Complex numbers and functions.

Conformal
Mapping - examples
Example 1. Find the following complex numbers in
form x + iy a) (4 7i)(2 + 3i), b) Let z
1
= 2 + 2i
and z
2
= 1 + 3i, nd z
1
+ z
2
, z
1
z
2
Solution:
a) (4 7i)(2 + 3i) = 4(2) (7)3 + i(4 3 +
(2)(7)) = 8 + 21 + i(12 + 14) = 13 + 26i
b) z
1
+ z
2
= 2 + 2i + 1 + 3i = 3 + 5i
z
1
z
2
= z
1
z
2
= 2 1 2 3 + i(2 3 + 1 2) = 4 + 8i
Example 2. For z
1
= 4 + 3i and z
2
= 2 5i, nd
a)z
1
z
2
b)
z
1
z
2
Solution:
a) z
1
z
2
= 4 2 + i(3 (5)) = 2 + 8i
b)
z
1
z
2
=
4+3i
25i
=
(4+3i)(2+5i)
(25i)(2+5i)
=
8+6i+20i15
4+25
=
7+26i
29
=
7
29
+
26
29
i
Example 3. Let z
1
= 8+3i, nd Imz
1
using conjugate.
Solution:
Imz
1
=
1
2i
(z
1
z
1
) =
1
2i
(8 + 3i (8 3i)) =
6i
2i
= 3
1
Example 4. Verify (11a) and (11c) for z
1
= 8 + 3i,
z
2
= 9 2i.
a) Solution:
z
1
+ z
2
= 8 + 3i + 9 2i = 17 + i = 17 i
On the other hand:
z
1
+ z
2
= 8 + 3i + 9 2i = 8 3i + 9 + 2i = 17 i
which was to be shown.
b)
z
1
z
2
= (8 + 3i)(9 2i) = 8 9 3(2) + i(8(2) + 3 9)
= 72 + 6 + i(16 + 27) = 78 + 11i = 78 11i
z
1
z
2
= (8 3i)(9 + 2i) = 8 9 (3)2 + i(8 2 3 9)
= 72 + 6 + i(16 27) = 78 11i
Example 5. z = 4 + 4i. Represent z in polar form,
nd |z| and the principle value of z.
Solution
= arctan
4
4
=
3
4
|z| = r =
_
x
2
+ y
2
=

16 + 16 =

32
z =

32(cos
3
4
+ i sin
3
4
)
Argz =
3
4
2
Example 6. Let z
1
= 1+i, z
2
= 2+2i. Find |z
1
+z
2
|
and |z
1
| + |z
2
| and verify triangle inequality for z
1
and
z
2
.
Solution:
|z
1
+ z
2
| = | 1 + i + 2 + 2i| = |1 + 3i| =

1
2
+ 3
2
=

10 3.16
|z
1
| + |z
2
| = | 1 + i| + |2 + 2i| =
_
(1)
2
+ 1
2
+

2
2
+ 2
2
=

2 +

8 4.24

10 <

2 +

8 triangle inequality holds.

Example 7. Let z
1
= 1 + i, z
2
= 2 + 2i. Find the
polar representation of z
1
and z
2
and calculate z
1
z
2
and
z
1
z
2
Solution:
|z
1
| = r
1
=

2, |z
2
| = r
2
=

8,
1
= arctan
y
x
=
arctan
1
1
=
3
4
,
2
= arctan
2
2
=

4
z
1
z
2
=

8(cos(
3
4
+

4
)+i sin(
3
4
+

4
)) = 4(cos +i sin ) = 4
|z
1
z
2
| =

8 = 4, Argz
1
z
2
= argz
1
+ argz
2
=
|z
1
|
|z
2
|
=

8
=
1
2
Arg(z
1
/z
2
) = Argz
1
Argz
2
=
3
4

4
=

2
z
1
z
2
=
1
2
_
cos(

2
) + i sin(

2
)
_
=
i
2
3
Example 8. Find all the roots of
3

216
Solution:
3

216 =
3

216
_
cos
2k
3
+ i sin
2k
3
_
_

_
k = 0 6(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 6
k = 1 6(cos
2
3
+ i sin
2
3
) = 6(
1
2
+ i

