seated worries about the effectiveness of
current institutions. However, enhanced and more effective cooperation among a growing
assortment of international, regional and national in addition to non-state actors is possible,
achievable, and needed, particularly to grapple with the growing interconnectedness of future
challenges.

ACTIVITY/IES. Let the student perform. Choose

only one.
1. Describe, analyze and interpret this
cartoon global governance. Critically
examine its message and give reasons
for your opinion.
2. Write a position paper explaining your
view on the weakness/ strength of existing kind of Global governance that we have.
RUBRIC
CONTENT Has logical progression of ideas and supporting information
MESSSAGE Message is very clear and relevant
The ideas are well organized; cause and effect relationships are
ORGANIZATION
logically presented
ACCURACY The data are accurate and verifiable
IMPACT Messages are persuasive and have great impact

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USING/APPLYING KNOWLEDGE (application/integration)
1. Let the student research in the internet or newspapers/ magazines.
1. Cut out one recent article or news about United Nations.
2. Make a Reaction Paper on the role played by UN in the news.

EVALUATING UNDERSTANDING (Assessment). Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:

Quiz/Assessment:
I. TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
__________1. Globalization has changed the role of the state politically because of
strengthened interstate relationships and dependence.
__________2. The Chinese saw the G-20 as being a step forward but questioned whether North-
South differences would impede cooperation on issues other than economics.
__________3. In the Chinese view of global governance, they saw that governance gap is more
about political leadership than ‘form or structure.’
__________4. ‘The Internet is an enabler, it gives the weak a chance to do things they could not
do before.
__________5. With the emergence of rapid globalization, the risks to the international system
have grown to the extent that formerly localized threats are no longer locally containable but are
now potentially dangerous to global security and stability.

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the correct letter of your choice:

___6. It was an alliance of great powers in Europe that sought to restore the Westphalian
system, the world of monarchical, hereditary, and religious privileges.
A. Treaty of Westphalia C. Concert of Europe
B. Rome Treaty D. Treaty of Tordesillas
___7. He defined “Global governance” means “collective efforts to identify, understand or
address worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual States to solve”.
A. James Rosenau C. John Kirton
B. Thomas Weiss D. Hans Schattle
___8. He was an internationalist who did not believed in nationalism.
A. Joseph Stalin C. Vlademir Lenin

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B. Karl Marx D. Friedrich Engels
___9. This international institution defined governance is “the method through which power is
exercised in the management of a country’s political, economic and social resources for
development.”
A. International Monetary Fund C. World Trade Organization
B. United Nations D. World Bank
___10. It is an agreement signed in 1648 to end the 30 years wars between the continental
powers of Europe.
A. Treaty of Westphalia C. Concert of Europe
B. Rome Treaty D. Treaty of Tordesillas

UPGRADING COMPETENCE AND EXPANDING INSIGHTS (enrichment phase)

1. Why is there is a need for global governance? Do you think global governance reform can
help address the challenges of the 21st century?

REFERENCE TO/REFLECTION ON VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama. The Contemporary World, 1st ed. Rex Book Store.
Manila, Philippines.2018.
4. www.e-r.info. By S. Buchanan 2012. “Has Globalization Altered the Role of the State?

66 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

CHAPTER 7: WORLD OF REGIONS: THE GLOBAL NORTH AND
SOUTH DIVIDE

Chapter Introduction
This chapter explores the development and underdevelopment paradox of globalization
as a means to shed light on the term ‘global south’. The topic examined the inequalities between
countries and illustrate how these inequalities necessitate the emergence of categories like the
global south. It situates the historical emergence of the term ‘global south’ and its antecedent
forms like, ‘Third World’ by looking at how inequalities have been produced through political
projects like colonization and present day neo-liberalism globalization.

Value/Thrusts Integration

Lesson 7 – THE GLOBAL NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE

Introduction:
The concept of a gap between the Global North and the Global South is in terms of
development and wealth. In this chapter, the term “Global South”, its differentiation with the term
“Third Word”, and “Global North”, as well as analyzing the new conception of global relations
emerged from the experiences of Asian countries will be discussed.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. Define the term “Global South”
2. Differentiate the Global South from the Third World
3. Differentiate global north from global south
4. Analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the experiences of
Asian countries

STIMULATING LEARNING (Motivation)

1. How do you understand the term Global South?
2. What is the difference between the terms Global South vis-a-vis the Third World?
3. What is the difference between the terms Global South vis-a-vis global North?

67 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

4. How do Asian countries cope with the rapid growth of globalization?

INCULCATING CONCEPTS (Input/Lesson Proper)

TERMS AND CONCEPTS:
What are Regions?
Regions are “a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area” or are “an
amalgamation of two regions (or) a combination of more than two regions” organized to
regulate and “oversee flows and policy choices.”
Regionalization – refers to the regional concentration of economic flows.
Regionalism – refers to a political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and
coordination among countries.
Countries respond economically and politically to globalization in various ways. Some are large
enough and have a lot of resources to dictate how they participate in processes of global
integration.

THE GLOBAL NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE

These two terms are used interchangeably and can mean the same thing. But there can
also be a subtle difference between the two. When we talk about Global South, we can say that
it is resisting the influence of the First World Countries unlike with the terms “third world” and
“developing countries” where they are truly victims of capitalism and powerless to resist.
The North-South divide is a socio-economic and political categorization of countries. The
cold war era generalization places countries in two distinct groups: the North and the South. The
north is comprised of all First World countries and most Second World countries while South is
comprised of the Third World countries. This categorization ignores the geographic position of
countries with some countries in the southern hemisphere such as Australia and New Zealand
being labelled as part of the north. The ‘global South’ is constituted by regions in Asia, Africa,
Middle East and South and Latin America--- which are all developing nations and non-
democratic. On the other hand, the ‘global North’ is constituted of countries like, USA, Canada,
Western Europe, developed parts of Asia, Australia and New Zealand --which are wealthy,
industrialized and democratic Capitalist.

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A. CONCEPTUALIZING GLOBAL SOUTH
For many scholars and many non-governmental organizations, the term global south
generally refers to countries classified by WB as low or middle income. And the use of the
phrase Global South marks a shift from a central focus on development or cultural difference
toward an emphasis on geopolitical relations of power.

GLOBAL SOUTH DEFINED:

 The Global South is a term that has been emerging in transnational and postcolonial
studies to refer to what used to be called the "Third World" (i.e., countries in Africa, Asia,
Latin America), "developing countries," "less developed countries," and "less developed
regions."
 Global South is not a static concept.
 With geopolitical shifts, the definition of the Global South may also change; not only with
regard to the meaning of the term, but also, with regard to which countries are considered
to be part of the Global South and which are not. This implies that there is not necessarily
agreement about who part of the Global South is and who is not, or about whether it is
actually useful to apply the term in the first place.
 The global south encompasses a large portion of the countries in the world; however,
they only have two major similarities within all the countries: imperialism and
underdevelopment.
 The global south is everywhere, but it is also somewhere, and that somewhere, located
at the intersection of entangled political geographies of dispossession and repossession.
[Sparke (2007)]
 The global south is thus both a reality and a provisional work-in-progress… It should not
be defined a priori, but rather articulated in the context of provisional and mutable
processes of political praxis (established practice). [Lisandro Claudio]
 The global south is not a directional designation or a point due south from a fixed north,
it is a symbolic designation meant to capture the semblance of cohesion that emerged
when former colonial entities engaged in political projects of decolonization and moved
toward the realization of a postcolonial international order. [Grovogui (2011)].

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WHY GLOBAL SOUTH?
 More favorable than its predecessors, “Third World” or “Developing World.”
Jonathan Rigg (“Global South”)
 In comparison with “Third World” and “Developing World”, the term Global South carries
more weight in resisting hegemonic forces.
Leigh Anne Duck (The Global South Journal)
 In theory, indeed, it appears to be a less hierarchical – or evolutionary – term than the
other two.
Barbara Poohast

B. GLOBAL SOUTH VS. THIRD WORLD

Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer, anthropologist, and historian, is credited for coining
the term Third World during the Cold War referring to countries that were aligned with either the
Communist Bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc (L'Observateur, 1952). It is an outdated and
offensive term for a developing nation characterized by population with low and middle incomes,
and other socio-economic indicators.
According to Mahler (2017), the ‘Global South’ as a critical concept has at least three
main definitions. For some scholars and many non-government organizations, the term ‘global
south’ generally refers to the countries classified by World Bank as low or middle income that
are located in Africa, Asia, Oceania, Latin America, and Caribbean. This definition uses term in
a descriptive manner and is simply the most recent in a long list of catch-all concepts used to
identify, define and cluster the ‘poorer parts of the world’. Therefore, like its predecessors
(periphery, less-developed; developing; underdeveloped; third world) it lumps together very
diverse economic, social, and political experiences and positions into one overarching category.

 The terms “Third World”, “developing world”, and “global south” are all ways to represent
interstate inequalities.
 Third World is a term originally use to distinguish those nations that neither aligned with
the west nor with the east during the cold war;
 These countries are also known as the Global South, developing countries, and least
developed countries in academic circle.

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 The term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-
aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact.
 Canada, Japan, South Korea, Western European nations and their allies represented the
First World, while the post-Soviet Union countries, China, Cuba, and their allies
represented the Second world.
 This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing nations of the earth into three
groups based on political and economic divisions.
 Since the fall of Soviet Union and the end of the Cold war, the term Third World was
decreased in use. It is being replaced with terms such as developing countries, least
developed countries or the Global south. The concept itself has become outdated as it
no longer represents the current political or economic state of the world.
 Due to complex history evolving meanings and contexts, there is no clear or agreed upon
definition of Third World. Some countries in Communist Bloc, such as Cuba were often
regarded as Third World because many Third World countries were economically poor
and non-industrialized, it became a stereotype to refer to poor countries as Third World
countries, yet the Third World term is also often taken to include newly industrialized
countries like Brazil, India, and China more commonly referred to as part of the BRIC.
 As Dados and Connell (2012) contends, the term ‘global south’ functions as more than a
metaphor for underdevelopment. It references an entire history of colonialism, neo-
imperialism, and differential economic and social change through which large inequalities
in living standard, life expectancy, access to resources are maintained
(https://onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca)
 Global South is employed in a post-national sense to address spaces and people’s
negatively impacted by contemporary capitalist globalization.

C. GLOBAL SOUTH VS. GLOBAL NORTH

With the Cold War winding down, the terms “Global North” and “Global South” spread in
academic fields like international relations, political science, and development studies.
The North-South Divide (or Rich-Poor Divide) is the socio-economic and political division that
exists between the wealthy developed countries, known as “the North,” and the poorer
developing countries (least developed countries), or “the South.”

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They are also economically developed, that may become part of the “North,” regardless
of geographical location, while any other nations which do not qualify for “developed” status are
in effect deemed to be part of the “South.”
“The North” mostly covers the West and the First World, with much of the Second World.
The North-South divide has more recently been named the development gap. This places
greater emphasis on closing the evident gap between rich (more economically developed)
countries and poor (less economically developed countries) countries.
Generally, definitions of the Global North include the United States, Canada, Western
Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand. The Global South is made up of African, Latin
America, and developing Asia including the Middle East. The North is home to all the members
of the G7 and four of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
Although most nations comprising the “North” are in fact located in the Northern Hemisphere,
the divide is not primarily defined by geography.
The term should not be taken too literally, with the equator dividing the world in two.
Instead, it should be understood in the wider context of globalization – or global capitalism. In
most cases it then becomes related to an economic division between rich(er) and poor(er)
countries.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NORTH AND SOUTH

GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH

 North America, Western Europe,  Africa, Latin America, and Asia
Australia, Japan  Poor and less developed region
 Known as First world  5% of the population has enough food
 Home to four of the five permanent and shelter
members of the UN Security Council  It serves as the source of raw materials
 Richer and develop countries of the north
 95% has enough food and shelter and
functioning education system as well.

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ISSUES OF NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE:
1. Standard of living;
2. Distribution of income around the world:
 Liberalization of market occurs, most south countries lost to the competition from
the north.
 Encourage migration of people from south to north for having a more good income.
3. Economic competition worldwide:
Reasons for development gap:
 Environmental natural features e.g. soil
 Historical things which have happen in years before e.g. war
 Socio – economic society, culture and money e.g. religion

Some of the major differences in North and South countries are as follows:

North South
Less population Large population
High Wealth Low Wealth
High Standard of living Low Standard of living
High Industrial development Low Industrial development
Industry Agriculture

REASONS: There are 3 main reasons why our world is so unequal today:
1. Colonialism

 North-South gap traces its roots to the colonization of the Southern world regions by
Europe over the past several centuries.
 Control by one power over a dependent area or people

2. Trade

 Spending to bring goods into your country is a greater sum than what you are making
by selling products in the global economy.
 Losing money.

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 Southern countries suffered from this.

3. Debt

 Their products were losing money in the global economy, so they needed to increase
production.
 To borrow money from the rich northern countries.
 This put them in debt.

The gap between the ‘North’ and ‘South’

 Despite very significant development gains globally raising millions of people out of
absolute poverty, a substantial evidence that inequality between the world’s richest and
poorest countries is widening.
 In 1820 Western Europe's per capita income was three times bigger than Africa’s but by
2000 it was thirteen times as big.
 Today the world is much more complex as many poorer countries have experienced
significant economic and social development.
 Inequality within countries has also been growing that the term ‘Global North’ and a
‘Global South’ emerged.

D. CONCEPTION OF GLOBAL RELATIONS EMERGE FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF ASIAN

COUNTRIES

Asian embrace of globalization was the assumption that economics could be separated
from politics. In other words, Asian governments sought to liberalize their economies even as
they worked to protect existing political systems, institutions, and practices – an effort that proved
remarkably successful during the boom years. Greater openness to trade, foreign investors and
visitors, and information from the outside world all have contributed to the erosion of sovereignty
in Asia. But with few exceptions – Burma and North Korea.
Asian states have played a key role in promoting globalization in the region. Singapore’s
decision to embrace the world economy helped it to become the financial center of Southeast
Asia, and bolstered its strategic position in the region as well. China and Vietnam have

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undertaken substantial economic reforms to break out of isolation and strengthen the positions
of those in power.
China, for example, offers its cheap and huge workforce to attract foreign businesses and
expand trade with countries it once considered its enemies but now sees as markets for its goods
(e.g., United States and Japan).
Other countries make up for their small size by taking advantage of their strategic location.
Singapore and Switzerland compensate for their lack of resources by turning themselves into
financial and banking hubs.
Singapore developed its harbor facilities and made them a first-class transit port for ships
carrying different commodities from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and mainland Southeast
Asia to countries in the Asia-Pacific.
In most cases, however, countries form a regional alliance for --- as the saying goes---
there is strength in numbers.

NOTA BENE
 The Global South remains a set of global actors dominated by the great powers. That
domination is funneled in part through the powerful international organizations like the
United Nations and the World Bank that the great powers have created. To understand
world politics and the roots of changes in international affairs, it is important to inspect the
impact of these influential IGOs as actors in the global arena.

ACTIVITY/IES. Let the student perform. Choose only one.

