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Fundamentals of Digital Notes

The document discusses the main parts of a CPU including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers. It then describes different types of computer memory including RAM, ROM, hard drives, optical disks, and flash disks. Finally, it provides examples of output devices.

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ravindranath
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25 views2 pages

Fundamentals of Digital Notes

The document discusses the main parts of a CPU including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers. It then describes different types of computer memory including RAM, ROM, hard drives, optical disks, and flash disks. Finally, it provides examples of output devices.

Uploaded by

ravindranath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The CPU is comprised of three main parts :

* Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Executes all arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic calculations
like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operation like compare numbers,
letters, or special characters * Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer components.

1. Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.

2. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.

3. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.

4. Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register. 5. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized
hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation. * Registers :Stores
the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage area".

Primary Memory:-

1. RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) is a memory scheme within the computer system
responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the
processor as and when needed. It is volatile in nature, which means that data will be erased once
supply to the storage device is turned off. RAM stores data randomly and the processor accesses
these data randomly from the RAM storage. RAM is considered "random access" because you can
access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell. 2. ROM
(Read Only Memory): ROM is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active regardless of whether
power supply to it is turned on or off. ROM devices do not allow data stored on them to be modified.
Secondary Memory:- Stores data and programs permanently :its retained after the power is turned
off 1. Hard drive (HD): A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or "hard
disk drive," that store and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an
electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.

2. Optical Disk: an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light as part of the process of
reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent
drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or writers. Compact discs,
DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such
drives. Optical drive is the generic name; drives are usually described as "CD" "DVD", or "Bluray",
followed by "drive", "writer", etc.

There are three main types of optical media: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc. CDs can store up to 700
megabytes (MB) of data and DVDs can store up to 8.4 GB of data. Blu-ray discs, which are the newest
type of optical media, can store up to 50 GB of data. This storage capacity is a clear advantage over
the floppy disk storage media (a magnetic media), which only has a capacity of 1.44 MB. 4 3. Flash
Disk A storage module made of flash memory chips. A Flash disks have no mechanical platters or
access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the data are accessed as if they were on a hard
drive. The disk storage structure is emulated. Output devices An output device is any piece of
computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an
information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated
information into humanreadable form. Example on Output Devices:

A Flash disks have no mechanical platters or access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the
data are accessed as if they were on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is emulated. Output
devices An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the
results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer)
which converts the electronically generated information into humanreadable form

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