3
2
) = 3 + 3

3i
k = 2 6(cos
4
3
+ i sin
4
3
) = 6(
1
2
+ i

3
2
) = 3 3

3i
Example 9. Solve the equation
z
2
+ z + 1 i = 0
Solution:
z =
1
_
1 4(1 i)
2
=
1

3 + 4i
2
We can now use

z = [
_
1
2
(|z| + x) + (signy)i
_
1
2
(|z| x)]
Let z
1
=

3 + 4i, |z
1
| =
_
(3)
2
+ 4
2
= 5,
sign(y) = sign(4) = +

z
1
=
_
1
2
(5 + (3)) + i
_
1
2
(5 + 3) = 1 + i2
4
z =
1 1 + 2i
2
=
_
i
1 i
Example 10. Solve the equation
z
4
+ 8(1 i

3) = 0
(In other words nd all the roots of
4
_
8 + 8i

3)
Solution:
For inside the root: (z
1
)
z
1
= 8+8i

3 = 8
_
(1)
2
+ (

3)
2
_
cos
2
3
+ i sin
2
3
_
= 16
_
cos
2
3
+ i sin
2
3
_
On the otherhand
z
k
=
n

r(cos
+ 2k
n
+ i sin
+ 2k
n
) =
4
_
8 + 8i

3
=
4

16
_
cos(
2
3 4
+ k

2
) + i sin(
2
3 4
+ k

2
)
_
= 2
_
cos(

6
+ k

2
) + i sin(

6
+ k

2
)
_
5
= 2
_
cos(

6
) + i sin(

6
)
_
_
cos(
k
2
) + i sin(
k
2
)
_
Using De Moivres formula we get:
= 2
_
cos(

6
) + i sin(

6
)
__
cos(

2
) + i sin(

2
)
_
k
= 2
_

3
2
+ i
1
2
_
i
k
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3

_
z
0
=

3 + i
z
1
= 1 + i

3
z
2
=

3 i
z
3
= 1 i

3
Example 11. Determine and sketch the set in the com-
plex plane given by
|z + 2 + 5i|
1
2
Solution:
Closed disk with the center at z
0
= 2 5i and the
radius
1
2
Example 12. Determine and sketch the set in the com-
plex plane given by 0 < |z| < 1. Solution:
Unit disk without its center
6
Example 13.
w = f(z) =
z
z
, D
f
= C {0}.
w =
z
2
zz
=
z
2
|z|
2
=
(x + iy)
2
x
2
+ y
2
=
x
2
y
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ i
2xy
x
2
+ y
2
.
So we get that
u(x, y) =
x
2
y
2
x
2
+ y
2
v(x, y) =
2xy
x
2
+ y
2
.
Example 14. Find real and imaginary part of f(z) =
2z
3
3z.
Solution:
f(z) = 2(x+iy)
3
3(x+iy) = 2(x
3
+3x
2
yi+3xi
2
y
2
+i
3
y
3
)3(x+iy)
= 2x
3
+ 6x
2
yi 6xy
2
2y
3
i 3x 3yi
u(x, y) = 2x
3
3x6xy
2
v(x, y) = 6x
2
y2y
3
3y
Example 15. Find the values of Re f and Im f at the
indicated point.
f(z) = z
2
+ 2z, at z = 3 + i
Solution:
f(z) = z
2
+ 2z = x
2
+ 2xyi y
2
+ 2x + 2yi
7
u(x, y) = x
2
+ 2x y
2
v(x, y) = 2xy + 2y
Now at z = 3 + i we have that x = 3 and y = 1
u(3, 1) = 3
2
+231
2
= 15 v(3, 1) = 231+21 = 8
f(3 + i) = 15 + 8i
Example 16. Compute
lim
z0
(z/z)
We divide function f(z) = z/z to real and imaginary
parts:
f(z) =
z
z
=
x + yi
x yi
=
(x + yi)
2
(x yi)(x + yi)
=
x
2
+ 2xyi y
2
x
2
+ y
2
=
x
2
y
2
x
2
+ y
2
+
2xy
x
2
+ y
2
i.
So we get
u(x, y) =
x
2
y
2
x
2
+ y
2
and v(x, y) =
2xy
x
2
+ y
2
.
We can change v(x, y) to polar form:
v(x, y) =
2xy
x
2
+ y
2
=
2r
2
cos sin
r
2
cos
2
+ r
2
sin
2

= 2 cos sin = sin 2.