1. List at least 10 countries that belong to the ‘Global South’ and 10 the ‘Global North’.
What is your basis of listing those counties that belongs to ‘Global North’ or ‘Global
South’?
2. Make a Table of Comparison between Global North and Global South; and on the term
‘Third World’ and ‘Global South’.

GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH

THIRD WORLD GLOBAL SOUTH

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USING/APPLYING KNOWLEDGE (application/integration)
1. Let the student research and answer the following questions.
1. Why do you think many big corporations like Apple, Coca-Cola, Microsoft, choose to
manufacture their products in countries located in the Global South than in the Global
North?
2. Based in your knowledge, why rich countries become richer and poor countries become
poorer? Support your idea.

EVALUATING UNDERSTANDING (Assessment). Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:

Quiz/Assessment:
I. TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
__________1. The term ‘global south’ generally refers to the countries classified by America as
low or middle income that are located in Africa, Asia, Oceania, Latin America, and Caribbean.
__________2. Greater openness to trade, foreign investors and visitors, and information from
the outside world have contributed to the erosion of sovereignty in all Asian countries.
__________3. It was after the Cold War that the terms “Global North” and “Global South”
spread in academic fields like international relations, political science, and development studies.
__________4. The terms “Third World”, “developing world”, and “global south” are all ways to
represent interstate inequalities.
__________5. . The Global North are the wealthy developed countries including the United
States, Canada, Western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand.

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the correct letter of your choice:

___6. The global south is everywhere, but it is also somewhere, and that somewhere, located
at the intersection of entangled political geographies of dispossession and repossession.
A. Lisandro E. Claudio C. Siba N. Grovogui
B. Anne Garland Mahler D. Matthew Sparke
___7. It is not a static concept.
A. Third World C. Global South

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B. Developing countries D. Less developed countries
___8. The following are the issues for the North and South divide EXCEPT:
A. Standard of living C. Economic competition worldwide
B. Natural resources D. Distribution of income around the world
___9. These are the 3 main reasons why our world is so unequal today, WHICH is NOT?
A. Colonialism C. Debt
B. Trade D. Sovereignty
___10. The global south is thus both a reality and a provisional work-in-progress… It should
not be defined a priori, but rather articulated in the context of provisional and mutable
processes of political praxis.
A. Lisandro E. Claudio C. Siba N. Grovogui
B. Anne Garland Mahler D. Matthew Sparke

III. ANSWER THE QUESTION BRIEFLY BUT SUBSTANTIVELY (5 POINTS).

1. Why does ‘Global South’ resist globalization?

UPGRADING COMPETENCE AND EXPANDING INSIGHTS (enrichment phase)

Globalization is a phenomenon that push for a borderless world. What do you think are the
reasons for the global divisions: the ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’? Make a reflection paper
on this topic, “the Global North and Global South divide.” Why did this break happened? What
urges for this regional division? Would a country belonging to global south possibly transfer to
global north? How?

REFERENCE TO/REFLECTION ON VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama. The Contemporary World, 1st ed. Rex Book Store.
Manila, Philippines.2018.
4. www.e-r.info. By S. Buchanan 2012. “Has Globalization Altered the Role of the State?

77 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

CHAPTER 8: ASIAN REGIONALISM

Chapter Introduction
Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. As a result
of successful, outward oriented growth strategies, Asian economies have grown not only richer,
but also closer together. Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined. This is not because
the region’s development strategy has changed; it remains predominantly nondiscriminatory and
outward-oriented. East Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to developed
country markets rather than selling to each other.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Cooperation; integration; coherence and interdependence

Lesson 8 – ASIAN REGIONALISM

Introduction:
This chapter will discuss the relationship between the process of globalization and the
region of Asia Pacific and South Asia. This also deals with a framework along three trajectories:
the region as an object impacted by globalization, the region as a subject pushing globalization
forward, and considering the region as alternative to globalization which will present a series of
snapshots as a way to offer a larger tapestry of the relationship between process, place, and
globalization in the Asia Pacific and South Asia.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
4. Differentiate between regionalization and globalization
5. Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region

STIMULATING LEARNING (Motivation)

1. What do you know about Asia?
2. How is regionalization different from globalization?

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3. Why there is an Asian regionalism? What are its importance?
4. What are the benefits of Asian regionalism?
5. What are the challenges faced by Asian regionalism?

INCULCATING CONCEPTS (Input/Lesson Proper)

A. GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
• The most important trends in the contemporary world development are on the one hand,
the process of globalization and on the other hand – the increasing activity of regional
integration. Globalization and regionalization – are some of the most controversial
concepts.
• Globalization affects economic, political processes at the global level, but regionalization
involves all the various events and the needs of specific areas of the country. The process
of globalization and regionalization reemerged during the 1980’s and heightened after the
end of Cold War in the 1990’s.
• At first these processes are contradicting – wherein the very nature of globalization is by
definition is global while regionalization is naturally global.
• The regionalization of world economic activity undermines the potential benefits coming
out from a liberalized global economy because regional partners prefer regional partners
over the rest;
• Regional organizations respond to the state’s attempt to reduce the perceived effects of
globalization.

The words regionalization and regionalism should not be interchanged:

1. Regionalism
 It is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions.
 It is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon;
 The term encompasses a broader area- can be examined in relation to identities, ethics,
religion, ecological sustainability, and health.
 It is also a process and must be treated as an “emergent”, socially constituted
phenomenon – means that regions are not natural or given; rather they are constructed
and defined by policy-makers, economic actors, and even social movements.

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2. Regionalization – refers to regional concentration of economic flows.
 It is characterized as development of economic, political and other relations between
the region and the states which are included in one region; formation of regional state
associations.
 It refers to the actions of economic actors such as multinational corporations.
3. Globalization – it is the process of international integration arising from the interchange
of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects such as technology etc.
4. Region - are group of countries located in the same geographically specified area, or are
amalgamation of two regions (or) a combination of more than two regions organized to
regulate and oversee flows policy choices (Edward Mansfeld and Helen Milner).

Difference between Regionalization and Globalization

1. Nature: Globalization promotes the integration of economies across state borders all
around the world but, regionalism is precisely the opposite because it is dividing an area
into smaller segments.
2. Market: Globalization allows many countries to trade on international level so it allows
free market but in regionalized system, monopolies are more likely to develop.
3. Cultural and Societal relations: Globalization acceleration to multiculturalism by free and
inexpensive movement of people but, regionalism does not support this.
4. Aid: Globalized international community is also more willing to come to the aid of a
country stricken by a natural disaster but, a regionalized system does not get involved in
the affairs of other areas.
5. Technological advances: Globalization has driven great advances in technology but,
advance technology is rarely available in one country or region.

REASONS OF FORMING REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

Military defense:
1. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)- the widely known defense grouping
during the Cold War.
2. Warsaw Pact – created by Soviet Union consisting of Eastern European countries
3. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – established in 1960 by Iran,

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Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to regulate the production and sale of oil. It
dictate crude oil prices in the world market.
4. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961- pursue world peace and international
cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty, racial and national equality, non-
intervention, and peaceful conflict resolution;
• Non-aligned because it refused to side with either the first world capitalist democracies or
the communist states in Eastern Europe.
5. International Monetary Fund – tried to reverse the Thai economic crisis in 1996;
however, it was only with ASEAN countries along with China, Japan, and South Korea
agreed to establish an emergency fund to anticipate a crisis that the Asian economies
stabilized.
 the crisis made ASEAN more “unified and coordinated”

B. ASIAN REGIONALISM
• Regionalism is of growing relevance to the political economy of Asia-Pacific. It is an
important factor that both complements and shapes corporate strategies and government
policies in a globalizing economy.
• Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. As a result
of successful, outward oriented growth strategies, Asian economies have grown not only
richer, but also closer together.
• In the early stages of Asia’s economic takeoff, regional integration proceeded slowly. East
Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to developed country markets rather
than selling to each other.
• Regionalism in Asia has developed rather differently. Regional integration has been
driven more by markets than by governments.
• Cooperation among national authorities is more recent and less intimate. It remains
focused on economic issues (with some social components) and light on formal
institutions.
• For now, it involves no political ambitions, although ASEAN has an advanced security
dialogue with several Asian and non-Asian partners.

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ASIA:
 The world’s largest and most diverse continent. It occupies the eastern four-fifths of the
giant Eurasian landmass.
 vast area always carries the potential of obscuring the enormous diversity among the
regions it encompasses

REGIONS OF ASIA:
1. Central Asia (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan)
2. East Asia (China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan,
Macau)
3. South Asia (Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, the
Maldives)
4. Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Timor Lester, Vietnam, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands)

5. Western Asia (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel,
Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia)

ASIA PACIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA AND THE WORLD

Which is more influential? The acceleration of globalization, defined as the worldwide
integration along economic, political, social, and cultural lines … OR… the emerging influence
of Asia as a global force?
A more recent and even less precise regional label is "Asia Pacific". This refers broadly to the
area of the world in or around Asia and the Pacific Ocean. Typically, it includes the states in
East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania (Ehito Kimura).

UNIQUENESS OF THE REGION

 differences in language and culture
 geography, political systems, historical experience, and broad demographic
characteristics
 economy - economically developed states (Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan)
 highly impoverished countries (Cambodia, Laos, and Nepal)

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 size / demography
 the largest and most populous states on the globe (China, India)
 some of the worlds’ smallest (Maldives and Bhutan)

The Asia Pacific and South Asia became significant in the global system
 emerged over the past decade as a new political force in the world
 robust economic growth
 strategic location

The shift
 Global powers outside of the region are focused intently on the Asia Pacific and South
Asia.
 The United States foreign policy dubbed as the "Pacific Pivot" committed more of its
resources and attention to the region.

THREE VIEWS HOW ASIAN REGION IS BEING AFFECTED BY GLOBALIZATION

Divided into three parts
1. The first section takes an externalist view (object) illustrating the way in which the region
has been affected by globalization.
2. The second section takes a generative view (subject) showing how the region is an
active agent pushing the process of globalization forward.
3. The third perspective shows how the region can be understood as posing an alternative
to globalization.

AN EXTERNALIST VIEW OF GLOBALIZATION

 An external phenomenon being pushed into the region by world powers, particularly the
United States and Europe. From this perspective globalization can be understood as a
process that transforms the Asia Pacific and South Asia - bringing economic
development, political progress, and social and cultural diversity to the region; economic
underdevelopment and the uprooting of local tradition and culture.

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 According to this view, the technologically and industrially more advanced Western
powers forced their way to political and economic dominance of the Asian region.
 Colonialism in the region beginning from the 1500s brought enormous, often
devastating changes.

HISTORICAL EVENTS IN THE REGION

a) IMPACT OF COLONIALISM TO THE REGION IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY
• Movements for nationalism and independence emerged in many parts of the world
including the Asia Pacific and South Asia.
• Products of an increasingly globalized world.
• Scholars of nationalism argue that the roots of national identity lie in the rise of western
industrialization and capitalism (i.e. Jose Rizal).
b.) WORLD WAR II
• World War II marks another way in which the region comes to be at once integrated and
influenced by external forces. [The bombing of Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) and the
surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945]
c) AFTER WWII MARKED THE ERA OF THE COLD WAR
COLD WAR
 The Cold War was the geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle between two
world superpowers, the USA and the USSR that started in 1947 at the end of the
Second World War and lasted until the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December
26, 1991.
 Political instability, faltering economic reform, and the rise of the Communist China all
pushed the United States and their occupation to stress Japan's economic growth and
its incorporation into the world economy (Ikenberry, 2007).
d) ECONOMIC MIRACLES OF THE 1970'S AND 1980'S
 Japan and other East Asian states including Korea and Taiwan were able to adapt their
economic policies in line with what they understood as an increasing globalized
economic system and benefitted from export oriented growth policies in the 1980s and
1990s.

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e) SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES (LATE 1980S AND 1990S)
(Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam.)
 The Southeast Asian "tigers" had some similarities to their East Asian
counterparts including relatively close ties between the state and business elite,
some degree of autonomous decision making structure, and the rise of
manufacturing.
 However, the Southeast Asian economies were also much more reliant on
infusions of foreign capital, based on fixed exchange rate policies and
corresponding investments and returns (Garnaut, 1998: 1-11).
f) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (IFIS)- THE IMF AND WB
 These are the cornerstones of economic liberalization and globalization in the post
war global economy. Initially designed to help rebuild Europe, the World Bank and
the IMF soon turned their attention to the developing world including Southeast
Asia promoting the neo-liberal economic policies (deregulation, privatization, the
rule of the market).
 In July 1997 (Asian Crisis), the Thai economy collapsed as investment fled like a
massive herd and the crisis spread too much in the region (Bullard, Bello and
Malhotra, 1998).

INTERPRETATIONS OF THE ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS

1. The IFIs and orthodox economist argued that the crisis occurred due to poor policies,
weak governance, corruption, poor institutions, and inadequate liberalizations
(Rahman, 1998). In other words, they argued that globalization had not gone far enough.
2. Other more critical voices argued that the problem was precisely the unfettered
capital resulting from processes of globalization over the past several decades (Bello, Bullard,
and Malhotra, 2000).
• Both view however, recognized the deep impact globalization has had on the economies
in the region and the influence it played in creating the 1997 crisis.

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What about China and India?
• China began liberalizing their economy in the late 1970s with the reforms introduced by
Deng Xiaoping.
• India began to liberalize their economy in 1991 and increased levels of trade and foreign
direct investment particularly in the textile and service sectors of the economy.
• Both countries have experienced high levels of economic growth as a result and have
also become much more integrated into the global economy including membership in the
World Trade Organization (WTO) (Mahtaney, 2008).

Impact of Economic globalization in the region

• Region such as Japan, Korea, and Australia, a more global economy has meant an uptick
in non-standard employment, characterized by temporary and part time employment.
• In developing countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam, there has been an
increase in informal employment such as self-employment, family workers, and informal
enterprise workers.
• The Philippines estimates that 18 percent of workers are underemployed while in
Indonesia, nearly a quarter of all workers are either unemployed or involuntarily
underemployed (Lee, Sangheaon and Eyraud, 2008: 19).
• Politics
o Liberal and democratic political values should not be interpreted as Western but the
universal expansion of democracy worldwide;
o The fall of Suharto (1999) – the increasingly globalized world had come to
weaken Suharto’s position;

CULTURE (Prevalent critique of Globalization was its effects in culture)

• Globalization is a form of cultural Westernization summed up in the term McWorld (Barber,
2003). Critics argue that globalization is leading to cultural homogenization and the
destruction of cultural diversity.
• The number of McDonald’s stores in Asia has grown dramatically - from 1951 in 1987 to
over 7,000 in 2002.

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• Domestic fast food chains … compete with Western brands
a) Jollibee in the Philippines
b) California Fried Chicken (CFC) in Indonesia
c) Jumbo King in India, and so on.

Result of McDonaldization
• Radical change in Asian diet was Westernized
• One study in Japan shows that younger people consume more beef and beer than older
counterparts and the older people eat more rice, vegetables, and fruits. Similar patterns
are evident through much of the region.
• McDonaldization thesis would also refers to changing tastes in areas such as music,
clothing, television, and film.
• McDonaldization might also be referred to as “MTV-ization or Hollywoodization.”
The point here is that Western and particularly American cultural trends have spread
globally and increasingly marginalize the way in which local cultural practices are
expressed (Banks, 1997).

GENERATING GLOBALIZATION: THE ASIA PACIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA AS A

SPRINGBOARD
The Asia Pacific and South Asia is an autonomous agent serving as an engine for
globalization.
Arguments
 Spice trade attracted the European powers to the region (Anthony Reid).
 Circumnavigating the globe was a means to find cheaper and faster ways to bring the
goods back to Europe (Reid, 1988).
 Asia, not the West, was the central global force in the early modern world economy.
• it was the site of the world's most important trade routes (Silk Road)
• More advanced in the fields of science and medicine.
• China had a historically unprecedented maritime fleet in the early fifteenth
century under admiral Zeng Ho which traveled within the region and as far
as Africa (Levathes, 1997).

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Zheng He or Cheng Ho (1371 – 1433) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, and
fleet admiral during China's early Ming dynasty.
• In that context, the re-emergence of Asia today is seen as a restoration of its traditional
dominant position in the global economy (Frank, 1998).
Colonization
• Colonies were often laboratories of modernity where innovations in political reform, and
social imaginary, and in what defined the modern itself, were not European exports but
traveled as often the other way around (Stoler, 20016: 41). Example: In the
Philippines, colonial policing in the American colony can be understood as a social
experiment that transformed both the Philippines policy as well as the US National
security state. Practices and technologies such as counter insurgency, surveillance,
and torture were developed and perfected in the colonial Philippines before making their
way back to the core (McCoy and Searano, 2009).

ARE ASIA PACIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA MERE BENEFICIARIES (OR VICTIMS) OF
GLOBALIZATION?
• The 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s actually shaped and in many ways globalized key parts of the
world economy. Japan as a resource poor nation state embarked on a massive project to
procure raw materials such as coal and iron at unprecedented economies of scale allowing
them to gain a competitive edge in the global manufacturing market. This not only
transformed the market for these materials but also globalized shipping and procurement
patterns which influenced other sectors as well. Furthermore, as Japan's competitive
advantage became visible, other countries modeled their practices on theirs further
deepening the globalized patterns of procurement and trade blazed by the Japanese
(Bunker, 2007).
• In many ways, China can be seen as pursuing a similar pattern of development today. It is
now one of the world's largest importers of basic raw materials such as iron and has
surpassed Japan, the United States, and Europe in steel production. In this context, the
simple scale of China's development is shaping and furthering globalization. In terms of its
low wage labor and supply chain management, China has also had an enormous impact on
the availability and consumption of goods around the globe (Nolan, 2004).

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• China has also now surpassed the World Bank in lending to developing countries. The China
Development Bank and the China Export Import Bank signed loans of at least US$110 billion
to other developing country governments and companies in 2009 and 2010, surpassing the
US%100.3 billion from mid 2008 - to mid 2010 by the IFIs (Dyer, Anderlini and Sender,
2011).
• South Asia and, in particular, India is often mentioned in the same breath as China for its
scale and impact on globalization. While the political and economic systems vary
considerably from China, India too has opened up and emphasized an export oriented
strategy. Textiles and other low wage sectors have been a key part of the economy, but
high value exports such as software development have also been highly successful. It is
also playing a key role in global service provision as trends in outsourcing and off-shoring
increase (Dossani and Kenney, 2007).
 India and China have also become a major source of international migrant labor
• highly skilled labor
• semi-skilled labor
• Unskilled labor
 Often undocumented and working conditions can be poor, even deadly.
 Women constitute a large majority of many countries’ migrant pool including Indonesian
(79 percent), the Philippines (71 percent) and Sri Lanka (66 percent) (Kee, Yoshimatsu
and Osaki, 2010: 30).

REMITTANCES FROM MIGRANTS

Become a core source of income for many the region's economies.
 In the Philippines, remittances are now equal to 11 percent of the entire economy (The
Economist, 2010).
 In 2007, India, China, and the Philippines were three of the top four recipient states of
migrant remittances totaling US$70 billion (the other country was Mexico).
The region is both the source and recipient of the influences of the massive
Globalization and migration.

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ANOTHER TREND
The rise of regional free trade arrangements.
 ASEAN, ASEAN + 6 (Australia, India, Japan, China, S. Korea, New Zealand)
 Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) – is proposed free trade
agreement in the Indo-Pacific region between the 10 member states of ASEAN.
 The distinguishing feature of regional institutions in Asia Pacific and South Asia has been
the adoption of ‘open regionalism’ which aims to develop and maintain cooperation with
outside actors. This form of regionalism was meant to resolve the tension between the
rise of regional trade agreements and the push for global trade as embodied by the WTO
(Bergsten, 1997).

OPEN REGIONALISM is embodied by Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, or APEC (1989).

 Member economies lies along the Pacific Rim (East Asia, Southeast Asian, Russia, Peru,
Chile, the United States, and Canada). As the 1990 Ministerial Declaration states, ‘it was
desirable to reduce barriers to trade in goods and services among participants so long as
such liberalization was consistent with GATT principles and was not to the detriment of
other parties.’

CULTURE
Asian cultures have also spread outward to the West and the rest of the world.
Hello Kitty Train to Bushan
Anime Astroboy
Pokemon Power Rangers
K-Pop Sushi
Kung Fu Bollywood
Gangnam style
Much of this has come to be understood as the spread of a kawaii or ‘cute’ culture, or
what some have called ‘Pink Globalization’ (Yano, 2009: 681 – 8). Globalization has not been a
one-way street. … it is also true that the region is generative of many aspects of the globalization
process.

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THE ANTI-GLOBAL IMPULSE: REGIONAL ALTERNATIVES TO GLOBALIZATION
The arguments from this perspective see the region, as a source of resistance to
globalization or to a global or Western Powers.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Japan’s attempted to building of a supposed East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
idea of ‘Asia for Asiatics’ and the need to liberate the region from Europe.
ASIAN VALUES
 Asia has culturally distinct characteristics that make it different from Western liberal
democracies. (PM Mohamed Mahathir)
 ‘The Asian way is to reach consensus on national goals within the democratic framework,
to take the middle path, the Confucian Chun Yung or the Islamic, awsatuha (the middle
path), to exercise tolerance and sensitivity towards others’ (Langlois, 2001: 15).
 This contrasts with Western values where every individual can do what he likes, free from
any restraint by governments [and] individuals soon decide that they should break every
rule and code governing their society (Langlois, 2001: 15).
 Proponents of the Asian values thesis argued that Asians (not clearly defined) tend to
respect authority, hard work, thrift, and emphasize the community over the individual.
Asia operates on the basis of harmony and consensus rather than majority rule. Concepts
such as individual rights, political liberalism, and democracy are Western concepts,
antithetical to the Asian tradition. To that end, the leaders of these states justified their
authoritarian regimes based on Asian values.
 Another way the region serves as an alternative to globalization is through the lens of
regional arrangements. Earlier, it was noted that some regional institutions did little to
counter and even expanded economic, globalization through their principles of ‘open
regionalism’. However, there are other institutions proposed or implemented at the
regional level that are more exclusively and self-consciously ‘Asian’.

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REGIONAL ARRANGEMENT
The region serves as an alternative to globalization.
1. The East Asia Economic Caucus (EAEC)
Floated as early as 1990, the EAEC was pushed as an alternative to APEC, more precisely an
APEC without Western states. The proposed member states were ASEAN, China, South Korea,
and Japan. Strongly objected by the United States of America, likewise the idea was vetoed by
Japan because it is a threat to their strategic partnership.
2. ASEAN +3 (APT), which includes China, South Korea, and Japan, is seen as a successor to
the EAEC (Terada, 2003).
3. The Asian Monetary Fund (AMF)
 Proposed by Japan’s Ministry of Finance in the wake of 1997 financial crisis;
 The fund capitalization would be US$100 Billion – this include 10 members - China, Hong
Kong, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and the
Philippines (Lipscy, 2003).
 The initial draft proposal suggested that the AMF would act autonomously from the IMF
which was opposed by the US and succeeded - which means continuation of IMF-
centered neo-liberal approach to financial governance (Lipscy, 2003).
Another more subversive articulation of Regionalism as an alternative to the west:
1. The emergence of regional terror networks, such as Jemaah Islamiyah or JI.
 The alleged goals of JI (Jemaah Islamiyah) are territorial and also regionalist,
namely to create an Islamic state in Indonesia followed by a pan-Islamic caliphate
incorporating Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and the southern Philippines.
2. Abu Sayyaf
The relationship between globalization and the region of Asia Pacific and South Asia,
shows how globalization is a complex process where regional dynamics must be understood as
both a cause and consequence.

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USING/APPLYING KNOWLEDGE (application/integration)
1. Let the student research in the internet or newspapers/ magazines.

EVALUATING UNDERSTANDING (Assessment). Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:

Quiz/Assessment:
I. IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being asked.
__________1. The regional terror network with the alleged goals creating an Islamic state in
Indonesia followed by a pan-Islamic caliphate incorporating Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and the
southern Philippines
__________2. It is a regional arrangement pushed as an alternative to APEC, more precisely
an APEC without Western states.
__________3. It refers to the changing tastes in areas such as music, clothing, television, and
film,
and also be referred to as “MTV-ization or Hollywoodization
__________4. It was the geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle between two world
superpowers, the USA and the USSR that started at the end of the Second World War and
lasted until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
__________5. According to this view, the technologically and industrially more advanced
Western powers forced their way to political and economic dominance of the Asian region.

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the correct letter of your choice:

___6. It is now one of the world's largest importers of basic raw materials such as iron and has
surpassed Japan, the United States, and Europe in steel production.
A. India C. China
B. Japan D. South Korea
___7. The country that opposed on the initial draft proposal suggesting that the Asian
Monetary Fund would act autonomously from the IMF.
A. UK C. Russia
C. America D. Australia
___8. Asian cultures have also spread outward to the West and the rest of the world. Which of
the following is NOT an Asian culture?

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A. Astroboy C. MTV-ization
B. Bollywood D. Power Rangers
___9. The following are the neo-liberal economic policies promoted by World Bank and IMF.
Which is NOT?
A. deregulation C. protectionism
B. privatization D. education
___10. The rise of regional free trade arrangements which made regionalism act as a spring
board for globalization. Which of the following is NOT a member of ASEAN + 6?
A. Australia C. New Zealand
B. China D. USA

UPGRADING COMPETENCE AND EXPANDING INSIGHTS (enrichment phase)

1. Make a comparison between globalization from regionalization.

REFERENCE TO/REFLECTION ON VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama. The Contemporary World, 1st ed. Rex Book Store.
Manila, Philippines.2018.
4. www.e-r.info. By S. Buchanan 2012. “Has Globalization Altered the Role of the State?

94 | GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

CHAPTER 9: THE GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE

Chapter Introduction
Globalization entails the spread of various culture. An examples are Hollywood movies
that are shown not only in the United States but also other parts of the world. Similarly, South
Korean rapper Psy’s song “Gangnam Style” may have been about a wealthy suburb in Seoul
but its listeners involved millions have never been in Gangnam or not even know what Gangnam
is. Hence, globalization involves the spread of ideas around the world such as the rights of LGBT
as well as other beliefs, i.e., religious beliefs and other aspects of culture even they are not
travelling around the world through the use of Mass media as the main conduit for spreading
global culture and ideas.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Importance of media in preserving and spreading ideas and global culture

Lesson 9 - THE GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE

Introduction:
This chapter focuses on the importance of media in spreading ideas and global culture,
different scholars and their respective perspective on media, the intimate relationship between
globalization and media and the use of social networking on communications and conveying
ideas and information with other people.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. analyze how various media drives various forms of global integration;
2. explain the dynamic between local and global cultural production.

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

1. Do you think media has different and diverse effects on globalization process?
2. Do you think globalization leads to cultural imperialism?

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3. What strategies can you use to distinguish fake and factual information on the internet?
Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is `best considered a
complex set of interacting and often
countervailing human, material and symbolic
flows that lead to diverse, heterogeneous
cultural positionings and practices which
persistently and variously modify established
vectors of social, political and cultural power'
(Lull, 1995: 150).
Globalization `refers to the rapidly
developing process of complex interconnections
between societies, cultures, institutions and
individuals world-wide. It is a social process which
involves a compression of time and space,
shrinking distances through a dramatic reduction
in the time taken - either physically or
representationally - to cross them, so making the
world seem smaller and in a certain sense bringing
them ``closer'' to one another' (Tomlinson, 1999: 165)
Draw up a list of examples of where global phenomena are present in your own day-to-
day life. How many are a result of your exposure to and interaction with the mass media?
The global village: the world seems smaller, more accessible

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What is MEDIA?
 It is the plural for medium – a means of
conveying something such as a channel of
communication
 The plural form—media—came into general
circulation in the 1920s
(came into popular usage to talk about a new
social issues)
 Media is the main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the
Internet), regarded collectively.

THE GLOBAL VILLAGE: the world seems smaller, more accessible

MARSHALL MCLUHAN
“The Medium is the Message”
McLuhan believed that it was not what we said, but the way we said it that mattered most
This theory helps to explain why we communicate through more than one medium
o Media messages carry meanings and representations of the nation, allowing for
conversations that make it sensible to its citizens, articulate its characteristics, and
discuss the prospects

o Consider the role of media in the imagination and promotion of nation

WHAT DO MEDIA PROMOTE?

Stereotype “is a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.”
Masculinity and femininity is defined and restricted by boundaries that are created by images
found in the media.

WHY DO MEDIA STEREOTYPE?

Stereotype
Targets a specific audience – it is what the majority of society wants to see – media shows us
what we want to see

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Media also breaks the stereotype … sometimes, it is the most effective tool to do so!
When considering media and globalization, we should consider whether or not the developments
have promoted social justice and equality or have replicated or intensified between have’s and
have-not’s.

GUY DEBORD
Society of the Spectacle - Social values become equated or blurred with the values of
capitalism: commodification and consumption
Example:
Love becomes equivalent to the purchase of goods and services
Public interest becomes blurred with profit

BENEDICT ANDERSON
The impact of print capitalism in facilitating the ‘imagination’ of nation
As local markets for publications emerged during the age of empire, novels and newspapers
were written not in the language of the colonial master but in the language of the colonized
Allowed the emergence of national rather than colonial consciousness

MICHAEL BILLIG
Banal nationalism = maintenance of nation rather than its conception
The national community is reproduced in the routine practices of daily life (reading the
newspaper, listening to the radio)
Media carry discourses that demarcate the boundaries of the nation, defining its characteristics
and indicating who is included and excluded within the national space.