8
So the limit of v(x, y) is
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
2xy
x
2
+ y
2
= lim
(r,)(0,0)
sin 2,
Which depends on the side from where we are approach-
ing origo. So lim
(x,y)(0,0)
v(x, y) does not exist. Which
means that lim
z0
(z/z) does not exist.
Example 17. Let w = f(z) = z
2
. Derivative of f is
w
z
=
(z + z)
2
z
2
z
=
2zz + (z)
2
z
= 2z + z.
Limit is
lim
z0
w
z
= lim
z0
(2z + z) = 2z.
So derivative of function f is f

(z) = 2z so Dz
2
= 2z.
Example 18. Let w = f(z) = z.
w
z
=
z + z z
z
=
z + z z
z
=
z
z
=
x iy
x + iy
=
_
x
x
= 1 when y = 0
iy
iy
= 1 when x = 0
Hence limit does not exist at any z. In other words
function f(z) = z is not dierentiable.
Example 19. Check function f(z) = z
2
for analyticity.
Solution:
9
f(z) = z
2
= x
2
y
2
+ 2xyi
u(x, y) = x
2
y
2
v(x, y) = 2xy
u
x
= 2x = v
y
u
y
= 2y = v
x
Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised, so we can
say that f(z) is analytic function.
Example 20. Check function f(z) = Re(z
2
) for ana-
lyticity.
Solution:
u(x, y) = x
2
y
2
v(x, y) = 0
u
x
= 2x = v
y
Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satised, so we
can say that f(z) is not analytic function.
Example 21. Check function f(z) = z
8
for analyticity
Solution:
z
8
= r
8
(cos 8 + i sin 8)
u(r, ) = r
8
cos 8 v = r
8
sin 8
10
_
u
r
= r
8
cos 8 v

= 8r
8
cos 8
u

= 8r
8
sin 8 v
r
= 8r
7
sin 8
1
r
v

=
1
r
8r
8
cos 8 = 8r
7
cos 8 = u
r

1
r
v

=
1
r
(8r
8
sin 8) = 8r
7
sin 8 = v
r
C.R. are satised, so f(z) is analytic function.
Example 22. Determine whether u(x, y) = x+y is har-
monic. If you nd it to be harmonic, nd a corresponding
analytic function f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y).
u
x
= 1 u
y
= 1
u
xx
= 0 u
yy
= 0
u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0
u is harmonic function. Next we nd corresponding
conjugate function v(x, y) using C.R.:
v
y
= u
x
= 1 v =
_
v
y
dy =
_
1dy = y + c(x)
Notice that when we integrated w.r.t y c can still be a
function of x.
Next we derivate w.r.t x and use second C.R. rule:
11
d
dx
(y + c(x)) = c

(x) = u
y
We get:
c

(x) = 1
Integrating this w.r.t. x gives
_
c

(x)dx =
_
1dx = x + d = c(x)
where now d is constant.
v(x, y) = y x + d
f(z) = u + iv = x + y + i(y x + d)
Example 23. Determine whether u(x, y) = x
3
3xy
2
is harmonic. If you nd it to be harmonic, nd a corre-
sponding analytic function f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y).
Solution:
u(x, y) = x
3
3xy
2
_
u
x
= 3x
2
3y
2
u
y
= 6xy
u
xx
= 6x u
yy
= 6x
12
u
xx
+ u
yy
= 6x 6x = 0 Harmonic function.
From C.R.:
v
y
= u
x
= 3x
2
3y
2
v =
_
3x
2
3y
2
dy = 3x
2
yy
3
+c(x)
v
x
= 6xy + c