JURGEN HABERMAS
The major focus of Habermas’s work is the survival of democracy in a world that is increasingly
transformed by science and technology

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GLOBAL IMAGINARY & GLOBAL VILLAGE
The most important consequence of communication media for globalization has been—through
MEDIA, the people of the world came to know of the world. For globalization to proceed, people
needed to be able to truly:
1. Imagine the world and
2. Imagine themselves acting in the world

GLOBAL IMAGINARY
 Media bring about a fundamentally new imaginary—Global Imaginary—the globe itself as
imagined community (Steger, 2008)
 Cosmopolitanism is now a feature of modern life; people imagine themselves as part of
the world
 Nations are the result of ‘imagined communities’; people will never meet face to face with
others but they can imagine themselves as one--in the minds of each lives the image of their
communion (Anderson, 1991)
 The imagination is not a trifling fantasy but a ‘social fact’ & a staging ground for action
(Appadurai, 1996)

EVIDENCES OF IMAGINATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL IMAGINATION

1. The Potato Famine in the 1800s made the Irish people imagine a better life in America &
millions emigrated
2. The Filipino people, suffering under conjugal dictatorship, filled EDSA, overthrew a dictator
& realized their imagination to be free again

MEDIA & ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

 Media have been essential to the growth of economic globalization in the world
 Economic Globalization is about story & myth—narratives that make natural the buying &
selling of products across borders & boundaries & mythic celebrations of products &
consumption

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 Media have made economic globalization possible by creating the conditions for global
capitalism & by promoting the conceptual foundation of the world’s market economy
 The media foster the conditions for global capitalism (they invite us to buy & consume,
from ceaseless commercials on radio & TV, to product placement in films, to digital billboards,
etc)
 Economic and cultural globalization arguably would be impossible without a global
commercial media system to promote global markets & to encourage consumer values
(McChesney, 2001)
 McChesney and co-author Edward Herman (1997) called global media as ‘the new
missionaries of global capitalism’

MEDIA & POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION

o Globalization has transformed world politics in profound ways; overthrow of kingdoms &
empires—creation of nation-state; now some argue that the nation-state deteriorates as
people & borders become more fluid
o Though media corporations are powerful political actors, individual journalists are subject to
brutal & intense intimidation as more actors contend for power (journalists die in the line of
duty & without justice=ultimate form of censorship)
o All these groups threatened by the work of a crusading reporter; all have targeted reporters,
thus globalization has made the world a harrowing place for journalists
o Media are subject to other pressures in this age of high-tech persuasion, manipulation, &
propaganda; economic, political & personal pressures shape the news around the globe
o ‘The CNN Effect’, foreign policy—particularly the actions of the US gov’t. seemed to be driven
by dominant stories appearing on CNN & other 24-hour news networks (Bahador, 2007)
o Media appeared to be driving foreign policy; the concept seemed logical & attracted some
interest but other scholars pursued the CNN effect in earnest, testing & retesting its hypothesis
o These forces can lead to the routine publishing & promoting of news shaped by governments
& corporations
o Herman & Chomsky’s propaganda model shows ‘the routes by which money & power are
able to filter out the news to fit to print, marginalize dissent & allow the government &
dominant private interests to get their messages across the public

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WHAT THE NEW MEDIA CAN DO?
o New media do indeed complicate politics; being mobile, interactive, discursive, &
participatory—with dramatic political implications
o Low cost & ease of posting text, photos, video & music etc., digital media allow for possibility
of multiple, varied voices & views that can challenge & question those in power (Shirky, 2008)

SOCIAL MEDIA
Twitter
o The logistics of twitter are unique
o Users have a limit of 140 characters and the medium requires captivating messages in
order to draw attention to readers
o As a medium of communication, Twitter’s intent is to captivate and tap into our short-term
attention spans
o Messages target individuals who are too busy to read a full article, blog or the newspaper.
o Readers generally get small bits of information with the option to click on a link to read
further;
o Many of us are constantly on the move and need our information quick and simple;
o The medium is the message of efficiency and urgency.

LINKEDIN
o Marketing to your audience through LinkedIn connotes professionalism
o LinkedIn as a medium is used for primarily business related purposes
o For example, promoting a cocktail party would certainly not be marketed using LinkedIn
as a medium to reach your audience
o Alternatively, using LinkedIn to post more professional messages can be more
effective than posting the same message on a more casual platform
o The medium is the message of professionalism.

FACEBOOK

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o As a contrast to LinkedIn is Facebook which is intended to foster a more casual social
media experience
o We do not necessarily log into Facebook to find business information, however, it’s a
great platform to employ the word of mouth theory on the web
o Facebook gives you the opportunity to share and link a business on an online platform;
much like interactions between a group of friends offline
o Not to mention, Facebook is the most active social media platform in the world, with 1.19
billion monthly active users
o The medium is the message of connections

INSTAGRAM
o Instagram is great to create more visual content, build awareness, and foster engagement
o The medium is the message of visual interest

WEBSITES
o Websites are your 24/7 hours sales rep
o Your company’s website should promote products/services and provide solutions and
answers to potential customers
o As important as your website content is, the medium of the website itself has a huge
influence on your success
o Unlike Twitter and LinkedIn, there are no restrictions on the length of content
o Websites can also represent any level of professionalism
o A website and your blog present your business is an easily digestible view
o The medium is the message of presenting the details of your company to your
audience

Activity/ies: Pick-up an Asian musical artist or group that became internationally famous (i.e.
Psye, tc.). In your output, answer the following questions:
1. Where did the Musical artist originate?
2. In which countries did the artist famous?
3. How the artist became famous?

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Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration)
Do you have an email, facebook, Instagram, linked in account, etc.? How often do you use it?
Screen shot an example of online transaction or activity to prove the importance of media in
today’s period of globalizing world.

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment). Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:

Quiz/Assessment:

III. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the correct letter of your choice:

1. The medium is the message of presenting the details of your company to your audience.
A. LinkedIn C. Blogs
B. Websites D. Instagram
2. He believed in the impact of print capitalism in facilitating the ‘imagination’ of nation, and
allowed the emergence of national consciousness rather than colonial consciousness.
A. Guy DeBord C. Marshall McLuhan
B. Benedict Anderson D. Michael Billig
3. The medium is the message of efficiency and urgency.
A. LinkedIn C. Twitter
B. Facebook D. Instagram
4. According to him, “The Medium is the Message,” and further believed that it was not what
we said, but the way we said it that mattered most.
A. Guy DeBord C. Marshall McLuhan
B. Benedict Anderson D. Michael Billig
5. It is now possible for any religion to spread beyond national borders, allowing even small
new religious movements to engage in overseas activities and leading to new unseen
religious developments. This is done through:
A. Magazines B. the media C. Facebook
D. Twitter E. All of the above

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IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS (10 POINTS EACH):
1. Compare and contrast the social impacts of television and social media.
2. How does globalization influence and exploit popular music

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)

Make a reflection paper regarding the positive and negative impact of media in the spread of
global culture.
Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:
1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila

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CHAPTER 10: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

Chapter Introduction
Religion, much more than culture, has the most difficult relationship with globalism.
Religion is concerned with the sacred, while globalism places value on material wealth. Religion
follows divine commandments, while globalism abides human-made laws. Religious people are
less concerned with wealth and along that comes with it. (Claudio, 2018).

Value/Thrusts Integration
Effects of globalization to religious beliefs and practices

Lesson 10 - THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

Introduction:
This chapter focuses on the effects of globalization to religious practices and beliefs,
various religious responses to globalization; and the future of religion in a globalized world.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. Explain how globalization affects religious beliefs and practices;
2. Analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict and the global peace.

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

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1. What religion are you in? Do you think religion can be affected by globalization or
globalization can affect religion?

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

Since globalization can be defined as a process of an “ever more interdependent world”
where “political, economic, social, and cultural relationships are not restricted to territorial
boundaries or to state actors,” globalization has much do with its impact on cultures.
As goods and finance crisscross across the globe, globalization shifts the cultural makeup
of the globe and creates a homogenized “global culture.” Although not a new phenomenon, the
process of globalization has truly made the world a smaller place in which political, social, and
economic events elsewhere affect individuals anywhere. As a result, individuals “search for
constant time and space-bounded identities” in a world ever changing by the day. One such
identity is religion.

What is religion? Religion is a “system of beliefs and practices.” More specifically, the word
comes from the Latin “religare” which means “to bind together again that which was once bound
but has since been torn apart or broken.”

Globalization - individuals feel insecure - rapid changes

Hence, “in order for a person to maintain a sense of psychological well-being and avoid
existential anxiety,” individuals turn to scripture stories and teachings that provide a vision about
how they can be bound to a “meaningful world,” a world that is quickly changing day-by-day.
Challenges: 1) Globalization Engendering Greater Religious Tolerance; 2) Globalization
Creating Backlash of Religious Parochialism; and 3) Religious Identity and Globalization

A. Globalization Engendering Greater Religious Tolerance

Globalization brings a culture of pluralism, meaning religions “with overlapping but
distinctive ethics and interests” interact with one another. Major religions of the world values
such as human dignity, equality, freedom, peace, and solidarity. More specifically, religions
maintain the Golden Rule: “what you do not wish done to yourself, do not do to others.”

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Therefore, through such religious values, Globalization engenders greater religious
tolerance in such areas as politics, economics, and society.
Examples:
 Jubilee 2000, an international effort advocating for cancelling Third World debt by the year
2000
 The World Faiths Development Dialogue, an effort of international faith leaders along
with the World Bank to support development agendas corresponding to the UN’s
Millennium Development Goals.
Religion has tremendously benefited from technological advancements
Websites provide information and explanations about different religions to any person
regardless of his or her geographical location, as well as provide the opportunity to contact others
worldwide and hold debates which allow religious ideas to spread.
Television allows for religious channels that provide visual religious teachings and
practices. Hence, by making the leap onto the information superhighway, which brings religious
teachings into every home and monitor in a global setting, religions have come together into one
setting. In short, Globalization allows for religions previously isolated from one another to now
have regular and unavoidable contact.

B. Globalization Creating Backlash of Religious Parochialism

Since globalization is considered as “the first truly world revolution,” “all revolutions disrupt
the traditions and customs of a people”—that is, “people’s very security, safety, and identity.”
With religion’s power to “convey a picture of security, stability, and simple answers” through
stories and beliefs—unlike economic plans, political programs, or legal regulations—individuals
turn to religion.
Consider the following …Globalization breaks down traditional communities and replaces
them with larger, impersonal organizations.
a) Modern society losses ethical values and increased corruption
b) Globalization causes mental stress.
Globalization causes mental stress. Although globalization allows for crisscrossing
borders, it also leaves individuals worrying about losing work, status, or other privileges.
Moreover, since globalization favors material prosperity as the aim of life over inner peace,

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individuals focus on attaining some material possession such as a house, car, game, or simply
any object. When they attain such item(s), however, they find themselves empty inside and,
therefore, realize that inner peace can never be achieved through material possessions.
By responding to individuals’ desire for welfare, as well as acting as a cultural protection
against globalization, religion plays a social role and gains more recognition from the
marginalized, particularly those in Third World countries. For instance, religious organizations
such as Catholic Relief Services, World Vision International, and Islamic Relief Worldwide help
serve the disadvantaged in areas such as poverty relief, health care, the HIV/AIDs crisis, and
environment problems.
Religion provides them the way to inner peace and the sense of personal fulfillment. For
example, individuals who feel insecure in the globalized world, in business or personal life, will
often pray to God for his spiritual support.

C.) Religious Identity and Globalization

Since God has set the rules and has made them difficult to challenge, religion provides
answers to questions concerning self-identity. However, in providing such answers, religion also
institutes a notion of “truth,” which implies an automatic exclusion of the one—called an
“abject”—who does not adhere to such “truth.” In times of uncertainty like globalization,
therefore, collective identity is reduced to a number of cultural religious characteristics —“them”
and “us” and “they” and “our.” In other words, the abject suddenly becomes recognized as a
threat.
For example, since the 9/11 attacks, there has been a tendency of the West to link the
religion of Islam with terrorist practices while Al-Qaeda links the US as Christian or a Judeo-
Christian nation. On the one hand, Al-Qaeda men who hijacked the planes on 9/11 saw the
passengers and those working in the World Trade Center and Pentagon as “abjects” of Islam.

On the other hand, the US-led invasion of Afghanistan and then Iraq turned into wars of
“Islamofacism” and a “crusade” to the divine in getting rid of evil. Moreover, other attacks on
innocent people based on cultural religious characteristics occur today: Muslims in the United
States, Western Europe, or India, Kurds in Iraq, and Jews in France. In other words, though
socially constructed, these cultural religious characteristics become a unifying force against

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others not adhering to a particular truth. As long as religions see themselves as “world religions”
and reinforce their specific identities, the chance for religions to avoid conflict among one another
is grey.

Religions have, indeed, taken part in dialogues beforehand. As a further example,

religious leaders gathered at the UN’s Millennium Peace Summit in September 2000 to mark
the turn of the millennium. A milestone in itself, as the UN is not a common ground in the
sense of an ecumenical meeting inside a church, synagogue, or mosque but rather a global
common ground, the Summit’s conversation encouraged that world’s religious communities stop
fighting and arguing amongst themselves and begin working together for peace, justice, and
social harmony. As then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan addressed to the Summit,
“Whatever your past, whatever your calling, and whatever the differences among you, your
presence here at the United Nations signifies your commitment to our global mission of
tolerance, development, and peace.”

Moreover, as transnational corporations increasingly become actors in the international

system, one could argue that religious communities have agreed on “the emerging global
ethic” which consists of three major components: 1) corporations are prohibited from involving
in bribes and corruption; 2) corporations are prohibited from discriminating on the grounds of
race, religion, ethnicity, or gender in the conduct of business, and ; 3) corporations are prohibited
from activities that pose a significant threat to human life and health. Simply put, these
components are, in themselves, religious values used to regulate the way transitional
corporations increasingly engage in the global market.

The bottom line is that the pieces of interreligious dialogue to manage religious diversity
and to avoid violence are there, but the problem may be of globalization’s intentional and/or
unintentional consequence of making religions more conscious of themselves as “world
religions,” as well as the undesirable consequences of disrupting traditional communities,
causing economic marginalization, and bringing individuals mental stress—all reinforcing
religious cultural characteristics and identities. Hence, the relationship between religion and
globalization has brought new possibilities but also furthering challenges.

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THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
“Religion epitomizes the definition of globalization due to the fact that it can be spread more
efficiently than ever before through the use of different technological tools.”
Tools of uniting people all over the world on religious basis
1. Books
2. Movies
3. Cell phone apps
4. Social networks
5. Charity funds
6. Special internet sites
7. Religious schools

Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current revival
and the resurgence of religion. Today, most religions are not relegated to the country where they
began – in fact spread and scattered in a global scale. According to Scholte (2005) “Accelerated
globalization of recent times has enabled co-religionists across the planet to have greater direct
contact with one another. Global communications, global organizations, global finance, and the
like have allowed ideas of the Muslims and the universal Christian church to be given concrete
shape as never before.” Media also play an important role in dissemination of religious ideas –
a lot of television channels, radio stations, and print media are advocating religions.

Modern transportation contributed considerably to the emergence, revivalism, and

fortification of religion – according to Bryan S. Turner (2007) cited that, “Islamic revivalism in
Asia is related to the improvement in transportation that has allowed many Muslims to travel to
Mecca and return with reformist ideas.” Modern Technology, therefore, has helped religions of
different forms, such as Fundamentalist, Orthodox, or Modernist to cross geographical
boundaries and be present everywhere.

Globalization has allowed religion or faith to gain considerable significance and

importance as a non-territorial touchstone of identity. Being the source of identity, it (religion)

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promoted by its practitioners so that it could reach the level of globality and be embraced by as
many people as possible. For instance, Muslims aspire to establish the Islamic Ummah, a
community believers. By paving the way for religions to come in contact with each other and
providing a context for their flourishing and thriving, globalization has brought such religions to
a circle of competition and conflicts.

As Bryan S.Turner (2007) explained, “Globalization transforms the generic ‘religion’ into
a world system of competing and conflicting religions. This process of Institutional specialization
has transformed local, diverse and fragmented cultural practices into recognizable systems of
religion. Globalization has therefore, had the paradoxical effect of making religions more self-
conscious of themselves as being “world religions.”

Such conflicts among the world religions exhibit a solid proof confirming the erosion and
the failure of hybridization. Although globalization makes religion more conscious of themselves
as being “world religions” reinforcing their respective identity, however, they cannot be hybridize
due to distinct internal structures, and contradicting rituals and beliefs (i.e. Islam and Christianity
are incompatible with each other and cannot be homogenized even if they often come in
contact).

Though is strengthened and fortified by globalization, it represent a challenge to

globalization’s hybridization effects – each religions assert its identities which constitute a
defensive reaction to globalization. Scholte (2005) maintained that, “as pursued by through
global channels, assertions of religious identity have, like nationalist strivings, often also been
partly a defensive reaction to globalization.”

Globalization is also associated with Westernization and Americanization. The imperialist

aspirations of globalization and its incompatibility with Islam make it completely alien with the
Muslim realities. Since it is a cultural construct, and its core meaning is western discourse,
“promoting and engaging with it on the part of the Muslims is like accepting and promoting
Western cultural values and their dominance.”

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Hence, globalization challenges
religion – religion takes caution against the
norms and values related to globalization,
and it also challenges its hybridizing
effects. According to Samuel Huntington’s
Clash of Civilizations, which maintains that
such dehybridizing upshots spring also
from the religious partitioning and clashes.
Religion has entered the “information age” and has globalized at accelerating rates, in the
methods religions use for teaching and in belief systems.” Through the use of magazines, the
media, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, commercials, podcast, cell phone apps and much more.
It is now possible for any religion to
spread beyond national borders, allowing even
small new religious movements to engage in
overseas activities and leading to new unseen
religious developments.
Small religious movements are also spreading
thanks to the celebrities following and
advertising them

EXPANSION OF TERRORISM ON
RELIGIOUS BASIS
Videos and audios in the Internet of
sermons read by missionaries which contain extremist ideas, call for crimes, murders, terrorist
attacks. The possibility of communicating with anyone across the world and sharing ideas
provoke the spread of terrorists and expansion of their band

CONCLUSION
Globalization has a great impact on religion. As people and cultures move across the
globe, as ideas are mobilized and transported by media technology, the religious globalization

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will go on and on. It has its pro and cons. People should cope with the flow of info and choose
their own and peaceful way. And to our mind, finally, the globalization will end in complete
domination of one of them over the rest. Evidently and hopefully, it is Islam.

Activity/ies: Each student must select one religion (Buddhism, Christianity-Catholicism,

Christianity- Protestantism, etc.). Surf the web and research the history of the selected religion.
Then describe the following:
1. The religion’s concept of good;
2. The religion’s concept of evil
3. The steps needed by a person to become good and avoid from becoming evil.

Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration)

Pick one religion and observe how they conduct their religious practices, rituals and activities
during this time of pandemic and then make a written composition of your observation.

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment). Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:

Quiz/Assessment:
____1. It is now possible for any religion to spread beyond national borders, allowing even small
new religious movements to engage in overseas activities and leading to new unseen religious
developments. This is done through:

A. Magazines C. The media

B. Facebook D. Twitter

_____2. The following are religious organizations that serve the disadvantaged in areas such as
poverty relief, health care, the HIV/AIDs crisis, and environment problems. Which is NOT?
A. Catholic Relief Services C. World Vision International
B. Islamic Relief Worldwide D. Al Qaeda
_____3. He argued that “Islamic revivalism in Asia is related to the improvement in transportation
that has allowed many Muslims to travel to Mecca and return with reformist ideas.”
A. Bryan S. Turner C. Jan Aart Scholte
B. Samuel Huntington D. Anne Garland Mahler

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_____4. A UN Secretary-General who addressed in the Summit encouraging that world’s
religious communities stop fighting and arguing amongst themselves and begin working
together for peace, justice, and social harmony.
A. Banki-moon C. Kofi Annan
C. U Thant D. Antonio Guterres
_____5. Famous for his work the Clash of the Civilization arguing that people’s culture and
religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world.
A. Bryan S. Turner C. Jan Aart Scholte
B. Samuel Huntington D. Joseph Nye

II. IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being asked.

___________________6. It plays an important role in dissemination of religious ideas – a lot of
television channels, radio stations, and print media are advocating religions.
___________________7. It is defined as a process of an “ever more interdependent world”
where “political, economic, social, and cultural relationships are not restricted to territorial
boundaries or to state actors.
___________________8. It refers to a political ideology that aims of establishing an Islamic
orthodoxy to resist western secularism used by US for its campaign against terrorism.
___________________9. It increasingly become actors in the international system, agreeing on
“the emerging global ethic” that religious values should be used to regulate the way they engage
in the global market.
___________________10. A “system of beliefs and practices that bind together again which
was once bound but has been torn apart or broken.”

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION (S) (5POINTS):

1. How does globalization affect religious practices and beliefs?

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)

Make a reflection paper regarding the positive and negative impact of media in the spread of
global culture.

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Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:
1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. E.ir.info. Daniel Golebieuski. “Religion and Globalization: New Possibilities, Furthering
Challenges.”

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CHAPTER 11: GLOBAL CITIES

Chapter Introduction
The Globalization of economic activity entails a new type of organizational structure such
as global city. A Global City is also called a “power city” which is the primary node in the global
economic network.
Nowadays, globalization occurs in places where a mass people work and live in cities.
However, for a city to achieve the title of being global, it must have values and ideas that will
have an impact in the rest of the world.
Furthermore, global city is a city that is well thought out to be an important node in in the
world’s economic system. Sassen's key concept of the global city is an emphasis on the flow of
information and capital. Cities are major nodes in the interconnected systems of information and
money, and the wealth that they capture is intimately related to the specialized businesses that
facilitate those flows -- financial institutions, consulting firms, accounting firms, law firms, and
media organizations.
Moreover, Sassen points out that these flows are no longer tightly bound to national
boundaries and systems of regulation; so the dynamics of the global city are dramatically
different than those of the great cities of the nineteenth century.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Global cities are mediums of globalization and center of development but remain sites of
inequality

Lesson 3 - THE GLOBAL CITY

Introduction:
This chapter focuses on what sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized term, Global city
which is primarily economic. And initially identified three global cities: New York, London, and
Tokyo, all of which are hub of global finance and capitalism.

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Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. explain why globalization is a spatial phenomenon;
2. identify the attributes of global city;
3. analyze how cities serve as an engine of globalization

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

2. What is a global city? Is it similar with world city?
3. Give some indicators of a global city.
4. Identify the three global cities.
5. Are there inequalities happening in a global city?

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

THE GLOBAL CITY
Saskia Sassen (1991) identified only three global cities: New York, London, and Tokyo (hubs of
global capitalism). This choice indicated that the criteria for the status of the global city were
primarily economic. GLOBAL CITIES are the ‘command centers’, the main nodes of
triumphant global capitalism.

GLOBAL CITY VS. WORLD CITY

WORLD CITY
It referred to a type of city which we have seen over the centuries in earlier periods in
Asia and in European colonial centers. In this regard, it can be said that most of today's major
global cities are also world cities, but that there may well be some global cities today that are
not world cities in the full, rich sense of that term.

GLOBAL CITY

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It is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system; it
is a significant production point of specialized financial and producer services that make the
globalized economy run.
 Shanghai World Financial Center
 World Financial Center (now officially known as Brookfield Place) New York
 San Francisco is the home of the most powerful internet companies – Facebook, Twitter,
and Google.
Global City - The idea of “global city” emerged in the social science literature in the 1980s.
The concept was preceded by the idea of ‘world city’.
Through the global cities the nation-states project their significance onto the global stage.

Global cities are the main financial centers i.e. stock exchanges and indices
 New York’s Wall Street
 London’s ‘Footsie’ (the informal name for
 FTSE 100 Index of the largest listed
 companies)
 Tokyo’s Nikkei
 Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index (FTSE)

Global cities are also at the top of the ‘urban cultural hierarchy’ in terms of cultural innovation
and ability to attract visitors.

Global cities are residents to ‘knowledge workers’, a highly mobile, career-minded

middle class. KNOWLEDGE WORKERS are those "high level employees who apply
theoretical and analytical knowledge, acquired through formal education, to develop new
products or services". (PETER DRUCKER)

Knowledge workers are those who acquire, manipulate, interpret, and apply information
in order to perform multidisciplinary, complex and unpredictable work. They analyze information
and apply expertise in a variety of areas to solve problems, generate ideas, or create new
products and services.

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The burgeoning presence of the ‘knowledge workers’ lead to gentrification.
Gentrification is a general term for the arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, a
related increase in rents and property values, and changes in the district’s character and culture.
This refers also to the displacement of poor communities by rich outsiders. Social class
polarization and residential segregation of the affluent from the poor.

According to Sassen (1991), global cities are characterized by occupational and income
polarization, with the highly paid professional class on the one end and providers of low-paid
services on the other. Instead of being egg-shaped, with those in the middle being a majority,
the labor market of global cities is increasingly ‘hourglass-shaped’ with a hollow middles (Autor
et al., 2006; Baum, 1999)

INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY (CHARACTERISTICS)

A. Economic power - Sassen remains correct in saying that economic power largely
determines which cities are global. New York may have the largest stock market in the world
but Tokyo houses the most number of corporate headquarters (613 company headquarters
as against 217 in New York)

B. Global cities are also centers of authority - Washington D.C. may not be as wealthy as
New York, but it is the seat of American state power. People around the world know its major
landmarks: the White House, the Capitol Building (Congress), the Supreme Court, the
Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument.

It houses major international organizations; centers of political influence

New York - United Nations
Brussels - European Union
Jakarta - ASEAN

Centers of higher learning and culture

New York Times - New York City

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Harvard University - Boston

The Challenges of Globalization

Global cities conjure up images of fast-paced, exciting, cosmopolitan lifestyles. But such
descriptions are lacking. Global cities also have their undersides. They can be sites of:
 Great inequality and poverty as well as tremendous violence.
 “Pathologies” of Global Cities
 Congested
 Polluted
 Major terror attack
The phenomenon of driving out the poor in favor of newer, wealthier residents is called
gentrification. Global cities are sites of globalization. They are, therefore, material
representations of the phenomenon. Through them, we see the best of globalization; they are
places that create exciting fusions of culture and ideas. They are also places that generate
tremendous wealth. However, they remain sites of great inequality, where global servants serve
global entrepreneurs.

SALIENT FEATURES OF GLOBAL CITY

 International and national connectivity
 Diversified international population base
 International cuisine
 International culture
 International infrastructure
 International business presence
 Support for a recognized language of international business
 Global economic and political importance

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Global City: Key Indicators:

Global City: Key Indicators

In which cities do the world's billionaires live?
London 77
New York 61
San Francisco 57
Moscow 38
Hong Kong 49
Los Angeles 35
Beijing 33
Mumbai 21
Paris 30

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Activity/ies: Let the student research the following:
1. Comparison between World City and Global City.
2. Characteristics and challenges that might threaten a global city.

Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration)

Make an essay determining the difference between Global City from World City: its indicators,
positive and negative impacts in the globalization process.

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment)

Answer the following questions in a ½ a sheet of paper (5 points each):
I. IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being asked.
_________________1. It is a general term for the arrival of wealthier people in an existing
urban district, a related increase in rents and property values, and changes in the district’s
character and culture.
_________________2. The home of the most powerful internet companies – Facebook,
Twitter, and Google.
_________________3. She was a Dutch-American sociologist noted for her analyses of
globalization and international human migration famous for coining the term “global city.”
_________________4. It is referred to as a type of city which we have seen over the centuries
in earlier periods in Asia and in European colonial centers.
_________________5. They are the ‘command centers’ and the main nodes of triumphant
global capitalism.

II. Essay. Answer the question(s) briefly but substantively (5points each).
1. Why is there a growing inequality felt in global cities?
2. How do governments address the issue on diversity due to the rapid entrance of
different nationalities and culture?

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Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)
Make a poster portraying the positive and negative impacts globalization to global cities.

Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. Internet

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CHAPTER 12: THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

Chapter Introduction
The globalization of world’s economy is impacting all aspects of human lives. Many of
these impacts are positive (i.e. poverty reduction), but there are also negative particularly the
increasing demand for natural resources due to the growing demand of more affluent population.
The importance of demography lies in its contribution to helping government and society
better prepare to deal for the issues and demands of population growth, aging and migration.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Respecting women and their reproductive rights; civic responsibility; overpopulation and their
threat to food security

Lesson 12 - THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

Introduction:
Demography is a complex discipline that requires the integration of various social
scientific data. This chapter focuses on the movement of people locally or internationally with
significant to economic growth and development.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. Discuss the relationship between population and economic welfare;
2. Identify the effects of aging and overpopulation;
3. Identify different types of migration

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

When you asked couples why they have children, what usually are their answers? Is kinship
still preserved in the family? Are there programs of the government regulating migration and
birth control? Will the child be an economic asset or burden to the family?

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Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)
DEFINITION/ CONCEPT OF DEMOGRAPHY:
 Demography is the “scientific study of human population in which includes study of
changes in population size, composition and its distribution.”
 It comes from the words “Demo” means “the people” and “graphy” means
“measurement”.
 Thus demography is the science of people. In the middle of the nineteenth century in
1855, the word ‘Demography’ was first used by a French writer Achille Guillard.
 The Oxford Dictionary of Economics defines demography as “The study of the
characteristics of human populations.” According to the UN Multilingual Demographic
Dictionary, “Demography is the scientific study of human populations, primarily with
respect to their size, their structure and their development.”

IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

1. Economy - Population studies help us to know how far the growth rate of the economy is
keeping pace with the growth rate of population. If population is increasing at a faster
rate, the pace of development of the economy will be slow. The government can
undertake appropriate measures to control the growth of population and to accelerate the
development of the economy.
2. Society - Population studies have much importance for the society. When population is
increasing rapidly, the society is faced with innumerable problems. Shortages of basic
services like water, electricity, transport and communications, public health, education,
etc. arise. Along with these, problems of migration and urbanization are associated with
the growing population which further led to the law and order problem. Faced with such
problems which are the concomitant result of population growth, the state and non-
government social organizations can adopt appropriate measures to solve them.
3. Economic and Health Planning - Data relating to the present trend in population growth
help the planners in formulating policies for the economic plan of the country. They are
kept in view while fixing targets of agricultural and industrial products, of social and basic
services like schools and other educational institutions, hospitals, houses, electricity,
transport, etc. Population data are also used by the planners to project future trends in

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fertility and to formulate policy measures to control the birth rate. Based on population
data, projections are made about the increase in labor force, and the number of people
in the age-groups 1-15 years, 15-50 years and above in order to estimate the labor force
available for productive employment. This, in turn, helps in making estimates regarding
employment to be generated during the plan period.
4. Administrators - Population studies are also useful for administrators who run the
government. In under-developed countries, almost all social and economic problems
are associated with the growth of population. The administrator has to tackle and find
solutions to the problems arising from the growth of population.
5. Political system- The knowledge of demography is of immense importance for a
democratic political system. It is on the basis of the census figures pertaining to different
areas that the demarcation of constituencies is done by the election commission of a
country. The addition to the number of voters after each election helps to find out how
many have migrated from other places and regions of the country.