(x) = u
y
= 6xy c

(x) = 0
, c(x) is constant v = 3x
2
y y
3
+ c.
f(z) = x
3
3xy
2
+ i(3x
2
y y
3
+ c) = z
3
(+ic)
Example 24. Mapping w = z
2
Solution:
In polar coordinates we have z = R(cos + i sin ) =
z
2
= r
2
(cos 2 + i sin 2).
Comparing moduli and arguments gives R = r
2
and
= 2. Hence circles r = r
0
are mapped onto circles
R = r
2
0
and rays =
0
onto rays = 2
0
.
Example 25. Mapping w = z +
1
z
.
In term of polar coordinates this mapping is
w = u + iv = r(cos + i sin ) +
1
r
(cos i sin )
Separating the real and imaginary parts:
13
u = (r +
1
r
) cos , v = (r
1
r
) sin
Writing a = r +
1
r
and b = r
1
r
we have u = a cos
and v = b sin .
Hence circles |z| = r = const = 1 are mapped onto
ellipses
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1.
The derivative of w is
w

= 1
1
z
2
=
(z + 1)(z 1)
z
2
which is 0 at z = 1. these are the points at which
the mapping is not conformal.
Example 26. Find e
z
in the form u + iv and |e
z
| if
z = 2 + 3i
Solution:
e
2+3i
= e
2
e
3i
= e
2
(cos 3 + i sin 3) = e
2
|e
z
| = | e
2
| = e
2
.
Example 27. Represent 1 + i in the exponential polar
form.
Solution:
z = x + iy = r(cos + i sin ) = re
i
14
Now we have z = 1 + i, hence r =

1
2
+ 1
2
=

2
and = arctan
y
x
= arctan
1
1
=

4
we have
z =

2e
i/4
Example 28. Find the solution of
a)e
3z
= 3
Solution:
|e
3z
| = e
3x
= 3 3x = ln3 x =
ln3
3
which is the real part of the solution.
e
3z
= e
3x
(cos 3y + i sin 3y) = 3
Separating real and imaginary parts we have that
e
3x
cos 3y = 3 e
3x
sin y = 0
cos 3y = 1 and sin 3y = 0 which holds when y =
(0 2n)/3
So we get for z:
z =
1
3
(ln3 2ni)
Example 29. Compute in the form u+iv a)cos(+i)
b) cos 10i
Solution:
15
a)
cos( + i) = cos cosh i sin sinh = cosh
b)
cos 10i = cosh 10 = 11013
Example 30. Solve a)cos z = 5 b) cos z = 0
Solution: a)
cos z =
1
2
_
e
iz
+ e
iz
_
= 5
e
2iz
+ 1 = 10e
iz
e
iz
=
10 2

100 4
2
= 5

25 1 = 9.899 and 0.101

On the otherhand e
iz
= e
y+ix
, thus e
y
= 9.899 or 0.101
and e
ix
= 1
y = 2.292, x = 2n, z = 2n 2.292i (n =
0, 1, 2, ...)
b) Because cos z = 0 it means also | cos z|
2
= cos
2
x +
sinh
2
y = 0
cos x = 0 and sinh y = 0
This is true when x =

2
n and y = 0
z =
1
2
(2n + 1) n = 0, 1, 2, ...
16
Example 31. Find all solutions of a) sin z = 1000 b)
cosh z = 0 c) sinh(4 3i)
Solution:
a)
sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y = 1000
sin x cosh y = 100 and cos x sinh y = 0
x = /2 2n cosh y = 1000
Now cosh y e
y/2
when y is large, so e
y
2000,
y 7600902 (correct with six desimals)
z =

2
2n 7600902i
b)
cosh z = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y = 0
cosh x cos y = 0 and sinh x sin y = 0
cosh x cos y = 0 holds when cos y = 0 y = (2n +
1)