THE ELEMENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

a) Size: increase or decrease
b) Composition: sex and age group
c) Distribution: territory

SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHY
a) population censuses
b) national sample
c) surveys registration
d) vital events

DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES - It deals with the five demographic processes •

a) fertility
b) mortality
c) marriage
d) migration

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e) social morbidity
Since global agricultural population declined, the total population between 1980 to 2011, it
grew numerically from 2.2 billion to 2.6 billion during this period. Urban populations have grown
not necessarily because families have more children, it is rather a combination of the natural
outcome of significant migration to the cities by people seeking work in the “more modern
sectors” of society. This was manifested in the developing countries where industries and
business in the cities are attracting people from rural areas.
Today, international migration plays an important part in which 191 million people live in
countries other than their own as projected by UN that over 2.2 million will move from the
developing world to the First World countries. Countries welcome immigrants to offset the
debilitating effects of their aging population, however, perceived as threats to the job market
because they compete against with citizens for jobs and often have the edge because they are
open to receive lower wages (Claudio and Abinales, 2018).

IS THERE A PERILS OF OVERPOPULATION?

Development planners see urbanization and industrialization as indicators of developing
society, but disagree on the role of population growth or decline in modernization which was
popularized by a British scholar Thomas Malthus in 1789 in his book “An Essay on The Principle
of Population” that population growth will inevitably exhaust world food supply by the middle of
the 19th century. However, Malthus prediction was revived in the late 1960s when American
biologist Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife Anne, wrote The Population Bomb which argued that
overpopulation in the 70s and 80s will bring global environmental disasters that would in turn
lead to food shortage and mass starvation. They proposed that countries like US take the lead
in the promotion of global population control in order to reduce the growth rate to zero.

In fact, by “limiting population, vital resources could be used for economic progress and
not be diverted and wasted to feeding more mouths”, in which this argument was the basis for
the government “population control” program worldwide. In 1958, it was advocated in American
policy journal to utilized contraception and sterilization as a practical solutions in the global
economic, social, and political problems. The promotion of reproductive health contend for
universal access to reproductive technologies such as condoms, pills, abortions, and vasectomy,

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and more importantly giving right to women to choose whether to have children or not. Finally
government has determined these birth control programs.

IT’S THE ECONOMY, NOT THE BABIES

Population control program advocates has its critics, like Betsy Hartmann who disagree
the Neo-Malthusian theory and accused governments of using population control as substitute
to social justice and much needed reforms – such as land distribution, employment creation,
provision of mass education and health care, and emancipation.
It is important to note that baby boom generation between 1965 t0 1990, the region of
east Asia’s working-age population grew nearly four times faster than the dependent population
in which several studies have estimated that demographic shift was responsible for one-third of
East Asia’s economic growth during the period.
Indeed, population growth in fact spurred technological and institutional innovation and
increased the supply of human ingenuity in which advances in agricultural production have made
the Malthusian theory a nightmare and can be prevented. The implementation of Green
Revolution created the High-Yielding varieties of rice and cereals, along with the development
of new methods of cultivation has increased yield globally. Hence, global famine as predicted by
the neo-Malthusian did not happen thereby, keeping it under control.
Lately, scholars and policy makers agree with the neo-Malthusians but suggest that if
governments pursue population control programs, they must include “more inclusive growth” and
“greener economic growth” (Claudio and Abinales, 2018).

WOMEN REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS

Women have been the center subject of debates of these population measures.
Reproductive rights supporters argue that if population control and economic development were
to reach their goals, women must have control over whether they will have children or not. By
giving women this power, they will be able to pursue their vocations- be economic, social, or
political- and contribute to economic growth.
This serial correlation between fertility, family, and fortune has motivated countries with
growing economies to introduce or strengthen their reproductive health laws, including abortion.

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Moreover, fast developing countries were able to sustain growth in part because women
were given power of choice and easy access to reproductive technologies. In addition, more
educated women has the better prospects of improving her economic position and can spend
more time in pursuing higher education of their careers, instead of forcibly reducing this time to
take care of their children.
Hence, critics regard reproductive rights as nothing but a false front for abortion. They
contend that this method of preventing contraception endangers the life of the mother and must
be banned. As argued by the religious wing, “abortion as a debauchery that sullies the name of
God; it will send the mother to hell and prevents a new soul, the baby, to become human.”

FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE
Feminist approach on the issue of reproductive rights, they are foremost against any form
of population control because it does not really empower women. They believe that government
assumptions that poverty and environmental degradation are caused by overpopulation are
wrong. Feminist also point out that there is a very little evidence that point to overpopulation as
the culprit behind poverty and ecological devastation.
Hence, globally, women’s and feminist arguments on reproductive rights and
overpopulation are acknowledged, but the struggle to turn them into policy is still fought at the
national level. It is the dilemma that women and feminist movements are facing today (ibid, p.
105).

ACTIVITY/IES: Choose only 1 activity to perform:

1. Make a slogan advocating the “Reproductive Rights of Women”.
2. Make a poster or cartoon advocating the “Reproductive Rights of Women”.

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USING/APPLYING KNOWLEDGE (application/integration)
Make a Reaction Paper about this argument, “Safe Abortion as a Key Attribute of
Women’s Reproductive Rights.”

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment). Answer in a one whole sheet of paper.

I. IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being asked.
_________________1. It is promoted to contend for universal access to reproductive
technologies such as condoms, pills, abortions, and vasectomy, and more importantly giving
right to women to choose whether to have children or not.
_________________2. A British scholar who argued in his work, “An Essay on the Principle of
Population” that overpopulation was the root of many problems industrial European society
suffered from— poverty, malnutrition, and disease.
_________________3. It plays an important role as projected by UN that over 2.2 million will
move from the developing world to the First World countries.
_________________4. He was a French writer in the middle of the nineteenth century (1855)
who first used the word ‘Demography’.
_________________5. The “scientific study of human population in which includes study of
changes in population size, composition and its distribution.”

II. Essay. Answer the question briefly but substantively (5points each).
1. How do rural and urban people’s view differ on number of family members? Explain your
answer.
2. Is population growth a problem or not? Explain your answer.
3. Do you believe in the neo-Malthusian argument? Why or why not?

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)

Create a collage on the impact of overpopulation. Cut out pictures from Newspapers,
magazines, or pictures printed from internet. Make a short essay.

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Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:
1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. https://www.sociologydiscussion.com/demography/demography-meaning...

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CHAPTER 13: THE GLOBAL MIGRATION

Chapter Introduction
Migration is a key feature of our increasingly interconnected world. It has also become a
flashpoint for debate in many countries, which underscores the importance of understanding the
patterns of global migration and the economic impact that is created when people move across
the world’s borders.
Moreover, it has been a part of the human history since its very beginning. People have
migrated from one continent to the other, from country to country or inside the same
country. Even though the twenty-first century has been called "The age of migration" Castles &
Miller, 2009), migration is certainly not a recent phenomenon. But this phrase is widely accepted,
essentially because there are more migrants in the world today than ever before — about 244
million international migrants in 2015 and in fact it is increasing.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Respect for others; collaboration; patriotism/love of country; honesty; value changes and
formation

Lesson 13 - THE GLOBAL MIGRATION

Introduction:
This chapter focuses on the concept of global migration and its impacts in both sending
and receiving countries. In fact, migration should not be considered a problem because human
being have always been migratory resulting to an increase in population, experience diversity
and economic prosperity.
However, most reason for massive movement of people across borders were in search
of education, employment and to flee from war, persecution or natural disasters in their
home country has triggered global migration. Moreover, it has contributed to our increasingly
diverse and interconnected world.
Thus, cross-border migration has risen steadily over the last three decades (Lagarde
2016), which contends inevitable effects on labor markets as well as on political, social and

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cultural dynamics creating a potential negative consequences of on the sending and
receiving countries.
Hence, we should treat migration is a complex phenomenon that predates the contemporary
globalization.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. identify the reasons for the migration of people
2. analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global
movements of people;
3. identify the different types of migration
4. display first-hand knowledge of the experiences of OFWs

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

Why do people move? Will our country be affected when Filipinos decide to leave?
How? What are the benefits and detriments of economies dependent on migrant
remittances? Why is migrant integration a challenging issue for states?

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

WHAT IS GLOBAL MIGRATION - Most global migration is from developing countries to
developed ones. Global migration can be understood as a cause and effect relationship, though
the causes are just as numerous as their effects. People move across international borders for
a variety of reasons.
o The movement of people from one place to another for the purpose of taking up residence
for a certain minimum period, usually across a political or administrative boundary. Means
crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period (Boyle
et al. 1998, chapter 2).

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GLOBALIZATION AND MIGRATION
International migration at the beginning of the twenty-first century: global trends and issues
STEPHEN CASTLES
 In the second half of the twentieth century, international migration emerged as one of the
main factors in social transformation and development in all regions of the world.
 Its significance looks set to increase further in the twenty- first century, as population
mobility grows in volume and takes on new forms. Migration is a result of the integration
of local communities and national economies into global relationships.
 Today migration, is becoming increasingly common as people move in search of security
and better livelihood: from villages to towns, from one region to another in their home
country, or between countries and continents.
 Often a result of economic and social development that may either contribute to further
development and improved economic and social condition, or alternatively help to
perpetuate stagnation and inequality.
 Helps to erode traditional boundaries between languages, cultures, ethnic groups and
nation-states;
 It therefore, challenges cultural traditions, national identity and political institutions, and
contributes to a decline in autonomy of nation-state.

CATEGORIES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS

1. Temporary labor migrants (also known as guest-workers or overseas contract workers):
 Men and women who migrate for a limited period (from a few months to several years) in
order to take up employment and send money home (remittances).
2. Highly skilled and business migrants
 People with qualifications as managers, executives, professionals, technicians or similar,
who move within the internal labor markets of transnational corporations and international
organizations, or who seek employment through international labor markets for
scarce skills. Many countries welcome such migrants and have special ‘skilled and
business migration’ programmes to encourage them to come.

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3. Irregular migrants (also known as undocumented or illegal migrants):
o People who enter a country, usually in search of employment, without the necessary
documents and permits. Many labor migration flows consist predominantly of
undocumented migrants. In some cases immigration countries tacitly permit such
migration since it allows mobilization of labor in response to employer demands without
social costs or measures for protection of migrants.
4. Refugees
o According to the 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees,
a refugee is a person residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is unable or
unwilling to return because of a ‘well-founded fear of persecution on account of
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion’.
o Signatories to the Convention undertake to protect refugees by allowing them to enter
and granting temporary or permanent residence status. Refugee organizations, especially
the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), seek to distinguish
clearly between refugees and migrants, but they do share many common characteristics
with regard to social needs and cultural impacts in their place of settlement (UNHCR
1997).
5. Asylum-seekers
o People who move across borders in search of protection, but who may not fulfill the strict
criteria laid down by the 1951 Convention. In many contemporary conflict situations in
less developed countries it is difficult to distinguish between flight because of personal
persecution and departure caused by the destruction of the economic and social
infrastructure needed for survival.
o Both political and economic motivations for migration are linked to the generalized and
persistent violence that has resulted from rapid processes of de-colonization and
globalization under conditions determined by the developed countries (Zolberg
et al. 1989).
6. Forced migration
o In a broader sense, this includes not only refugees and asylum- seekers but
also people forced to move by environmental catastrophes or development projects
(such as new factories, roads or dams).

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7. Family members (also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants):
o Migration to join people who have already entered an immigration country under one of
the above categories. Many countries, including the USA, Canada, Australia and most
European Union (EU) member states recognize in principle the right to family reunion
for legal immigrants. Other countries, especially those with contract labor systems, deny
the right to family reunion. In such cases, family members may enter illegally.
8. Return migrants
o People who return to their countries of origin after a period in another country. Return
migrants are often looked on favorably as they may bring with them capital, skills and
experience useful for economic development. Many countries have special schemes to
make use of this ‘development potential’. However, some governments view returnees
with suspicion since they may act as agents of cultural or political change.

TYPES OF MIGRATION
1. Forced or involuntary Migration. This is when the government or authorities of a
place force people to migrate for a reason.
Jews forced to move from Germany, Poland and other European countries by Hitler's
Nazi's before and during World War 2. (Genocide).
 Africans forced to travel in cramped conditions on boats across the Atlantic to the
United States in the 18th and early 19th century. (The slave trade).
 The original population of Australia were prisoners from the United Kingdom, who were
forced to go there, and usually stayed.
 Asians forced to move out of Uganda by Idi Amin in the 1970's. (Threats of genocide).
2. Impelled Migration (also called reluctant or imposed migration)
3. Return Migration. This involves the voluntary return of migrants to their original place
after they outlive the reasons for which they left. Often times, young people who move
into the cities to work return home when they retire to spend the rest of their lives in the
quiet of their towns and with old friends and family.
4. Internal migration
o This refers to population movement within a country, say for example, within the
borders of Germany.

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5. International Migration
o This describes the movement of people between countries which involves greater
distances than is the case with internal migration.
o Economic migration is defined as a choice to move to improve the standard of living by
gaining a better paid job.
6. Family Migration
o Family reunification is a recognized reason for immigration in many countries because
of the presence of one or more family members in a certain country, therefore, enables
the rest of the family to immigrate to that country as well.

MIGRANT TRANSNATIONALISM
o Migrant Transnationalism refers to a social process characterized by substantively
bifocal consciousness and orientation, as well as regular practices of conducting
migrants’ lives across state borders, of living out significant domains of social life both
“here” and “there.”
1. Transnational Migrants: When "Home" Means More Than One Country
o The assumption that people will live their lives in one place, according to one set
of national and cultural norms, in countries with impermeable national borders, no
longer holds. Rather, in the 21st century, more and more people will belong to two
or more societies at the same time. This is what many researchers refer to as
transnational migration.
o Transnationalism challenges traditional theories of assimilation, which assume
that immigrants who are more fully integrated into their host societies are less likely
to continue to involve themselves in the economic, social, and political spheres of
their countries of origin.
Drivers of Transnationalism
o The foremost driver of transnationalism has been the development of technologies
that have made transportation and communication infinitely more accessible and
affordable.
o International migrations have become integral to the demographic future of many
developed countries.

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o fills the demographic gaps created by declining natural populations in most
industrialized countries.
 Today, migration accounts for 3/5 of population growth in western countries as a whole.
o Global political transformations and new international legal regimes have
weakened the state as the only legitimate source of rights.

Traditional and Transnational Lenses of Migration

 Understanding Migration
o It would be a mistake to see migration apart from broader social relationships and
processes of change
o At the global level there are multiple levels of mediation that link individual migrants
to global interstate systems of migration
 Causes of Migration
o Disparity in the levels of income, employment and social well-being between differing
areas.
o Individual efforts to maximize their income by moving from lower wage to high wage
economies (Borjas 1998).
o Development leads to migration because economic and educational improvements make
people capable of seeking better opportunities elsewhere.

Migration impact on receiving country

 Positive aspects
o + Increasing domestic demand
o + More opportunities for consumers: increasing variety of goods and services
o + Job creation, new talents
o + 3D (dirty, dangerous, difficult) jobs
o + More flexible labour force
o +/- Low skill versus high skill workers: effects on employment and wages
 Negative aspects
o –Cheap and flexible labor: gain in short run, loss in long run, competitiveness
issues

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o –Social dumping and hidden labor market
o –Social problems, high unemployment among immigrants, slums in big cities
o –No incentives to improve working conditions –Negative effect on native wages??

Impact of migration to country of origin

 + Increasing internal mobility
 + Increasing human capital (commuting, temporary migration)
 + Remittances
 + Brain circulation
 + Diaspora (FDI, aid, political influence etc.)
 + Opportunity to reduce unemployment and alleviate the negative effects of sharply
restructuring economic process
 +/- labour shortage can cause the wage increase
– Brain drain, declining productivity
– Negative net migration will accelerate demographic problems, like ageing,
low birth rate etc.
– Depopulated areas, deepening of regional discrepancies;
– Social problems with dependants remained at home (especially children);
– Inflationary pressure (due to remittances).
 In closing ….
o The wide-scale movement of people is as much a defining feature of globalization
as the movement of goods, services, and capital. And countries are often just as
reluctant—if not more so—to open their borders to people as they are to those
items. As with trade of goods and capital, citizens may fear that their culture and
jobs are susceptible to being eliminated by uncontrolled immigration. At the same
time—again, similarly to free trade and investment—economies and societies
need migration in order to sustain economic growth.
 Remittances
• According to the World Bank (2011), remittances worldwide were estimated at
$483 billion in 2011. This figure takes into account funds sent by formal channels,
so the number is much larger. The World Bank notes that remittances sent through

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informal channels could add at least 50 percent to the globally recorded flows
(UNCTAD, 2011).
• World Bank study has concluded that a one per cent increase in the share of
remittances in a country’s GDP leads to a 0.4 per cent decline in poverty (UNFPA
State of the World, 2008

Activity/ies: Conduct an interview with an OFW using the following questions, then present
your findings by writing a composition.
1. What are their reasons of going abroad?
2. What are the learnings or experiences gained during their stay abroad?
3. Are the learnings abroad applied at home? or/ Are there things practiced at home
introduced abroad?

Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration) Choose only 1 activity to perform.

1. Make an analysis regarding the impact global migration on the life of the interviewed
OFW.
2. Create a song on how to address the issue on migration.

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment)

Answer in a piece of paper:
I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS (5 POINTS EACH):
1) Why is migration a cause and also an effect of globalization?
2) How are global migrations changing the contemporary world?
3) Give at least three positive and three negative impact of migration in our economy,
culture, social and political lives as Filipino.

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)

Make an essay, entitled, “The Life of an OFW.” What do you think are the important
contributions of OFWs in the country?

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Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:
1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. Internet.

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CHAPTER 14: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Chapter Introduction
To study the roots of issues related to the interaction between development and
sustainability it would be a good starting point to briefly sketch the evolution of the idea of
progress, not only because it was the antecedent to notions of development, but also because
it would in due course as its own antipode elicit calls for sustainability. In the literature progress,
the idea ‘that civilization has moved, is moving, and will move in a desirable direction’ (Bury
1932: 2), has been investigated in terms of scientific (and technological), material and moral
advancement which was the main concern for the emergence of the concept of Sustainable
Development.
The terms ‘sustainability’ and ‘sustainable’ appeared for the first time in the Oxford
English Dictionary during the second half of the 20th century the equivalent terms in French
(durabilite ´ and durable), German (Nachhaltigkeit, literally meaning ‘lastingness’, and
nachhaltig) and Dutch (duurzaamheid and duurzaam) have been used for centuries (Van Zon
2002: 20, 21, 22).
The origin of the concept of sustainable development by going far back its history, the
idea of sustainability evolved through the centuries as a counter to notions of progress. The
historical context in the latter half of the 20th century is outlined, in which a paradigm shift in
thinking about development caused sustainable development to occupy the center stage in
development discourses.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Concerning for others; cooperation; preserving and protecting the environment

Lesson 14 – SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Introduction:
The landmark event in the evolution of the concept
of sustainable development had been the 1972 Stockholm
Conference on the Human Environment convened by the

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United Nations, the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED).

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. differentiated stability from sustainability;
2. articulated models of global sustainable development.

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

1. Any idea what is sustainable development?
2. Explain what does the pictures wanted to depict about sustainable development
3. Can you help attain sustainable development? How/

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

GLOBALIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
o Globalization comprises unlimited transport of goods, services, ideas and people. It is a
process of increasing international integration in all fields (economy, politics, culture,
environment, communication, etc.). This network of intensified global relations is growing at
the level of individuals, societies, institutions and states.

o Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is “development
that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to satisfy their own needs”

(Gro Harlem Brundtland Prime Minister of

Norway (1987)
o Sustainable development is a concept
that appeared for the first time in 1987 with

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the publication of the Brundtland Report, warning of the negative environmental
consequences of economic growth and globalization, which tried to find possible solutions to
the problems caused by industrialization and population growth.

Sustainable development calls for concerted efforts towards building an inclusive, sustainable
and resilient future for people and planet.
o For sustainable development to be achieved, it is crucial to harmonize three core
elements:
1. economic growth
2. social inclusion and
3. environmental protection

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
 At the environmental level, sustainability prevents nature from being used as an
inexhaustible source of resources and ensures its protection and rational use.
 Aspects such as environmental conservation, investment in renewable energies, saving
water, supporting sustainable mobility, and innovation in sustainable construction and
architecture, contribute to achieving this environmental sustainability on several fronts.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
 At the social level, sustainability can foster the development of people, communities and
cultures to help achieve reasonable and fairly-distributed quality of life, healthcare and
education across the globe.
 The fight for gender equality, especially in developing countries, is another aspect which in
coming years will form the basis of social sustainability.

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
 Sustainability focuses on equal economic growth that generates wealth for all, without
harming the environment.

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 Investment and an equal distribution of the economic resources will strengthen the
other pillars of sustainability for a
complete development.

Five Principle Approaches in Sustainable Development

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG)

o It was in September 2000 at the Millennium Summit of the United Nations that the Millennium
Declaration was adopted setting the Millennium Development Goals.
o The Millennium Declaration is the only global development agenda on which there is
agreement at the highest level between most countries of the world.
o The Millennium Development Goals are eight in number and have precise targets to be
attained by 2015.
1. The eight goals are:
2. Reducing of poverty and hunger.
3. Achieving universal access to primary education.
4. Promoting gender equality and empowering women.

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5. Reducing child mortality.
6. Improving maternal health.
7. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
8. Ensuring environmental sustainability.
9. Creating global partnerships for development

WHAT ARE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS?

o As a part of a new sustainable development
roadmap, the United Nations approved the 2030
Agenda, which contains the Sustainable
Development Goals, a call to action to end poverty,
protect the planet and guarantee the global well-
being of people.

Ratified by all member states, this roadmap seeks to

 Eradicate poverty and hunger, guaranteeing a
healthy life
 Universalize access to basic services such as water, sanitation and sustainable energy
 Support the generation of development opportunities through inclusive education and decent
work
 Foster innovation and resilient infrastructure, creating communities and cities able to
produce and consume sustainably
 Reduce inequality in the world, especially that concerning gender
 Care for the environment combating climate change and protecting the oceans and land
ecosystems
 Promote collaboration between different social agents to create an environment of peace
and sustainable development.

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THE WORLD’S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS THAT THE WORLD FACES
TODAY
1. Depredation caused by industrial and transportation toxins and plastic in the ground;
2. Changes in global weather
3. Overpopulation
4. Exhaustion of the world’s natural non-renewable resources
5. Waste disposal catastrophe due to excessive amount of waste
6. Destruction of ecosystem and loss of biodiversity
7. Reduction of oxygen and the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
8. Depletion of ozone layer due to CFCs
9. Deadly acid rain
10. Water pollution
11. Urbanization
12. Pandemics and other threats to public health
13. Radical alteration of food system because of genetic modification in food production

CLIMATE CHANGE
 Climate change is the long-term changes in the weather patterns in a region. Another
term interchanged with climate change is global warming. Global warming is the rise in
Earth’s temperature which persists for a decade or longer. There could be several causes
for climate change.
 The climate change that we face today is the effect of the rising concentration of carbon
dioxide. The primary source of carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels. Scientists have
observed several long-term changes in weather patterns since the mid-late 19th century.

A phenomenon that covers global warming

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CLIMATE CHANGE AS DEFINED BY UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE (UNFCCC)
 Climate change is a “change in climate which is attributed directly to human activity that
alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural
climate variability observed over comparable time periods.”

CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

According to Climatologist, the causes of climate change can be classified into two:
1. The effects of the sun
Natural Causes of Climate Change
1. Volcanic eruptions
2. Ocean current
3. Earth orbital changes
4. Solar variations
2. The effects of human activities
Man-made cause
1. CO2 emission ( burning of fossil fuel)
2. Deforestation

Effects of Global Warming on Earth

1. Sea level rise
2. El Nino/La Nina
3. Coral bleaching

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4. Changes in Climate Pattern (Irregular Climate, typhoons, etc.)
5. Effects on Biological Diversity and Ecosystems
6. Health hazards

CONCLUSION:
Indeed, there is no issue that forces a person to think about their role as a citizen of the
world than environmental degradation. Every person regardless of race, nation and beliefs
belong to the same world that is increasingly vulnerable. Thus, in the fight against climate change
one cannot afford to simply care about his/her own backyard. The Carbon Dioxide that we
emitted in the atmosphere have severe effects on our climate. There is no choice but to find
solutions to this problem. If not now, when?

Activity/ies:
1. What led to the concept of sustainable development? If sustainable development will be
attained, what will be its effects? Complete the graphic organizer.

Objectives
Activities: Effects:

Sustainable
Development

2. Write a poem on how we can effectively help promote sustainable development.

Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration)

Widen your observation by looking at areas that surround you. Make a list of these pollutants
which can be recycled and which one need to be put together for garbage men to collect. With
the recycled ones, list the possible things that you can do to make them usable and explain
this in a report including your suggestions to the barangay.

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Evaluating Understanding (Assessment)
Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:
1. Discuss how the term sustainable development emerged (5 pts)?
2. Discuss Kyoto Protocol (1997) vs. Paris Accord (2015) (20pts)
3. Give at least two (2) Philippine initiatives in to regulate global warming (5pts)

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)

Make a speech on how to promote sustainable development.

Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila

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CHAPTER 15: FOOD SECURITY

Chapter Introduction
Food security is becoming increasingly important to our world. The World Health
Organization (WHO) defines food security as consisting of three pillars: food availability, food
access, and food use. Issues which have always existed to threaten the availability of food to
certain populations, such as corruption in politics and natural disaster are experiencing much
newer pressures, such as the rural/urban imbalance; rapid population growth and climate
change.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Sustainable protection of environment; social justice

Lesson 15 – FOOD SECURITY

Introduction:
This chapter focuses on the topic about Food Security, its concepts, dimensions, and
other issues confronting by countries of the world in order to feed the increasing growth of
population globally.

Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. defined global food security;
2. determine the importance of food security; its dimensions; and factors affecting food
insecurity.

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

1. What is food security?
2. What are the scope/dimension of food security?
3. How does food security/access differ from the developed world to the developing world?

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Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)
FOOD SECURITY AND GLOBALIZATION
WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY?
 Food security is the ability to obtain consistent
access to the food needed for a healthy life, acquired
by culturally accepted methods.
 Food security and food access are concepts that
deeply affect the standard of living for countries,
households, and individuals.

OTHER DEFINITIONS:
1996 World Food Summit: "Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical
and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy life."
World Health Organization (WHO): "Food security means that:
 all people at all times have both physical and economic access to enough food for an
active, healthy life;
 the ways in which food is produced and distributed are respectful of the natural
processes of the earth and thus sustainable;
 both the consumption and production of food are governed by social values that are just
and equitable as well as moral and ethical;
 the ability to acquire food is ensured;
 the food itself is nutritionally adequate and personally and culturally acceptable; and
 the food is obtained in a manner that upholds human dignity."
Why is Food Security Relevant?
Summits such as the World Summit on Food Security, which last took place in Rome in
2009, and the G8 Summit have discussed the steps needed to be taken to alleviate the
pressures of global food imbalances. Solutions such as biotechnology, agricultural revolutions,
improved transportation and communication infrastructure and gender equality have all been
brought up. Yet despite such gatherings it was announced in 2009 by the United Nations that
the number of people on the brink of starvation had topped one billion and this number continues

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to grow. The reasons for this are of economic, political, and social origin; but they all lead to the
overall issue: the imbalance of food distribution.

4 DIMENSIONS OF FOOD
SECURITY
1. PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY OF
FOOD - Food availability
addresses the “supply side” of
food security and is determined
by the level of food production,
stock levels and net trade.
2. ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL
ACCESS TO FOOD - An adequate supply of food at the national or international level
does not in itself guarantee household level food security. Concerns about insufficient
food access have resulted in a greater policy focus on incomes, expenditure, markets
and prices in achieving food security objectives.
3. FOOD UTILIZATION - Utilization is commonly understood as the way the body makes
the most of various nutrients in the food. Sufficient energy and nutrient intake by
individuals is the result of good care and feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of
the diet and intra-household distribution of food. Combined with good biological
utilization of food consumed, this determines the nutritional status of individuals.
4. STABILITY OF THE OTHER THREE DIMENSIONS OVER TIME - Even if your food
intake is adequate today, you are still considered to be food insecure if you have
inadequate access to food on a periodic basis, risking a deterioration of your nutritional
status. Adverse weather conditions, political instability, or economic factors
(unemployment, rising food prices) may have an impact on your food security status.

For food security objectives to be realized, all four dimensions must be fulfilled
simultaneously.

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POLITICAL DIMENSION
The political dimension of food security encompasses not only food policy and legislation, but all
aspects of the production, control, regulation, inspection, distribution and consumption of
commercially grown, and even sometimes home grown, food. The commercial aspects of food
production are affected by ethical, cultural, and health concerns, as well as environmental
concerns about farming and agricultural practices and retailing methods. The term also
encompasses biofuels, GMO crops and pesticide use, the international food market, food aid,
food security and food sovereignty, obesity, labor practices and immigrant workers, issues of
water usage, animal cruelty, and climate change.