2
Now for sinh x sin y = 0 sin y = 0 for those y values
hence sinh x = 0 which is true when x = 0.
Answer: z = (2n + 1)

2
i, n = 0, 1, 2, ...
c)
17
sinh(43i) = sinh 4 cos(3)+i cosh 4 sin(3) = 27.0173.854i
Example 32. Let w = ln(z), nd the value of w when
a) z = 5 + i b) z = 81
Solution:
z = 5 + i r =
_
(5)
2
+ 1
2
= 26
1/2
= arctan
1
5
lnz =
1
2
ln(26) + i( arctan
1
5
+ n2) n = 0, 1, 2, ...
Lnz =
1
2
ln(26) + i( arctan
1
5
)
z = 81 r =
_
(81)
2
= 3
4
=
lnz = ln(81) = 4ln(3)+i(+n2) Ln(81) = 4ln(3)+i
Example 33. Let w = ln(z), at what point of z, w gets
following values a) w = 3 + 9i/4 b w = 3 13i
Solution:
a)
w = ln(z) = 3+
9
4
i e
3
e
2i+i/4
= e
3
(cos(/4)+i sin(/4))
18
=
e
3

2
(1 + i)
b)
w = ln(z) = 3 13i e
313i
= e
3
e
i
= e
3
Example 34. Find the principle value of a) 3
4i
b)
(5)
24i
Solution:
a)
3
4i
= e
(4i)ln3
= e
4ln3
e
ln3i
= 3
4
(cos(ln3) i sin(ln3))
= 36, 84 72.14i
b)
(5)
24i
= e
(24i)Ln(5)
= e
(24i)(ln5+i)
= e
2ln5+4+i(24ln5)
( 7083319 + 103646i)
Example 35. Find the principle value of a) (1 + i)
i
b)
i
i
c) (1 + i)
2i
Solution:
a)
(1+i)
i
= e
iLn(1+i)
= e
i(ln

2+i/4)
= e
/4
(cos(ln

2)+i sin(ln

2))
= 0.4288 + 0.1549i
b)
i
i
= e
ilni
= e
i(/2i2ni)
= e
(/2)2n
Principle value is with n = 0 e
/2
19
c)
(1 + i)
2i
= e
(2i)ln(1+i)
= e
(2i)(1/2ln2+/4i2ni)
= exp(ln2 +

2
i 4ni i
1
2
ln2 +

4
2n)
= exp(ln2 + /4 2n)exp(i(/2 4n 1/2ln(2)))
= 2e
/42n
(sin(1/2ln(2)) + i cos(1/2ln(2)))
Principle value is with n = 0.
Example 36. Potential between parallel plates. Find
the potential of the eld between two parallel conduct-
ing plates extending to innity, which are kept at poten-
tials
1
and
2
, respectively.
Solution:
From the shape of the plates it follows that depends
only on x, and Laplaces equation becomes

= 0. By in-
tegrating twice we obtain = ax+b, where the constants
a and b are determined by the given boundary values of
on the plates. For, example if the plates correspond to
x = 1 and x = 1, the solution is
(x) =
1
2
(
2

1
)x +
1
2
(
2
+
1
)
Example 37. Potential between coaxial cylinders. Find
the potential between two coaxial conducting cylinders
extending to innity on both ends and kept at potentials
20

1
and
2
.
Solution:
Here depends only on r =
_
x
2
+ y
2
, for reasons of
symmetry, and Laplaces equation
r
2
u
rr
+ ru
r
+ u

= 0
now with u

= 0 and u = becomes (after division

by r)
r

= 0
by separating the variables and integrating we obtain

=
1
r
ln

= ln r + c

=
a
r
= a ln r + b
and a and b are determined by the given values of on
the cylinders.
Example 38. Potential in an angular region. Find the
potential between the two conducting plates which are
kept at potentials
1
(lower plate) and
2
, and male an
angle , where 0 < .
21
Solution:
= Argz (z = x + iy = 0) is constant on rays
= const. It is harmonic since it is the imaginary part
of an analytic function Lnz. Hence the solution is
(x, y) = a + bArgz
with a and b determined form the two boundary con-
ditions (given values on the plates)
a + b(
1
2
) =
1
a + b(
1
2
) =
2
Thus a = (
2
+
1
)/2, b = (
2

1
)/2. The answer
is
(x, y) =

2
+
1
2
+
1

(
2

1
) = arctan
y
x
22