ECONOMIC DIMENSION
Food security is largely an issue of the ability for a community, a household, or an individual to
afford the prices of food items available to them in the market.
Political Dimension

How does food security/access differ from the developed world to the developing
world?
Food Security between the Developed and Developing World
 In the developed world there is an increasing gap between the rich and poor that some
have called a Third World inside the First World;
 Food security in the developing world is closely linked with issues of women's rights,
globalization, famine and climatological catastrophes (monsoons, floods, and droughts),
conditions of agriculture, the diversification of a countries economy, and household
incomes.
 Globalization has enabled capital to flow with less restriction over the world's borders. It
has enabled corporations to expand into multi-national corporations and trans-national
corporations.

CONSEQUENCES OF CORPORATE GLOBALIZATION

 A result of the corporate globalization is the elimination of previous (if informal) barriers
to trade and protectionist policies. For instance, in the developed world laws pertaining to

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worker's rights, environmental protection, consumer rights, and so forth have been made
irrelevant where they have not been made illegal (via the WTO).
 In the developing world, it has created a "race to the bottom" where all workers are
suddenly competing against every other worker in the world for jobs, the end result being
a move towards lower wages, worse working conditions and benefits, and more job
insecurity (PAN, 1999; Griffin, 1998
 In many developing countries, the once subsistence-based economy has been changed
into one that is export-based, often due to cheap, subsidized food from the developed
world flooding their markets. With this change, farmers are producing more food for export
than for their country's own consumption. The standardization of agricultural production
is also driving rural dwellers off their ancestral lands into cities.
 Lang (1996) sees the goal of "food security" being in "danger of being rendered
meaningless by the economic forces of globalization and by the belief that all human
needs are best met by market mechanisms".
 World Food Summit, 1996

One billion people in the world are chronically hungry. One billion people are overweight.
Bittman (2009)
In 2015
5.9 million children die before the age of 5
50 % attributable to undernourishment
(UNICEF 2015)
830 million people live below the International
Extreme Poverty Line of US $1.90 a day.
(UN 2015)
1.8 billion live below a moderate poverty threshold of US $2.50 a day.
AVERAGE INCOME
Top 1% of the population US $290 a day
Bottom 50% of the population US $7 a day

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“Like slavery and apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and can be overcome
and eradicated by the actions of human beings.” [Nelson Mandela (2005)]

IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW THESE THREE CONCEPTS ARE RELATED

TO FOOD INSECURITY.
1. HUNGER is usually understood as an uncomfortable or painful sensation caused by
insufficient food energy consumption. Scientifically, hunger is referred to as food
deprivation. Simply put, all hungry people are food insecure, but not all food insecure
people are hungry, as there are other causes of food insecurity, including those due to
poor intake of micro-nutrients.
2. MALNUTRITION results from deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in the consumption
of macro- and/or micronutrients. Malnutrition may be an outcome of food insecurity, or it
may relate to non-food factors, such as: - inadequate care practices for children, -
insufficient health services; and - an unhealthy environment. While poverty is undoubtedly
a cause of hunger, lack of adequate and proper nutrition itself is an underlying cause of
poverty. A current and widely used definition of poverty is: “Poverty encompasses
different dimensions of deprivation that relate to human capabilities including
consumption and food security, health, education, rights, voice, security, dignity and
decent work.” - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

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SOME CHALLENGES TO CONSIDER IN GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY:
1. Rising population
2. Rising incomes, changing diets
3. Falling water tables
4. More foodless days
5. Slowing irrigation
6. Increasing soil erosion
7. Climate change
8. Melting water reserves
9. Flattening yields
10. Little time to prepare

In the light of population growth and the constant risk of natural catastrophes, food security
becomes an unavoidable political issue.

TYPES OF FOOD INSECURITY

1. Chronic Food Insecurity
Lack of minimum requirement of food to the people for a sustained period of time due to
extended periods of poverty, lack of assets and inadequate access to productive or
financial resources can be called as Chronic Food Insecurity.
2. Acute or Transitory Food Insecurity
Sudden lack of food or reduction in the ability to produce or access minimum requirement
of food due to short-term shocks and fluctuations in food availability and food access,
including year-to-year variations in domestic food production, food prices and household
incomes can be defied as Acute or Transitory Food Insecurity.

The concept of seasonal food security falls between chronic and transitory food
insecurity. It is similar to chronic food insecurity as it is usually predictable and follows a
sequence of known events. However, as seasonal food insecurity is of limited duration it can
also be seen as recurrent, transitory food insecurity. It occurs when there is a cyclical pattern of

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inadequate availability and access to food. This is associated with seasonal fluctuations in the
climate, cropping patterns, work opportunities (labour demand) and disease.

FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD SECURITY

Global food supply is not even. Some places produce more food than others.
Physical factors (such as climate, soil quality and gradient) and human factors (such as
technology) have historically controlled the quantity and type of food produced in any location.
Today, there are many other factors that explain why some countries produce more food than
others:

 Climate - global warming is increasing temperatures by around 0.2°C every 10 years. Rainfall
is increasing in some places, but decreasing in others. Higher temperatures and unreliable
rainfall make farming difficult, especially for those farming marginal lands, who already struggle
to survive. Even advanced countries (ACs) can be affected by drought. Countries such as
Russia and Australia are huge exporters of wheat and barley respectively. When they suffer
drought there is less food available globally and global food prices increase, leaving the poor
most vulnerable.

 Technology - improvements in technology have increased the amount of food available.

Technology can overcome temperature, water and nutrient deficiencies in the form of
greenhouses, irrigation and fertilizers. This can incur an economic or environmental cost. ACs
import food from across the globe, all year round.

 Loss of farmland - the growth of the biofuel market is taking up valuable farmland which is
then not used for food.

 Pests and diseases - pesticides have increased crop yields. Farmers in ACs can afford
pesticides, whereas most farmers in low income developing countries (LIDCs) cannot afford
them.

 Water stress - irrigation systems provide water for countries with unreliable or low rainfall.
Irrigation can double crop yields, but it is expensive to put these systems in place. Water can
be taken either from underground aquifers or directly from rivers. Both have environmental
consequences.

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 Conflict - war forces farmers to flee their land or to fight in conflict. Food can be used as a
weapon, with enemies cutting off food supplies in order to gain ground. Crops can also be
destroyed during fighting. Food shortages have caused riots and conflict. The South Sudan
region has faced conflict for years, with 4 million people facing food insecurity. In the Darfur
area conflict has lasted years because of disagreement over land and grazing rights.

 Poverty - when people have less money, they cannot afford food and they become unable
to work. Families in developing countries spend much of their income on food.

IMPACT OF FOOD INSECURITY

Food security is when the entire population of a country has access to enough safe and nutritious
food to maintain an active life. The opposite is food insecurity, which is a problem for lots of
different countries. Countries that do not have enough food to feed everyone usually have other
associated issues to overcome. Some impacts of food insecurity include:

 Famine - the World Food Programme classifies three hunger conditions:

1. Undernourishment is when people do not consume enough calories. Over 800 million
people in the world are undernourished.

2. Malnutrition is when people do not eat enough of the right kind of foods to keep them
healthy.

3. Wasting is the most serious type of hunger. It is severe weight loss due to acute
malnutrition resulting from starvation.

 Soil erosion - the removal of soil occurs more rapidly in areas that are very dry. Food
insecurity can lead to soil erosion as farmers try to get more out of their land.

 Deforestation, overgrazing and over-cultivation expose the soil and make it vulnerable
to wind and water erosion.

 Rising prices - when there is less food available, the prices of food increase - since the year
2000 prices have risen. Poorer countries are more vulnerable to increasing food prices.

 Debt - food prices can be set by speculators in ACs. This can cause great swings in the prices
offered to farmers for their crops from year to year. Farmers may incur debts by borrowing to

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buy seeds and equipment and then find they cannot sell their crops at a high enough price to
repay the loan.

 Social unrest - everyone needs to eat and so when food supplies are low people have to fight
for their survival. Riots in Algeria in 2011 were caused by high food costs. The prices of
cooking oil, sugar and flour doubled within the space of a few months.

Activity/ies: List the different causes of food insecurity and make suggestions for possible
solutions on the issue.

Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration)

Compose a song with a theme on solving food insecurity problem.

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment). Answer in a one whole sheet of paper (5 points

each):
1. In what ways have the processes of corporate globalization influenced and affected the
ideas and realities of food security/access?
2. Why is food security such a major global challenge?
3. Suggest solutions on how to solve global food insecurity. Explain your answer.

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)

Make a Position Paper on the debate between conventional farming and sustainable
agriculture/farming in responding the issue of Food Security. Make a stand on the issue and
support your claim.

Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila
3. An Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Food Security
www.fao.org/3/al936e/al936e00.pdf · PDF file

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CHAPTER 16: GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

Chapter Introduction
The term ‘citizenship’ illustrated that the focus was being shifted from the state towards
individual contributions by citizens. It was claimed that solutions to issues in the area of poverty,
the environment, lack of access to health care, education, water, and security were increasingly
to be found on a global level. International cooperation was considered indispensable in solving
these issues (DGIS, 2009.)
The transition from ‘public support for development cooperation’ to ‘global citizenship’
therefore entails the abandonment of the North-South dichotomy, introducing a reciprocity in the
form of awareness of mutual dependency and allowing individual citizens take a center stage.
Global citizenship underlines equality and shared responsibility for each other, as well as
responsibility for the well-being of future generations. This mutual dependency ensues from the
understanding that matters such as sustainability, a stable climate, security and proper and fair
management of scarce resources (water, raw materials, and agricultural land) can only be
governed well on a global scale.

Value/Thrusts Integration
Awareness and understanding of the current Global issues, interconnectedness and
dependency of different countries and populations; and development of critical thinking and
analysis.

Lesson 16 – GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

Introduction:
This chapter focuses on the importance Global citizenship is the idea that one's identity
transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights are derived from
membership in a broader class: "humanity". This does not mean that such a person denounces
or waives their nationality or other, more local identities, but that such identities are given
"second place" to their membership in a global community. Extended, the idea leads to questions
about the state of global society in the age of globalization.

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Intended Outcome/Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. Articulate a personal definition of global citizenship;
2. Appreciate the ethical obligations of global citizenship.

Stimulating Learning
(Motivation)
1. How would you
differentiate citizenship
vis-à-vis nationality?
2. How would you
understand this saying of
George Santaya, “A
man’s feet should be
planted in his country,
but his eyes should
survey the world?”
3. As a global citizen, what should be your important role to take part with?

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
Global citizenship is nothing new….
As far back as the year 450, Socrates already proclaimed his land of origin to be ‘the world’.
A century later, Diogenes declared himself a ‘citizen of the world’.
Even though the global dimension of citizenship has been around for many centuries, there is
no clear definition of this form of citizenship (Morais & Ogden, 2010).
Global Citizenship an amorphous concept.

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Citizenship, by itself has legal and democratic undertones; as a concept – wrapped up in rights
and obligations (owing allegiance to a sovereign state); came to us through the (Greeks &
Romans) membership in a polity with rights and privileges

In global arena – citizen is not a member of a sovereign country nor given recognizable
privileges and rights associated with national citizenship; hence cannot be expressed in legal
sense.

WHAT IS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP?

Global citizenship is the idea that one's identity transcends geography or political borders and
that responsibilities or rights are derived from membership in a broader class: "humanity". This
does not mean that such a person denounces or waives their nationality or other, more local
identities, but that such identities are given "second place" to their membership in a global
community.

A GLOBAL CITIZEN is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world - and their
place in it. They take an active role in their community, and work with others to make our planet
more equal, fair and sustainable. For Oxfam, global citizenship is all about encouraging young
people to develop the knowledge, skills and values they need to engage with the world. And it's
about the belief that we can all make a difference.

GLOBAL CITIZEN is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community
and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and practices.

FIVE MAIN CONCEPTS OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

1. Accepting universal values and responsibilities
2. Acting for the common good
3. Understanding diversity
4. Being proactive to improve the world, and
5. Honouring this global promise regardless of others' actions

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Even though we are all part of communities made up of our cities, countries and ethnicities,
it is crucial to remember that one undeniable commonality that we share as humans is that our
home is planet Earth. As this is a given, there are universal values and morals that we share
despite our location on Earth. In fact, we have more similarities than we do difference.
We gain benefits from being part of a global community, thus we have the responsibility to
uphold the values of this community. What we gain from living on Earth, we must repay by
respecting our natural environment.
Currently, this is not coming from nation states. Instead, it is the responsibility of the global
citizen.

A Global Citizen is someone who …is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own
role as a world citizen respects and values diversity has an understanding of how the world
works is outraged by social injustice participates in the community at a range of levels, from
the local to the globalis willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
takes responsibility for their actions.

To be a global citizen you must …

1. understand we were born of this world;
2. protect our country, the world, when called upon to do so.
3. Stand up and defend against the injustices we see.
4. Understand the interconnectedness
5. Respect ad value diversity
6. Take action in meaningful ways.

Is there a need for global citizenship education in the contemporary world?

"Education must be not only a transmission of culture but also a provider of alternative views of
the world and a strengthener of skills to explore them"
Jerome S Bruner

With the interconnected and interdependent nature of our world, the global is not ‘out there’; it is
part of our everyday lives, as we are linked to others on every continent: socially and culturally

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through the media and telecommunications, and through travel and migration, economically
through trade, environmentally through sharing one planet
politically through international relations and systems of regulation.

To be effective Global Citizens, young people need to be flexible, creative and proactive: 1)
they need to be able to solve problems; 2) make decisions, 3) think critically, communicate
ideas effectively and work well within teams and groups.

These skills and attributes are increasingly recognized as being essential to succeed in other
areas of 21st century life too, including many workplaces. These skills and qualities cannot be
developed without the use of active learning methods through which pupils learn by doing and
by collaborating with others.

Education for global citizenship is not an additional subject - it's a framework for learning,
reaching beyond school to the wider community. It can be promoted in class through the
existing curriculum or through new initiatives and activities.
The benefits are felt across the school and beyond. Global citizenship helps young people to:
a) Build their own understanding of world events.
b) Think about their values and what's important to them.
c) Take learning into the real world.
d) Challenge ignorance and intolerance.
e) Get involved in their local, national and global communities.
f) Develop an argument and voice their opinions.
g) See that they have power to act and influence the world around them.

What's more, global citizenship inspires and informs teachers and parents, too. But above
all, it shows young people that they have a voice. The world may be changing fast, but they can
make a positive difference - and help build a fairer, safer and more secure world for everyone.

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Activity/ies:
1. Make slogan or poem on becoming a global citizen.

Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration)

Make a reflection paper on what makes an individual a global citizen.

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment)

Answer in a one whole sheet of paper (5 points each):
1. Differentiate a civil society from a global civil society.
2. How can a student like you be a global citizen? Explain your answer and give one
example on your claim.
3. Is there a need to have a global citizenship education? Why/ why not?

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)

For your final activity, compose a poem with a minimum of 6 stanzas and 4 lines based on the
theme, “what does it mean to be a citizen of the world?”

Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:

1. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. The Contemporary World. C and E
Publishing, Inc. 2018, 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City.
2. Martinez, et.al. The Contemporary World. Mindshapers Co. Inc. Intramuros, Mtro
Manila

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